 Hello, in this video we are going to see about the spotters in community medicine. Here we have to understand few basics about spotters that is you have to identify the spotters. After identifying the spotters you have to write the identification points how you say that particular spotter. Then you have to write about the uses of that particular spotter. Then you have to think about public health importance spotters into seven groups. First is your contraceptives. In this video we are going to deal about a few basics that is within 15 to 20 minutes. How can you cover all the spotters that is the ultimate objective of this session. So, we have in contraceptive groups most commonly kept contraceptives are given here and moreover identification of that particular contraceptive will not be a difficulty. So, I am straight away going into the points what you are supposed to write in answer sheets. Here first is your male quantum. So, whenever a particular contraceptive is given you have to write what type of contraceptive it is whether it is permanent or temporary or barrier or hormonal or intrauterine contraceptive devices all these things you should mention. You can write the mechanism of action then the ideal candidates who need that particular type of contraceptive anyway ultimately you are going to have the cafeteria approach to the patients that you are going to offer the advantages and disadvantages of each contraceptive that the patient have to choose what type of contraceptive he needs. This is the simple basic about contraceptives. So, male quantum here I have not mentioned about female quantum or diaphragm or cervical cap etc. It is ideal for newly married lactating and multiple sexual partners and the advantages protection from STDs it is simple available and cheap it needs motivation during sex which is not needed in the other form of contraceptives. Now, we move on to oral contraceptive pills which is the most effective contraceptive Mala N and Mala D are the two government operations that is 28 days you give these tablets first 21 days we will have this hormonal pills then the last 7 days will be just iron and folic acid. So, it will cause withdrawal bleeding that is the mechanism of action. Then we have emergency contraceptive pills most commonly used is Levon or Gastro. So, the most important advantage of this is we can use it as a post-coital contraception which is followed by intrauterine devices the first generation are just the inner devices again generation are the copper containing or silver containing third generation are the hormonal releasing thing. The main disadvantage is the bleeding and pain terminal methods which is vasectomy and tubectomy here vasectomy and tubectomy. So, it is generally recommended after two children as a permanent method of sterilization usually models will be kept in exams. So, the disadvantage is reversibility and you need a surgery for this. So, this is about MCH group of spotters that is maternal and healthcare related spotters we have iron and folic acid ORS and growth chart all this can be easily identified fourth one which is Shakir step which is used as a measuring tool for malnutrition. The yellow line indicates mild malnutrition and the red line indicates the severe malnutrition. So, this is a normal level then we have baby weighing scale or the salters type of weighing scale where we hang the weighing scale. So, for baby we can measure through this baby weighing scale then we have a salis hemoglobinometer for the measurement of the hemoglobin then we have disposable delivery kit containing the essential items for the delivery then we have patograph that is which identifies when to intervene and when to refer the patient and to identify the progress of the labor it consists of the multiple parameters like fetal heart rate of contractions and pulse BP etc. Then we are moving into the nutrition group of spotters here. So, this is a white rice usually people will do parboiling process which increases the normal shelf life of the rice so that they can store it for a long time on this process we have a nutritional advantage that the micronutrients which is present in the husk of the rice will go inside deep inside and the nutritive value is increased. Wild rice people may get retirement deficiency and other will be complex deficiency also. So, this is about the cereals the basic thing about cereals are that they have more carbohydrates pulses will have more proteins that is the basic. So, cereals end with L so that all the cells are deficient with lysine pulses yes so it end with yes all the pulses are deficient of sulfur containing amino acids that is cysteine and methionine out of the cereals rice has more number of lysine then this is about your wheat we can identify all you have to mention about the nutritive value of all cereals more or less it will be around 340 kilo calories so the nutritive value is going to be the same why wheat is little superior is because of its fiber content and calcium and mineral contents compared to rice then we have maize this is bhajra bhajra should not confused with joer bhajra is little green in color this is ragi it should not be confused with mustard ragi is little smaller when compared to mustard and moreover you can witness the difference in the colors intensity it starts from light brown to dark brown so that is that is a sign of ragi then we have grams grams wise we can identify this is tur dal or the red gram this is masur dal this is moong dal which is a product of green gram this is the green gram and moong dal is a product of green gram and this is urad dal urad dal means your black gram and urad dal is the product of this black gram so they will while breaking it down the covering will go off and it will make it as a white color then this is the channa dal or your bengal gram and there are many varieties with the channa gram that is that is roasted channa roasted bengal gram all these varieties are the byproducts of the bengal gram now in nutrition we have so we have been grounded and all these can be identified easily and the public health importance and also can be written easily now we are moving into the immunization all these vaccines will be kept as spotters for you and the most important thing is the one more important thing is that you need to remember the national immunization schedule with that we can easily write the answers for this spotters so basically we have to know what are all the newer additions into the national immunization schedule we have bcg hepatitis b at opv at birth then pentavalent fractional ipv rotavirus pneumococcal conjugate measles rubella japanese sensibilities vitamin a and dpd booster measles this is the age wise list and you have to remember the fact all these vaccine injectables are going to be im except for your opv and sorry except for your ipv and bcg which is intradermal and since it is intradermal we have the dose as 0.1 ml the one more exception is the subcutaneous vaccines that is measles and j e so measles and measles and j e are subcutaneous vaccines bcg and ipv are intradermal vaccines so the dose except for this intradermal the dose remains same as 0.5 ml then you have to remember about site also so we have completed the due age for that vaccines then we have completed the root of the administration and while root of administration we have told about this dose also now we are into the site site how to remember is all of us know bcg vaccine site is on the left upper arm intradermal injection so that should be on the other side of the upper arm so that will be on the right upper arm then we have two subcutaneous vaccines one is on the right that is measles will be on the right and japanese sensibilities will be on the left so this is hepatitis b will be on the left pentavalent will be on the left again fractional ipv will be on the right andro then dpd booster will be on the left this we have to remember then after one year every six months we need to give vitamin a which is 2 ml which is equal to two lakh international units if it is less than one year that is ninth at ninth month we give one dose of vitamin a one ml that is one lakh international units so that is how you should remember this national immunization schedule and if you remember this national immunization schedule all these lists of list of vaccines can be easily written in spotters now we are we should not forget to mention about mentioning tt that it is included in the national immunization schedule for the pregnant woman also then immunization part we have one more group that is the cold saying maintenance items that is your day carrier this is called as this box is called as blue box is called as day carrier and the white box which is present inside is called as the ice pack and some in some departments they may have deep freezes and ice lined refrigerators to prepare this ice pack these are all essential components in the co maintenance of cold chain of vaccines and this picture we have this vaccine vial monitor that is we have outer circle and inner square the inner square should be lighter than the outer circle so this vaccine vial monitor is just a cumulative measure of exposure out to the heat then we are moving into the entomology here the identification of mosquitoes ix and larvae is very important we have three type of mosquitoes commonly kept for spotters that is anaphyllus edis and qlex x larvae and the adult mosquitoes x as the image indicates it is very clear edis lay x singly that we have to remember edis lay x singly anaphyllus have the lateral rafts that is boat like that is your lateral rafts so that when the draft is present then that is anaphyllus egg this also is laid singly and qlex lay x in clusters so qlex c qlex x are in clusters you have to remember that way so that's the that's how we can identify the x then when we move on to the larvae the easily it can be identified with the siphon tube the absence of the siphon tube here indicates it is in the anaphyllus species the very long slender on a siphon tube indicates it is qlex larvae very short and stout siphon tube here indicates that it is a edis species of larvae this is how you should identify the larvae of different species of mosquitoes then for an adult mosquito basically you have to identify between male and female male and female can be identified by the bushy antennas that is here in the central part is the that is proboscis this is the antenna this this is the pathway so here if the antenna is bushy then that means that is a male mosquito if the antenna is not bushy then that which is equivalent to mushtaq in males so if the antenna is not bushy then it is a female so so here we have to identify the species so first is you have to look at the wings if you have any spotted wings then that is anaphyllus if you have the look at the body if you have the branded alternate brands like tiger like appearance then that is called as edis mosquito if nothing is there then that is a qlex mosquito the one more identification is in qlex mosquito the body will be proportionately very small when compared to the head and the thorax then one more identification is through the mouth parts that is with the length of the palpate and with the length of the proboscis so when the length of the proboscis is almost equal then that is an anaphyllus species that is anaphyllus when the length of the palpate is more than that of the proboscis then that may be either edis or qlex so we have to write it as a qly sign mosquito now these are all the other group of insects which are of medical importance other than mosquitoes so this is the lice this is the shape itself make you identify it as head gloves then this is the pubic gloves more or more or less the images which is present in the slides will be same because of the poor preparation of the slides it may be very difficult to identify that may happen now then you have to identify the housefly how it is different from black flea and the cc fly then this characteristic image will represent the rat flea and we have hot tick and soft tick this is the soft tick and this is the hot tick you can identify with the shape alone then this is the itch mite here most important thing is after identification you have to write what disease they are the vectors and what is the causative organism and what is the control measure for the disease you are disinfectants which can be identified easily from the spotters then coming on to the environment all this will be kept as a models and this image shows the personal protective equipments which is which are very important in occupational spotters we have gloves helmets mask this is ear plugs ear muffs will be there so all these things are very important in occupational health spotters now in environment the spotters which are very difficult to identify is the horax apparatus which consists of the six white cups and one black cup so this is then apparatus used for measuring the amount of bleaching powder needed to disinfect the water if horax apparatus is the apparatus needed to measure the amount of bleaching powder to to disinfect the water and this is the equipment called chloroscope which measures the adequacy of chlorination after the addition of bleaching powder so this is the chloroscope based on the color levels we can titrate how much amount of chlorine is present the residual chlorine is present in the water then we have sling psychrometer which is used in the measurement of humidity we will rotate this we will hold here and rotate this as a constant at a constant speed help us in measuring the humidity then we have katha thermometer katha thermometer this is the red one and katha thermometer also helps in measuring the cooling power of the air and also humidity and we have wet and dry bulb thermometer this helps in measuring the humidity and cooling power of the air then we have maximum and minimum thermometer this will help in measuring the maximum and minimum temperatures of the day with this we are ending the spotters thing so here what is most important is that for the contraceptives I have presented a table with the advantages disadvantages and the ideal candidate of that particular contraceptive that is most important then we discussed about the national immunization schedule which is important for all the vaccines then the species identification of the mosquitoes by egg larvae and adults all these things you should remember then the rest of all things are just theory you can identify easily all the best for your spotters thank you