 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my panel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education at the Skhanda Girls Community College, University of Allahabad. It is my email ID and this time I am going to discuss a very renowned educational philosopher that is Plato and his views on education or you can say Plato's educational philosophy. We will actually be in bilingual mode and do subscribe my channel to get my future videos too on various topics of education. This video will be useful for various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your regular and professional BA, BA, and MA and MIT courses. Okay, so let's start. First of all, who was Plato? Plato Who was it? I think it was some kind of a teacher or a teacher who would not have heard the name of Plato. You are studying in the field, you are studying in the field, you are studying philosophy, you are studying education, you are studying sociology, you are studying political science. We quote Plato about Plato. Okay, so Plato was a great philosopher, scholar, educationist and thinker. He was a great teacher, a great scientist, a great scholar and a great thinker. He was the student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. He was the student of Socrates and Aristotle was the teacher of Aristotle. So the three great philosophers, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, are related to the student and the teacher. He was one of the first founders of idealism school of thought. When we read the philosophies, when we read the darshan, first we always read the philosophy of idealism. It is old, it is not old. So in the philosophy of idealism, the last thought we read, Plato's name comes to mind. He was one of the first founders of idealism school of thought. That is, the thought of the philosophy of idealism is the thought of the first founders. As per idealist philosophical thought, the mind and the self are the ultimate truth and reality. Idealism is ideal, but it is related to the idea. It seems that it is related to the ideal, but the idea is the main thing. So according to the idealist philosophical thought, the mind and the self are the ultimate truth and reality. They are the ultimate truth and reality. And creation of the universe is a reflection of the mind. And they are saying, idealism school of thought, that it is nothing but a reflection of our mind. He wrote several books on education and the two important ones are The Republic and the Laws. He wrote a lot of books, but the most important books are The Republic and the Laws, which he will talk about again and again. So this was the information about Plato. Now let's start with idealism. What was Plato's idealism? Then what was Plato's epistemology, metaphysics and axiological? Then how did he present educational philosophy? Then how did he see education? And what were the aims and methods of teaching and education? And then we will continue Plato. And there will be stages of education in between, which we have talked about many stages. So Plato's philosophy is the philosophy of idealism. We talk about it on the spiritual side, we rely on it, we trust it. What did he say? That he believed that the real world of ideas only. He is saying that the real world in the right mind, which is the truth, which is the truth, it is only the truth. Only ideas are true. It is only the truth, which is the truth, which is not the truth. It is the myth. According to idealism, school of thought, according to Plato's idealism, the physical and material world is based on ideas. He is saying that the material world, which is our physical world, is only based on ideas. Ideas are based on ideas. And what is he saying? That he believes in the ideals of idealism, that is why God is in his faith. Only Brahm and God is true and complete and the world is a myth and everything else is incomplete. He is saying that Brahm or God is the truth, the truth is the truth, and the rest of the world is the myth. What is the rest of the world? The truth is, according to him, ideas. He is saying that the thoughts, which are perfect, which are unchangeable, which will not change and will last forever. According to Plato's idealistic thoughts, there are two worlds. He is saying that Plato believes that the world is of two types. The first is the world of ideas. He is saying that one is the world of thoughts and the material world is experience through senses, which we can experience through our thoughts. This material world is temporary and is given shape through senses and ideas only. He is saying that there is a world that is temporary and not permanent and it can be shaped by our intellectual thoughts. World of senses is destructible and exists according to the final phase. He is saying that the world of intellectual thoughts is not permanent and how does it exist according to him. According to him, education of both knowledge and morality should be provided. According to him, we need to learn both science and science. And what does that education mean? Sorry. Education is an instrument to attain good. I am so sorry. He is saying that education is a source for which we can attain truth, beauty and beauty. Truth, beauty and goodness. The exeology comes into it. What is truth and what is good? Truth, goodness and beauty are good according to idealistic view. And according to Plato, education can be obtained. We are not going about philosophy. Philosophy, you know that to tell about truth, goodness, knowledge, goodness and beauty. So, we understand that according to that philosophy, how can knowledge be obtained and what is the purpose of that education. So, what is truth? Idealistic view of Plato. He is saying that reality can be known only through mind. Truth can only be achieved through mind. There is a world we experience through our senses. You can experience the world through mind, but there is a higher world which is independent of the world we experience through senses. It is likely that our senses see us from coming to know this higher world. So, it is absolutely necessary that the world exists for what is unchanging universal and absolute. So, what is important is that the world is destructible. But beyond senses which we cannot experience are universal and absolute. Thus, Plato makes a distinction between things and forms. Plato explained in two ways that things are different and forms are different. What are things? The aspect of reality is the aspect of truth which we can perceive through our senses. But what is the form? Use the Greek word idos to denote the other aspect which can be translated as forms or ideas. What are things which we experienced through our senses? But what is the form or idea which we cannot perceive through our senses? He is saying that Plato considered the world of forms as the real world and that is the world of forms. The other world that we perceive through senses is like an imitation of the real world. And the other world which we perceive through our senses says that it is just an imitation of the real world. That is not the real world. And we are not able to understand the real world. So, he said that there are two aspects of the world which are things and forms. You can perceive things through real senses. Forms cannot be perceived through senses. Forms cannot be perceived through senses. Those who cannot be perceived through senses are the real world. Those who can be perceived through senses are imitation of the real world. That is, we do not experience the real world in the real world. For the real world, you need a perfect state of view. Then, what is the epistemology of Plato's principles? He is saying that there are 300 sources of knowledge. We obtain through our senses. He is saying that we can get the first type of knowledge through our senses. Plato did not consider this as real knowledge. Plato said that this is not real knowledge. Then, the second kind of knowledge is an individual's opinion regarding an object. First, you have experienced senses. The second type of knowledge can be an individual's opinion. It can be our opinion for any person. But, Plato dismisses this also as non-existent. Different people can have different opinions about the same object. Many people will have different opinions about the same object. So, what is this? It is not permanent, it is not absolute. So, the third kind of knowledge is the knowledge attained through mind and wisdom. Because, with the mind or with the knowledge that we get from Vivek, he considers this as the universality of knowledge. He is saying that this is the knowledge of the best. This includes virtues like beauty, beauty and beauty. Hairy emphasizes the universality of knowledge. This knowledge is the third kind of knowledge that it is found in the form of universal truth. This knowledge is the real knowledge, beyond its experience. So, the first kind of knowledge is not real knowledge. The second kind of knowledge is not real knowledge, but the third kind of knowledge is real knowledge. The special feature of this knowledge is the universality of truth. That is the truth of all. That is the knowledge according to Plato. Then, as per the Plato's logic, the ideas and values are themselves. Plato's ethics tries to find out what is the highest rightness for man. He says, He said, Rightness whose attainment implies happiness and which is achieved by the practice of virtue. He says, And which is achieved by the practice of virtue. The highest rightness can be understood in two ways. He says, The highest rightness can be understood in two ways. A good life cannot be achieved neither by the only means of moderate pleasures, nor by the only means of wisdom. He says, Plato says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, Plato's highest rightness means contemplating the ideas. The best thing is to contemplate. Contemplation which is the supreme happiness. The most happy thing is contemplation. He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, He says, So, what is the actual republic? The question of Plato and his sans-sutias is how can you create a good kingdom? His philosophy of education was primarily based on the vision of the ideal republic. So, the vision of his education was mainly based on the vision of an ideal state. Where an individual was the best when he subordinated to a just society. He argued for an approach to education that is all the aspects of the learning model. And what kind of education he used to talk about? In which he used to talk about Kaushal, Anushashan, Sangeet and Kala. Plato's ideas show resemblance to many modern educational principles. When you read Plato's book, you will find that there was no way that thousands of years ago someone was talking about that. In which, today's world is full of shakshiks. For example, we can see the concept of education for all keeps coming in his writings. When you read his writings, his thoughts, you see the concept of emerging. That he is talking about education for all. Today, we are talking about teaching everyone irrespective of sex, colour, freedom and caste. Now, we are talking about not only men and women, but also men and women. Don't look at the social status, don't look at the caste. Through this argument, he was pointing towards setting up a system of selective public education. See, he is talking about selective public education. He is not talking about the education of the month, he is not talking about the education of the birth. He is talking about the education of someone who is capable of getting that education. When you read the stages of education, you will understand how much he has taught for 7 to 50 years. He has told us that he has to get that education. And even in life-long education, he has told us that he has done this kind of categorisation of the education. So, he said that he should give selective public education only to those who are capable of getting that education. Meaning, he is giving it to everyone who is not capable of getting it. This system will confer higher degrees of learning on a selected few. He said that you have to give the right degree to those who are capable of getting that education. His theme of education is the rediscovery of knowledge. His theme of education was the rediscovery of knowledge. He was based on a metaphysical philosophy held by Plato about man in his soul. Meaning, about the soul of a man and his soul, he is talking about a metaphysical philosophy. He is talking about faith. So, what did he say? What did he say? He said that each man's soul had a previous existence in the ideal world. Plato called the world of ideas, which are the world of thoughts. In which it had a perfect knowledge of all that exists in this new world. And at that time, the soul has all the knowledge. But when the soul was later planted in the body of man, but when the soul enters a human being, it loses its knowledge. Because it gets a Maya, it gets a moh, it gets branches, it gets myths. It gets misconceptions. So, he is saying that what is the purpose of education? Education is now the process by which the soul can be helped to regain it. He is saying that the purpose of education is that the soul, who had a perfect knowledge, who could have experienced beyond senses, he has lost his knowledge and he has learned to help again. What is it? What is Plato saying about education? He is saying that the goal of education is to benefit both the individual and the soul. Both the individual and the soul. When we read the aim of education, we say individualistic aim and socialistic aim. Some students say that the development of a person should be done first. Some say that the development of a person and the development of a society should not be ruined. Plato says that he has said about the development of a person, but he has increased the development of the society. Nothing must be admitted in education that does not contribute to the promotion of the world. He is saying that you should not include anything in education that does not contribute to the promotion of the world. He says, as is the guiding principle. If the principle is that we should include such things in education, he has said that you should not include anything in education that does not contribute to the promotion of the world. Plato once said that the main purpose of education is to bring out the latent talents in the soul by directly toward the right of this. This is what we have been told. Perhaps every student has told us that the purpose of education is to bring out the latent talent in the soul. We do not have the knowledge about which to bring out the talent. Then, to instill knowledge in it. Do not give us the knowledge. There are certain things in the soul that bring out the talent. This is the role of education. Education according to Plato is a means of achieving justice. He has said that education should be a means of achieving justice. Who should get justice? Individuals and socials. See, both the individuals and socials are going together. He has said that individual justice should also be obtained. Social justice should also be obtained according to the education. What is individual justice? Individual justice according to Plato can be attained when each person maximizes his or her abilities. He has said that individual justice is to maximize every individual's talent. If we do not maximize our talent, we do not do justice with ourselves. So, what is justice? It is the synonymous of excellence. It is called excellence. It is excellent in the things that we have. Excellence is virtue. Excellence is a virtue. Plato says that virtue can be attained through three stages of new knowledge development. He says that both of you can get knowledge development in three stages. Job knowledge, self-knowledge and knowledge of the idea of good. Job knowledge, namely self-knowledge. It is above knowing yourself. We know about the idea of good goodness. Social justice according to Plato can be achieved when all social classes in a society, including workers, various and rulers, live in harmony. He says that social justice can be achieved when there are so many types of duties in a society. All of them can be achieved in the society. Those who work, those who are warriors, those who live. Plato believes that all people can live in peace if society provides them with equal opportunities. Equal educational opportunities from an early age. Today we are talking about equality and educational opportunity. He says that thousands of years ago peace and justice will be achieved in this society when everyone will get equal opportunities from an early age. Allowing them to compete, compete fairly with one another. So that everyone can compete fairly with each other. He talks about six stages of education. The first stage is that education and discipline should be started at the age of seven. Now we are talking about the ability to teach children quickly. In the age of two to three years, the ability to teach children is not developed. He says that there is no need to teach children before seven years. He can learn from the mother, from the society. But you can teach him after seven years. At this stage, he says that boys and girls should not play with each other. But at the second stage, he says that from the age of seven years girls and boys should be separated. He says that boys and girls should play with each other. This stage should go up to the time when children become 17 years old. He says that the second stage will be from the age of seven to 17 years. What will he teach children? An elementary education will comprise of music and gymnastics. He says that he has to make music as a hobby. What will he teach him? A beautiful soul, a ghost. You will teach him gymnastics. This means that there will be physical education. He says that there will be physical education. He says that there will be physical education. In the third stage, he says that after 17 years young people should be battlefield to learn their real life experiences. He says that you should send them to war. This means that they have the experience of real life. This means that the elementary education that goes till 17 years will be followed by two years of compulsory military training. He said that there used to be wars in that time. One country used to conquer the other country. One country wanted to conquer it. Half of the country wanted to conquer it. That is why he talked about military training. That your country can become helpless. What does that mean? 17 years have passed. 17 years have passed. You have entered the compulsory military training in the 20th stage. He says that the 4th stage starts at the age of 20. The 20th stage will start after the use of two years of compulsory military training. You have taken compulsory military training for two years. What will happen now? At this age, the selection to qualify for higher education will happen. Now it will be decided that you have to give higher education or not. What to do? You will have to take a test. Those who fail the test. The test failed means that you will not go to higher education. Where will you go? Different occupations and productive rates. You will have to be helpless. You will be helpless. You will be in productive trades. You will need higher thinking. Look, at that time he is talking about vocational education. Those who qualify for higher education. But those who qualify and pass the test. What will they do? They will be sent to the armed forces. Send them to the army. They will receive training for the next 10 years. That is, they will take training for the next 10 years. It will be 30 years. The higher education given to those who qualify will consist of an advanced course in geometry, astronomy, harmonics and mathematics. And those who have passed the higher education test. You have taught them geometry. You have taught them astronomy. You have taught them harmonics. You have taught them mathematics. Then what will happen in the fifth stage? This will go on for the next 10 years. So it will be 30 years. Then it will be 40 years. After the 10 years of training, another test will be conducted. In 10 years, you will complete the fifth stage. Then you will be given a test. Those who fail this test will remain in the armed forces. If you fail the test, you will not remain in the army. The candidates who pass the test. If you pass the test, they will be sent to the government to join. That is, the excellent people will stay in the government. And what happens today? They will receive further training. And here also, we have not studied philosophy. They will be trained further. What will they study? They will study dialectics. They will study metaphysics. They will study logic. They will study philosophy for the next 5 years. That is, they are 45 years old. They are still studying. The sixth stage, after those 5 years, they will take up positions in the government for 15 years. That is, they have been talking for 15 years. They have been talking for 15 years. They have been in the government for 15 years. One individual will be chosen from this governing class and will he will act as administrator. And from this, you choose a person who will play the role of the philosopher administrator in your country. The task of this person will be to look after the government and the education of the state. This person will see the government and see the politics of the state. How much education is written, the best, the best, the greatest person. He will occupy the highest position and his word will be considered as the final word. You give him the best place and this supreme individual and all the other members of the governing class will receive training and education throughout their lives. He is not saying that you don't have to study so much. Today, you don't have to study. We are talking about life long learning. We were talking about life long learning a thousand years ago. He told us to study for 50 years. He said that the best person will go to the government. This education and training will be primarily in philosophy. And the person who will continue to study will also study. I understand. What should be the purpose of education? Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. Self-realization. the body as well as the soul. Your mind and soul should be developed. Through education. The methods of teaching are logic, dialogue, discussion, question and answer method. Ask the children questions and the teacher will answer them. Story telling. Today we are talking about digital storytelling. We are talking about storytelling. Tell the children stories. Tell the stories of the teacher. He was trying to imitate it. He will develop himself. He will learn it himself. He will learn it. If we want to conclude the play-to, then play-to is a kind of education that was available for everyone. He thought of this kind of education. He thought of the education that was for everyone. Regardless of sex and social. Whether it is a boy or a girl. What is the social work. Every citizen of his state should contribute to the state's welfare. That would be the most certain way to ensure the post-educated all the regions. That is why you have to teach everyone. Each person will be educated according to their needs. Play-to did not see any difference in the quality of civic contributions that men and women might offer. Women education is about So you don't have to see that she is not a teacher, she was also a teacher. So it is both as potential responsible citizens. Both of us have to be potential citizens, we have to be responsible citizens. In this regard Plato may have been influenced by the Tito Socrates. If we look at it this way, he was influenced by the Socrates. What did he say? The perfect is one in which men and women are allowed to do work for the city. So what will be the best share in which he and the man will work for the state. Plato's ideal state was where social justice and harmony were the predominant values. They were saying that if they were asked what is the state of Adarsh, they would say that it is the state of Adarsh where the social justice is not there and where everyone keeps it in order. So he said that social justice refers to the responsibility of each citizen of this state. That is, everyone is responsible for it. He said that if we are working or not, then the social justice cannot be achieved. He said that the contribution of an individual towards the state welfare in India where he had natural caring and expert training without meddling in the area of confidence of others. He said that he did not mean it from the other side. According to your talent, you should welfare the state. You should not have responsibility in the welfare of the state. This was the part of Plato's ideal state and the thought of this kind of education was taken thousands of years ago. That is why he stayed somewhere in between. There was a lot of activity in Plato. While summarizing, he stayed so much. There are still a lot of things that have been missed. Plato was an academy for a higher education. Today, we talk about academics and higher education. So this is his contribution. This is his progress on education and higher education. There are a lot of great people who need a lot of time to complete their studies. I have tried to cover this in a quick way so that you can learn more about them and if you want to know more about them, you can write down in the comments. This is why I am happy to study Plato. In this way, I have completed my Plato. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel Explore Education. I have done it from my side.