 So I think one of the really important things to think about as you think about the design of universities going forward is the fact that we've had this evolutionary development problem. So we have a couple thousand years that we developed where we had very simple rules for science and very simple engagement for science and we basically learned to do science and then for 300 years or so we developed a way in which science could be accelerated, the enlightenment emerged, science became more focused and it was still largely directed by scientists and then in the last 60 years or so we've had this almost Faustian bargain where we have engaged in a deal where we've allowed the universities to be federalized by the national government in the United States and this federalization process has contributed to a number of things that's contributed to the narrowing of the university's research focus, it's contributed to the bureaucratization of science itself, it's contributed to a kind of blindness almost, a policy blindness where science is being produced and academic work is being carried out but it's not being carried out in a way where it's having demonstrably meaningful outcomes. So for instance if you look at healthcare, healthcare in the United States is the most expensive among the industrialized nations both on an investment per citizen or per person, it's also we're the country that invests the most in science related to healthcare yet we're in the bottom handful of industrialized countries in terms of healthcare outcomes, how's it possible? If you talk to a scientist they'll tell you well it's somebody else's problem not theirs, if you talk to people on the outside they'll say I don't know what all this science is that we're doing because it's not really helping us to move forward and so we've got this thing where we've allowed ourselves to become bureaucratized, federalized, scrutinized and non-self-determinative and so that has then contributed to the inability of the national science enterprise, the inability of the national research enterprise, the inability of the universities to engage in thoughtful consideration of what the country needs. They're basically without overstating the term they're basically trapped in a funding model which is driving their agenda, driving their decisions, driving where they're making their investments as opposed to differentiating and following more natural market forces they're a captive so they basically are a captive set of organizations unable to really advance to the extent that they should or to the extent that we need solutions. So for instance how can we have all of this science and all of this scientific prowess and be a declining manufacturing nation? It's not just about labor that's an oversimplification it's about the fact that that wasn't something that the federal government invested in and we can manufacture the heck out of every type of jet fighter the world has ever seen or every kind of rocket or every type of microchip because those are things that were important to our national defense but we decided not to invest in manufacturing improvement or manufacturing enhancement and so manufacturing began to decline so for whatever set of reasons we've also narrowed our scope, we've narrowed our impact and it has been I think something that's put us in a in a poor position so what do we need? We need to re-conceptualize the design we need to conceptualize universities that are highly differentiated highly autonomous highly self-directed not dependent upon single funding sources not dependent upon single models and we're gonna have to figure out how to do this and so that's really what I think is most important for us to do.