 So, yes, I am also going to talk about, like, just in the e in sumthuan, I am going to talk about a in here and what is it doing. So, just in our introduction, what is, I mean, primarily I analysed it as middle suffix in here. And there, so there are two semantic features of middle suffix. So, the initiator is the affected entity. And low degree of elaboration of events. So, these are two main semantic features of middles given by Khamar. And we already know that middle marks tend to be intransitive and thought to be a de-transitivisation process, which is not, you know, fully true in for the case of here, as we will see examples later on. And non-active middle morphology typically has several functions, which can be, you know, I have given some examples. One number one example in one is taken from koumi as here doesn't have any anti-causative construction. So, anti-causative experiential or psychic verbs, we have, we can found in here, like, so b-required and suffix a, which is b-required is intransitive, you can see. With the a suffix, we can have a transitive verb. So, when I liked her or wanted her, I send letters to her. Reflexive, very common, also marks, a marks the reflexive, like kha, a, a, t. So, shape, myself, oneself. Number four indirect reflexives are auto-benefactives. So, write for ourselves. Reciprocal, dispositional middles, that's, you know, like English examples, this book reads well, you don't find those here. Most of the static verbs are, you know, they do not take the middle suffix a, but some of them has, like, hale, thirsty. And I can think of another one, d-way, be hungry. And you can also derive static verbs from transitive counterparts, like, tomes, follow, for tomes, you know, be accompanied, like, the example in 8, nankanankinitame alaykhya, so we'll be escorted back by you. Okay, so the aims of this talk too is to identify the, you know, functional domains of the suffix a, and I'll argue that not all of the semantic classes of middle verbs, given by camera, are found in here, are not likely to have the a suffix, which is called middle. Demonstrate that the a suffix cannot be treated as valence decreasing process, because it also, you know, if we see in that way, it also increases the valence and define the function, finally, of the suffix a. Just to give a little bit of background, here itself, which means chin, so some people, I have heard some people saying, here chin. So, here the word itself means chin. So, for example, like to call themselves, like to hear, so like to chin. So, the word means chin and it's spoken in the south. So, there are two varieties, like to and come to. But most of the data here come from the like to variety. It's spoken in the gumrūpāra of Bhāntavana district in the Chiravu hill tracks. So, I have first in C, I have given, you know, for your understanding, if you can go to page number three, structure of the verb complex. In here, I have also provided an example in nine. So, depending on the meaning, of course, the, you know, contribution to the semantics of the verb, a and al, the kind of, you know, complete with each other, which one is the closest one. For example, chet is go. So, if you want to have the verb, return chet al. So, al comes first. So, a cannot be there. So, you cannot say chet al. Then the meaning of the verb will change. It will mean, because chet a means walk. So, chet al means walk back. Again, chet al, it would mean return oneself. So, here in this section, I will try to go through the semantic classes of middle verbs and check whether a is truly the, you know, middle marking suffix or not. First, direct reflexives are marked by a suffix in here. It is very quite, it is quite common. Like, kai shamak lacha moida kunai nu. My son-in-law covered his face himself, kunai. And reflexive verbs are, take, they take stem 2, for instance of verbs. Be reciprocals. Pangeyal huya chhe anhika peyal. So, after embracing each other again. So, here pangeyi means embrace. So, embrace is kind of reciprocal action. So, by default, it comes with the verb pangeyi. You cannot say pangeyi, you have to say pangeyi. Deponents, they also take the a suffix by default. Deponents are middle verbs that do not have any unmarked, but they do not have any active counterparts. And it is interesting that some of the deponents are also transitive. So, they come with, you know, aggregative marking. The argument, a argument is marked by the aggregative marker la in here. So, I have given a list of deponent verbs, which do not have any active transitive or intransitive opposition. We will only find them with a suffix, lexicalized to them. In 12, I have given one example. So, now a way, it is lexicalized under deponent verb in here. So, the tiger will really bite me now a way. Okay, grooming verbs. So, according to commerce classification, grooming verbs are middle verbs and they are supposed to get the middle suffix by default. But in here, as in sum to that, we have seen that you have to, you know, by only the verb means that you shave or you do the action on another person, not yourself. So, it is kind of, you have to make it reflexive. So, a here it is reflexive, like ka-e, shave oneself. Body posture and action verbs, they also are not, they do not by default take the suffix a, like lie down, sit down, stand up, but some action verbs in here, they take a suffix, but when they are, you know, the actor do, does the action involuntarily. So, you have the a, shai, which means sneeze, but you can also use the word share to mean sneeze. It is evident from the example in 13 that, you know, it is not lexicalized because when you use the applicative, locative applicative knuck, so you sneeze on me purposefully, not involuntarily. For non translational verbs, it is a movement of body posture without change of location. So, like blink, ka-e, it is some middle verb as according to the, you know, classification given by ka-e, middle verb. And there are other examples, like kha-e is nil, pa-e is jump from one place to another. There are also some translational verbs, but not all the translational verbs given by ka-e can be classified as middle. So, like cheti, chene and wok-e, these are translational verbs and also take the middle suffix a, but, you know, like chet or pa-e, go, fly and fall, these are not middle verbs. Positional verbs, they are not also marked by the suffix a by default in here. However, it is one variance of the positional verbs marked by the a suffix places, stative meanings. So, for example, I have given you one example in 15. शेयातनखत चbaarेशा पछस पते हेई. So, भiau is this stem- 2 which means hang to hang somebody, something and the form- 1 is thoughts. So, you have to, if you use ay with that, so it gives you a sort of stative meaning, so be hung. So, the seven Hancandoex were hung there.  constructor="时间Insider  Initiating  Estating  Estating  Estating  Estating ఈరిికాను బాంప్నంతినేస్తొరార���దాసింపావ్యోతారింరినండినినేనిింపినినినేయోని అల్కంతింత౅ంయాస్నేనిండింతీనేను పర్రచిక్తిం  not fall under the class of middle valves in heel. Okay, conclusion valves, so there is difference between you know taking the suffix a and not taking the suffix a, so difference is when the actor is more affected then it takes the suffix a and when it is not affected the actor is not affected it does not take a, so it depends based on the contest whether you know you will have the suffix a or not. I have given you an example, 16 Pomea Krangla Ini Kale hiya Khane, so by the thinking that he thinks that the people will envy him for taking her on lap, so it's kind of shame you know taking his wife among people and go back, so the thinking itself the process affects the actor, so that's why you have the suffix a added to the verb think, okay. But in 17's if he assumes things like you are sleeping he will roam around again for sure, you can see that here Khane the same verb is not marked by the suffix a because by the action of thinking here or assuming the actor is not affected, okay. Khane perception verbs, they also take the a suffix, so chu niai pe hiya la, having pain he lied down, okay, so they are indirect reflexives or auto-benefactives those also take a suffix the verbs, here I have the example, so by the action of dividing the wild pig they have hunted the killed they are benefitted, but same here we have a this doesn't mean doesn't give you the meaning of benefitting rather it's reflexive, so depending on the context you can get different meaning of the suffix a, depends on the context whether it will be self-benefactive auto-benefactive or reflexive, okay. Derived status, so a is seems to be you know you can derive steady verbs from intranet forms like from hyang hyang a, b is organized from a scatter to the form is kriai, b scatter, okay, a as a derivational suffix I have already given examples but this is a kind of repetitive, so you can both derive intranetive and transitive verb from intranetive counterparts, so in 21 from intranetive to intranetive like from chet go you have chete which is also an intranetive verb, vak from transitive to intranetive from tom to tomai, so tom is follow and tomai is be accompanied from transitive to transitive, so tom is follow and tomai you have the form two verb here or stem two verb here is accompanied, I have given some examples list of derived verbs but suffix a you know, so om is sit, om is get married, I do not know you know whether there is relation or not but you have this you know weird kind of derived verbs with a in here like chete, po is good, poie is beautiful, tom is happen, tom is become, chon is run, choni is roam around, b is slap, b a is applaud, so it is kind of reflexive situation for b and b, so b for slap you need you know a different participant to slap maybe and b a is applaud, so you have to use your own hands, so that the same recipient, so receiving the action yourself, so kind of reflexive situation here b a, f is kind of interesting, I am not sure but I have to check in you know three four textual examples show that a can be used as an inverse marker in here but you know I have to check the data, so I have given one example here, so chel po la noe ni po la the a here t, heu la the a here t, so the normal verb is do is to strike and do a here it is it does not refer to any reflexive meaning, so only way of thinking and explaining I can think of explaining this is kind of reverse situation of you know human and non-human, so third person acting on third person non-human acting on third person human kind of situation we already have in inverse you know person hierarchy in here but where we have first person second person in the same position which is bigger than third person right but here we have third person acting on third person and we see that by a it might be an inverse situation maybe marking an inverse situation ok, so far the examples I have given that shows the stem variance with suffix a and I have just summarized that so for reflexive verbs they take stem 2 from reciprocal stem 1, developed middle can take both stem 1 stem 2 passive derived stem derived state if they must be you know they must take stem 1 form of verb, some observations whether reflexive or dependence or derived middle the suffix seems to you know a in course the actors affectedness, grouping verbs which are generally marked by the middle suffix cross linguistically does not take the suffix a in here, the marking of the a suffix is not consistent with the semantic classes of middle verbs mentioned in common, so where we expect that we will have the suffix a for middle verbs or middle situation we do not have the suffix, verbs like k, bow, k, a, nil, hak, dribble, hakei, snatch, peck, jump or leap, peck, jump from one place to another it is difficult to explain considering middle as the function of the suffix you know we can only assume that there might be a greater degree of effectiveness, so what is the difference I mean jump in one place you know peck a but you from if you from here to there it is peck, so what kind of you know semantic difference do you have I mean what is a including here right, so you jump in one place it is peck a, so it takes the suffix a but jump from one place to another it does not, so it is really difficult to come up with any kind of you know conclusive remark that what is it doing and how about bowing and kneeling you know maybe by kneeling you have to you know be more affected and dribble and snatching you know so dribbling is kind of how do you how do they describe the action dribbling you know with the football like dribbling right you kind of don't get give the ball to someone else you just dribble and take their way and snatch also is kind of you taking away the some stuff right so I'm not sure whether we know what's that I think I'm not sure what's the difference from crying and weeping so I would say weeping is like maybe my transition in that maybe it's so I what I meant to say it's like longer period of crying so when you like someone died you're like more so you cry more for longer period of time crying is not like you know just maybe for minute one minute or two minute it goes away but because the other thing I was looking at so there's this sort of verb suffix pretty much lexical suffix in both means sa yeah so which I think I mentioned and I kind of dumped that because it doesn't really fit very well in some do but you do get things like so sort of to raise animals is moide and to adopt a child is moide zadi so you add this sa and it makes it sort of more either for your benefit or for profit or sort of more committed or you know there's some additional outcome or additional factor to it that kind of covers a lot of senses of sa and it's not productive is completely lexicalized you can't so to and to get to be interested in something is say your mind enters win zadi sort of to enter and inhabit and become involved it's got this sense of doing the verb and engaging fully or something like that it's quite hard to generalize about but it feels a little bit like that doesn't it but it's not always you know lexical as you can have the like you have to for you know for natural reciprocal you have that lexicalized you know but for non-natural you know reciprocals you have to add a like embracing or quarreling if you want to say quarrel is you know you need the a so it comes with the verb like she she is quarreling but it comes from the fight so she she is the from one so she is fight but she is kind of sorry she is fight and she is kind of quarrel so kind of what difference from quarreling and fighting you know so yeah as you were saying what did you say like engaging fully so a quarrel so it depends the English maybe need not doing justice to it because fighting maybe quarreling is like just all out yelling yeah because most of these if you go through these the fully engaging works for a lot so lots of them except like sit and get married I mean maybe there's so I have I have one I have one explanation for that I don't know whether it's it fits or not you know so in in our part of you know the world girls gets you know girls sit to marry you know they are like guys marry takes like so oh I mean they're kind of in in from my you know in in bungalow we said that may I be a bossy so bossy is like sit they sit to get married but guys take you know the girl so it's kind of I don't know if there is in addition it's like remaining somewhere I'm getting married like to be forever stuck in this so there you go yeah yeah that's what I was thinking oh yeah oh means exist yeah so other than you know dependence there are certain verbs you know transitive middles that also take like loki so you cannot say only look so loki so you don't have any you know in transitive opposition of loki so loki you had used to has to be loki so play and yeah like the static words they don't necessarily take you know they have to take the suffix a but you can derive the status from transitive counterparts so if middle is a process of balance decreasing either semantic or syntactic then the suffix a cannot be regarded as a middle mark the suffix in it can be used to derive both in transitive and transitive verbs from the in transitive counterparts like from example number two you see that clue is being a clue is want so pang is to speak loudly for getting someone's attention but panic is called someone so kind of sense so I don't know I mean given the functions of asmr it seems that you know it's it cannot be I mean I though I have you know label it as middle in here but you know kind of from the sense of less transitivity and more transitivity but it does both ways it acts both ways right so like Helga said that it she calls it agent orientation so you can you have the a marker on even though it's you know without it you have reflexive meaning or kind of middle meaning but you can also use a and without a it's also okay so it's really hard to you know so I think you know I am so I'm working on like to now so I will after finishing the you know full analysis I'll maybe with some to data also we can have some clear idea by maybe by company we can classify the bars or maybe make some you know sematic classes or get something see what you say for like to commit suicide but to stop oneself well you can commit suicide in many ways right so in here I don't have the one suicide you should say you know kill himself so okay so with oneself as a separate like NP like with oneself being a separate like nominal kind of stuff before the birth mm-hmm it's like to to separate words so oneself yeah once you kill yourself yes so you cannot say that kill a well you're clean because you also you're also you know that's a transit construct right so you have to use I mean not in you know because it's kind of spitting here so he if it's a person so a la to K he killed himself yeah if you don't want to have a life you have to have the mark on the bar yeah that's it so yeah if you have more questions discuss I think we have a lot to discuss on middle we only have another paper I think lie by smith so it's not really discussed in sovereignty languages that way