 So, this module may we will be discussing that is the production of sperms. So, the pair testes, the pair testes are the male reproductive organs that produce sperms which we are quite now, we are aware of it. Now, shortly after birth, the testes they descend from the abdominal cavity, if there is a male baby, male baby, so terminal stage or before the birth or just after birth, the testes which are made inside the body, then they descend down, especially canals which we call internal canals, they are then lodged in the scrotum. The scrotum is already made and it is just the sort of out-pocketing of the skin. Now, testes hang out to the body, then the testes are within the pockets but they are out to the body. And this is done on the 34 degree centigrade, this is the process of their spermatogenesis. But in childhood, this is not the form of sperms, this happens when a person, when a male, it becomes adolescent, it becomes an adult, it becomes an adolescent. And this body temperature which is 37, the testes temperature that should be rather maintained 34, if it is voluntary activity, sorry, it is involuntary activity, automatically sperms, sperm formation maintain their temperature. In other words, the scrotal muscles, they contract and relax, or maintain the temperature of the testes, which is 34, usually 34. Again, body temperature, that is 37. Or, mails, they are recommended when they are adult to use loose undergarments or the underwears. Now, the lower temperature is necessary for active sperm production and then survival. Now, muscles elevate, contract to elevate the testes up towards the body because the temperature is 37, now depending on the outside the temperature. Now, each testes contains over 800 tightly coiled semi-ferrous tabules, which produce thousands of sperms each second in early, in healthy young men. So, sperm production is very fast, is very fast. And in this way, millions of sperms are produced, millions are stored in the epidermis, which then come out at the time of ejaculation. Now, the wall of the semi-ferrous tabules are lined with two types of cells. One is called spermetogenic cells, where actual sperms undergo the process of myosis and sperm. But other than that, it is called sustentacular cells, which nourish the sperms. And these are the cells, which provide nourishment to the cells. And a hormone inhibition is made into the tabules that provide a liquid medium for the sperm. Because sperms, if they are in a dry condition, the sperm will obviously, they will die. So, it is very important to have a liquid medium for its activity or for the life. Now, between the semi-ferrous tabules, if we cut them in sections, there are so many tabules which are cut in a cross-section. But between them, there is a portion, there is a tissue, and that is then, that contains latex cells. Now, these latex cells, they are very important cells. And these are cells, which are responsible for the production of another hormone, which we call the testosterone, which is known as maleness, which at the time of adolescence, when it starts producing. So, as we talked in the previous lecture, that changing the voice, the name of the moustache, the name of the beard, the hair, and so on. So, these are all things, which allow us to develop maleness or male characters in a body, when they start appearing. And the age of this appearance is, obviously, that is about 12 to 14 years. But this has also become very range, because of our environment. So, this is all about the production of sperms in the testes. Or there are millions, in fact, the millions of sperms they are produced, that is, each day, each hour. And it also depends on whether the conditions are normal. And the most important condition in those conditions, is that there is a lot of nourishment, and it is active in the cell. And then, the presence of all the liquids, the role of pH is very important. If all these conditions are moderate to temperature, which is 34, then this sperm production, that would be at its full speed or total. So, this is all about the production of sperms in human males. So, this is all about.