 The issues of sand test in Kerala gets reflected in Alipay also. One is the freely flowing black and grey water, rampant producer of water bodies, septage management by fly by night operators, so all this gets a problem. And what we need is a deeper awareness about these things and action to kind of take it forward. Coming back to Alipay, there is an increasing number of roads. In the last 20-30 years, the mode of transportation also changed. Earlier it was through small boats and big boats and this was part of the larger Kuttanad ecosystem. But that's all changed over a period of time. So roads began to be developed and these are the linear features. So every canal became part of a road also. So canals got encroached. And then over a period of time, when there was no usage for this, because Kerala Water Authority water came and then people began to... So because of that water, bathrooms could be built in houses. So then that use was gone. So slowly the utility of the canals came down and then this slowly became dumping ground of waste. And one of the major utility of the canals is as drains. So these were our kind of major objectives of our winter school. One, map the natural and man-made drains and canal systems using mobile apps. Identify discharge points and hot spots for both salt and liquid waste management. Household survey to understand the sanitation infrastructure, services, practices and socio-economic profile of the households. Put this in a GIS platform and use this for the youth campaign, reclaiming of our canals. That's the canal api. So these were the five major... So from Alibag and Alibangad, what we found was we developed this mobile apps during the winter school. This is the ODK collect which you will be introduced to you today. So we have another one called OSM tracker. So you go with your mobile phone, you can track the entire linear kind of a canal and then you can have point source of information also. Like if there is a waste dump there, you can take a photograph and you can note it down also. And this ODK collect also, you can actually kind of do it in your mobile phone, the survey. Then you don't need any data entry. It can be directly kind of imported to Excel and you can have the analysis done. And this can be kind of put into a GIS platform, you can visualize it also. So this will be one of the major takeaway for you. This is the skills that you will learn from this winter school. And in summer school, I told you we actually scaled it up to 300 students. We mapped the entire stretch. I'm not going into the details of that because we'll be kind of putting it. So these are the kind of principles that we work on. One is the principle of subsidiarity. That means whatever can be done at the lowest level should be done there. At the individual level, at the household level, do it there. Rest of it can come to community and only the rest can go to the town level. So that's the principle of subsidiarity. Second is the non-invasive technology options. Especially less energy intensive, less capital intensive, you know, kind of technology options. Third is local capacity building. For even for planning, for technology operations, for institution building. All this can be have local capacity building. And then local institution building for management. You know, you don't need other external institutions like government institutions or market institutions to come into that. Can people's institutions, you know, kind of manage these things? Social regulation and accountability. You know, one is state regulation by policing. You have Environmental Protection Act, which tells you what or what it should not be polluted. But why is being polluted? Because regulation by policing is very difficult. But if we kind of control each other, that is social regulation. For example, groundwater regulation in India has worked because of this. You know, many of the, you must have heard about Anna Hazare, you know, the Rallagans, the experiment. You know, people came together and decided that you will, you know, kind, you won't kind of dig tube wells. You won't cultivate sugarcane like, you know, water gushing crops. And that's how groundwater could be regulated. So, people have to come together. So, people in the canal sense have to come together and tell that, you know. So, in our pile canal shed, we found that there is a fortnight households which are very marginal households. X manual scavengers. They were kind of freely polluting it because they don't have the wherewithal to do that. So, now we are given them a system. Then we found that there are three other, you know, big polluters. Two of them were catering units. So, one of them was given notice by our, you know, environmental engineer who is a friend of us who works with us for a lot. The Pollution Control Board engineer Mr. Biju, you may meet him also. So, they shifted it to a next town or a kind of, more of a village kind of a thing where, you know, there is no such kind of a canal polluting kind of an environment there. And the other one is still we are in the process of doing it. So, there are only three major sources of pollution to that peak and there are 800 households there. So, how can you kind of regulate the minority major producers by the larger community? That's where the institution building becomes and social regulation becomes. And the last one is can you incentivize these things? Like, you know, whatever interventions that you have like biogas, bins or, you know, plastic collection and all this. Can you incentivize it with jobs so that people who want to continue these jobs will make, ensure that this will continue. So, green jobs. So, these were the aspects. We did a complete civil engineering survey. We did a socio-economic study. We did a willingness to pay study and water quality studies. And the last is big establishments like, you know, commercial establishments and industries. What are the kinds? So, these are the five major elements. So, we had something like 300 students. So, 60 of them could kind of, you know, look at each of these issues. This is the level of commitment that we had. And so, drain mapping was the first one I told you. So, you go with the tracker and then these are point source of pollution which you can mark. You can take a photograph also and upload it. So, this was the first element. Compotency civil survey, contour deserging slope, width of the canal, sidewall protection, bottom depth of canal, thick of sludge. So, these are the various canals that we have marked. Basically civil engineering methodology with staff readings and, you know, that, you know, the basic civil engineering survey we did. This is the result. Length of the canal varies from 2.1 kilometers to 165 meters. So, our pilot canal is the, this one, which is actually the second biggest canal, 1.5 kilometers. What you will be doing is the biggest canal. There is 2.1 kilometers, Shadamani. That is the canal that you are going to do. Volume of sludge also we have calculated. And, you know, sidewall protection needed also we have calculated. You know, actually what does this bring? This brings in a lot of transparency. And, the government has also kind of, you know, the irrigation department also has tried to do this. When you, when they do it, it becomes 10 times more. That is the contractor engineer nexus. Here engineering students, you know, kind of proved that they can do the design. And, the irrigation department gave them a software which can then give the kind of estimates also. So, we proved that even engineers can, engineering students can do this up to the estimates. So, 2 things. One, better analysis at the local level. Otherwise, you know, the contractors, people won't do such good analysis to kind of arrive at this. Second thing is transparency of governance. Now, they can actually kind of ask the irrigation department, ask the municipality. This is not it. What is the cost of it? Which can be, which can actually bring in. So, if next year also the same students, the college, the same college sends these students, ask these questions over a period of 3-4 years, governance should be proved, isn't it? So, that's our major strategy that we are kind of. And, socioeconomic survey is all these. You will be kind of dealing with this. So, I'm not going to do this. We can actually get such kind of maps out of this. Findings are not very important, you know, because these are all kind of findings that you know. One of the major things is that, you know, 83% of the people thought that they had septic tanks. And then we trained them how to kind of, you know, identify whether it's a septic tank or not. Then we found that that's only 32% which are septic tanks. Another major thing was, you know, distance. So, 750 water samples were collected by our students, which was a very transparent exercise. There is a hydrogen-sulfide vial, you know, into which this water can be poured. And we kept it in their own households. So, after 2 days when you go back, if it turns black, that means there is e-college contamination, bacterial contamination, which is actually a sign of fecal contamination. So, that means toilet and this water source are connected. So, 93% of the wells had e-college in allopie. And then 82% of the shallow tube wells and 18% of the, you know, 37% of the, 39% of the Kerala Water Authority supplied water also had. So, this means it's serious that, you know, that water quality is into serious proportions. So, this is one of the major findings that came out. Another thing was, you know, average distance between the septic tanks and the wells in your own plot. What municipality has given is 7.5 meters. And then we found that, you know, almost 53% of the APL household that's above power line and 60% of the BPL household, below power line households. It is actually, you know, below 7.5 meters. So, there is actually a very serious issue. And then this is 7.5 to 15 meters is also that, because below 15 meters is actually dangerous in a sandy terrain. So, this is also another thing that kind of came out. Another thing that we did was, you know, these are all kind of scope of the, you know, GIS that we are using. You know, people actually, many of them segregate. And people who are segregating, many of them do it at the household level also. As aerobic bins, as biogas units and things like that. The rest of it goes to public aerobic bins. So, we tried to look at what is the average distance of this. Then we found that actually it's okay, 340 to 830 meters. And now we can actually kind of plan better the distance. You know, can you reduce the kind of, you know, aerobic bins is one question that we are asking. Then utilization is very, very small, like 8% to 22%. So, another question is, can we increase the kind of usage of this? This and kind of individual systems. So, this is the scope of our, you know, kind of study that we are going to. You are also going to do all this. The very curious thing, 85% of the households find no utility of the canals. And the major utility of the canals is as waste dumps. It's also kind of very curious understanding. We have several recommendations which I am not going to. Environmental study of institutions, commercial and industrial institutions also were studied. This is what you should be concentrating on. Pilot interventions in one canal. We'll be seeing all this. So, this is the canal, which is 1.6 kilometers long. We wanted to kind of demonstrate that this is possible. I told you, there are three major interventions. So, this is what we did. Technological interventions is, you know, primary cleaning is done. Then we found that actually 70% of that gets cleaned because aeration happens. You know, when the flow happens. And then, sidewall protection, maintenance through solid and liquid waste management, construction of an FSTP, which is actually on the, we are planning that. Solid waste management, inorganic and organic. Inorganic goes to door-to-door plastic collection, swap shops, which can actually kind of get these things done. Strengthen the existing scrap dealers because they are the existing chain. So, we should actually utilize them. And then, community level incinerators for, you know, sanitary pads and things like that. Organic, it goes to individual systems like biogas and biobinds in own houses, individual houses. Cluster level systems, like what we seen as the, you know, the ACU that I showed you. Liquid waste management, black water has to be into individual septic tanks, better septic tanks. And cluster level units like debots that we will show you. This letha will be explaining you how they constructed this. Flow measurements were done, quantity was, waste water sampling was done. And then they arrived at a unit, you know, a cluster level unit. That experience we will explain to you tomorrow. Some of the scope, you know, so this is black water disposal methods in the pirate watershed. You will see that, you know, leach pit means it is directly going into leach pit and then it is polluting the groundwater. That is the red ones and green ones is when you have a septic tank and there is only one community septic tank that we are building. So look at the observation. The observation is that majority of the toilets are opening up into as a leach pit. That means our groundwater is getting contaminated. That is why 93% of the wells have E. coli. So this is a visual representation. When earlier I showed you as tables, it is not this impressive. And this is actually both sides of the canal. So we took two rows of the canal which actually showed why the canal is, you know, getting polluted. So you will kind of, you know, do the same exercise in the second canal. Yes, two rows of households we took. Actually, you know, our civil engineers, 19 of them, they are doing this survey on two rows of households even in your canal that you are going to do. So they will have that data because that needs a bit more of, you know, plan of that and because we need to know what system has to be installed at all. You will be actually taking data from outside. But during compilation, we will bring in all this data together. This is the Black Pot Routfall. You know, who is actually, you know, this is no outfall is, this is outfall into the canal. So all these are kind of dangerous ways of, you know, bringing water out. Grave water disposal methods, this is also, you know, directly to the drain is the red. The red ones are, and then blue are directly to the ground also. That also will ultimately pollute the kind of ground water. So majority of the systems are not safely disposed. This is the plot area size where we say that, you know, less than 3 cents is the kind of the dark ones. And, you know, so the lighter ones are only very few in a way. So, you know, this is actually, again, it is social. You know, are there better off households? How are they kind of disposing their waste? And both this should have very different types of interventions. Because if we say BPL household, we can give them a subsidy. So, it is for that. So, merging these, you know, will give us some kind of understanding for interventions. What kind of interventions do we need? So, this is a heat map where we show that the toilet waste is disposed into a septic tank and a sock pit. So, majority of them are sock pits. So, once over a period of time, in the next 3-4 months, if we kind of make this another map, all the red dots will come down, isn't it? That is called a heat map. So, this can be a community monitoring tool. See, after 6 months after our intervention, we again geotag. Because these are all geotag households. Since you are going with your mobile app, you know, each of the households is geotag. So, if you go to the same household again, it will become green. So, this exercise becomes a heat map, becomes an exercise of community monitoring also. This is another serious thing. Scientific ways of disposal, majority of them is red. So, our exercise over a period of time should be to make it all into green. Solveous management, this is the kind of cluster level aerobic units that you have. Where you will be seeing this, you will be kind of, you know, you will get more interesting, you know, kind of ideas about this in the next Solveous Management session that we have. This is the biogas bins and plastic collection, what we are doing. She is collecting it. You know, we gave them bags for a month, 2 weeks, and we have collected that. And now we know, one, we know which brands are actually the kind of most polluting. Second, we know what kinds of plastics are kind of happening and which one can go into the market. Like for example, our milk, the milk one, you know, that is a huge market actually. So, plastics are divided into kind of some, I think Sridhar will be explaining that today, you know, how this. So, for that we did this kind of, you know, collection 2 times. So, we have a fairly good idea of, you know, what is the type of plastics and what could be the market of that. And the quantity of that across various class of households. So, we will be planning this monthly collection of this. So, these are the wards, the 3 wards that are there in the pilot area. We have divided them into polygons. And then, now we are kind of, these are the points from which plastic will be collected in the future. This may be a small shop or a kind of ungan body or something like that. So that, you know, people does not have to walk more than 80 to 100 meters to give this. Which becomes an incentive for people to kind of, you know, give that. Which way to expand it to all the wards now. This is the aerobic bins which are there. You know, this is the distance of the nearest aerobic bin from various houses. So, we have to make it all light. Now, you can see all the aerobic bins are outside our study area. So, if you bring in new aerobic bins, where will you be placing it? And how much of this can you may become light? This is one question that we can ask. This is segregation. Now, you know, in this cluster, there is no segregation happening at all. So, in this entire ward, we can see where we should concentrate on in our future interventions to make segregation better. So, this visual tool can be very interesting. One for identifying, second as a heat map to kind of monitoring tool. This is a pad disposal, grids, collection points. Then green income generation, what it can go into. These are the canal sheet committees which we are planning, you know. So, every 250 meters of the canal, there will be a committee. And then there will be three people who are going to kind of work in these committees, which will have a larger committee. So, that is an institution building for social regulation that is happening. We have already started the institution building. Fecal search management, you know, we will have two sessions on fecal search management. How is it presently done and how it could be done? This is called the honey suckers. You know, earlier you should, it used to be manual scavenging, which is actually a very inhuman practice. So, this is a kind of heavy suction. It will come to this and then there should be a fecal cell treatment unit, which can safely. So, use sheet it, we take it, satisfaction guaranteed. This is the first regional waste FSTP which is being done in Devanahalli near Bangalore airport. So, we took all the counsellors to there and now they are convinced about it. So, they have identified a plot of land also for that. And from the Amruth project, they have put in, you know, kind of funds also into it. So, hopefully within kind of one year, we will have an FSTP in Alapie. Can Alapie, I think you will hear more about that, how this initiative is coming up. So, these are our conclusions. What have we achieved? A better understanding of the physical system, sanitation practices, water quality, pollution hotspots, shelf of technology options, institutional requirements for better management, limitations of the regulatory environment. For example, is it pollution control board, is it municipality or is it water authority? We are trying to figure out, you know, what is the regulator? Methodology and tools in place to conduct participatory urban sanitation studies, created awareness about Can Alapie by the work of 330 students in our summer school, trained highly motivated and committed youth, demonstration by civil engineering students can do design. And, you know, we have a network of government officials now, from right from collector to kind of the institutions that deal with sanitation. A network of academics, last time we had 40 academics from different places who came and did the classes, we absorbed all their knowledge. Now we are kind of doing it as a practice this time. This time it is much more hands on. So, you will benefit by that. Observations, education becomes real world, engaging in local, this is as a teacher what I am kind of taking it, you know. So, education can become very much real world. Crowd sourcing of data for better local analysis. Otherwise you have a, you always complain about lack of data, isn't it? Now you can crowd source data, so that you know it can be used also. Visualization of data can bring in socio-spatial understanding. And heat maps can be a monitoring tool. We have seen how the red dots can be reduced to more green dots. And where? Heterodox solutions can be discussed and debated locally. So, if experts come, they will get more access to data. They can come out with more creative solutions. Local participants can close contact with local governance, become useful participants in development. This happened when Fletch's, you know, struck Alipi. Our whole CanAlipi team used this mobile apps to locate relief camps, to make, you know, the kind of relief material get into the camps. During the camps, they made better sanitation arrangements. They mobilized 500 volunteers who traveled with these people when they went back to their homes. We clicked photographs of their homes, uploaded it. IIT Bombay Civil Engineering Department divided that into three different categories. Red category, you shouldn't enter that home. Green category, you can start living. Blue category, another expert has to look at it. We did the kind of health surveillance. You know, so we identified where are the diseases. We gave it to the DMO who could actually kind of, you know, direct their teams to wherever those doctors' help is needed. Our team did flood mapping. They looked at the levels. And now they are developing a digital elevation model. So we know the hotspots of flood. And this is all done by, without help of any of us. Because they have the weapon of ODK, this tool. This is what you are also going to do. So this can be a major weapon to kind of make better analysis and better action possible. So sensitive officials who get information and local assistance, institution building, making of a new commons, that's what we want. We want to say that the youth are going to reclaim these canals. These canals are our commons, not state property. It has to be utilized well because this is our future of public health or tourism or whatever. Limitations of community and citizen participation, you know, we found that, you know, there are no citizens who will participate. So we made a student citizen to make participate. And they can be future citizens who will participate. Otherwise we didn't say any ready made citizen who will come and participate with us. So community participation and all, we very quickly tell, you know, but other people who are ready to that. From engineering science to the practice of engineering, transdisciplinary engagement, working with a problem, transdisciplinary engagement, working with architecture and social science students mentored by planners. And next step is to making it formal within the university system. We are all going to oppress you, telling the university, bring them all to the field for two months. So that's our dream, to make you all come to the field for two months within your academic curriculum because that's your social responsibility. Then many things can happen in many sectors. Better analysis, better monitoring, which can lead to better governance. Path ahead, this is what you're doing now. We have your team leaders who are making detailed plans. You have 18 civil engineering graduates who are part of your team. Solveway surveys are already done. We'll have a plan by December 2018. D-WATS cluster system will be inaugurated in, we said early December, unforeseen problems because there is a big leak that happened from the settler tank. So that was unforeseen. So it will be in end of December. But we'll go and see the system. Household D-WATS systems, we are already doing the survey. And we'll replace 20 of them by January. We will monitor those 20. It's different types of systems we'll put in. And we'll see which one works best. And then we'll scale it up. FSTP plan will be done January 2019. Move course, that's what they're doing now. And that will be aired by July. We have a scaling up plan by January. And March 2019, we'll have a national seminar and consultation with experts whether we are going in the right direction. Otherwise we are just doing things. So we're going to reflect on what we're doing and then kind of moving ahead. Winter school is what you will be doing. Two more slides. One is this. You will be looking at socio-technical options. That's why you will be doing social analysis as well as technology analysis. Solid waste management, organic, inorganic. You will be looking at what is the kind of production of that. In liquid waste management, treated black water, grey water, into the canal, household level and public hotspot. This we will not be doing now. And treated water, what is the black element? What is the grey element of this? So this is the kind of crux of what you are going to do. Steps in the plan. One is delineation of water sheds. It's already done. Civil engineering survey is done. So we have done this job for you. What you will be doing is socio-economic survey, practices and effluence. Then you will be arriving at sanitation zones and hotspots through GIS. Socio-technical analysis for solutions, you should tell us. Stakeholder concentrations and technical fina. This you may not be able to do. This we have to take from your thing, get into more stakeholders. Stakeholders are households to municipality, to NGOs, technology providers. We have to talk with all of them to arrive at specific technology solutions.