 Good evening viewers and aspirants. Let us move on to the Indo-News analysis. The list of news articles along with the page number of different editions is given below for your reference. Let us now move on to the first news article. See this article from page one which is about the launch of a new army tank named Arjun MK1A. Yesterday Prime Minister handed over this new indigenously developed tank to the army and he also talked about the need of self-reliance in the defense sector. In this context let us have a brief discussion on Arjun tank, DRDO and DAC. See the Arjun main battle tank project was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with a combat vehicles research and development establishment or CVRDE as its lead laboratory. The objective was to create a state of the art tank with superior firepower, high mobility and excellent protection. So mass production began in 1996 at the Indian Ordnance factories production facility in Avadi, Tamil Nadu. The Indian Army received the first batch of 16 tanks in 2004 and in 2009 the first Arjun regiment of the Indian Army had 45 tanks. By 2011, over 100 tanks had been delivered. In 2010, the Indian Army ordered another 124 Arjuns. The Ministry of Defense ordered another 118 of the Arjun MK1A. These are the units now being inducted at a cost of over 8400 crore. Now let us see how is the MK1A different. See the MK1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. The biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3% indigenous content against the 41% in the earlier model. The upgrade would also mean that the tank commander would be able to effectively conduct surveillance during daytime as well as in the dark. The tank is also now loaded with a remote controlled weapon station that will allow the loader to engage with the ground targets and aerial targets from the protective envelope of the tank armor. And in terms of protecting the tank crew, tank can cross minefields without any hindrance as the mine sweeper would easily create a mine free path. One of the most striking features of this tank would be the protection against chemical attacks. A special sensor has been loaded on the tank which detects the presence of harmful toxic chemicals in the atmosphere around the tank. The sensor detects the harmful chemicals, triggers an alarm and prevents toxic air from entering the tank and the tank crew get their air through a particulate filter for the survival. As said before, this tank has been developed by Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment which is a research lab of DRDO. And as we know DRDO is the research and development wing of the Ministry of Defense with a vision to empower India with cutting edge defense technologies and a mission to achieve self-reliance in critical defense technologies and systems. At the same time equipping our armed forces with the state of the art weapon systems and equipment in accordance with the requirements laid down by the three services. Some of the indigenous systems developed by the DRDO are Agni and Prithvi series of missiles, the light combat aircraft Tejas, multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka, air defense system Akash etc. In this context yesterday, Prime Minister has talked about achieving self-reliance in defense sector by developing more indigenous systems. And as of now, we are heavily dependent on Russia, US and Israel for defense systems. Coming to DRDO, it was formed in 1958 from the amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical Development Establishment of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defense Science Organization. Coming back to the news article, it says that the Army is expected to soon approach the Defense Acquisition Council for approval of purchase of new Arjun MK1A tanks. See, the Defense Acquisition Council is the highest decision making body in the Defense Ministry for deciding on new policies and capital acquisitions for the three services which includes Army, Navy and Air Force and the Indian Coast Guard. It is shared by the Minister of Defense, pursuant to the recommendations of the group of ministers on reforming the national security system. It was set up after the Kargil conflict of 1999. With this info, let us move on to the next news article. This news article talks about a traditional art form called Therukutu which is a rural folk theatre of Tamil Nadu. So, therefore, it is a theatre art form. In this, Theru means street and Kutu means play. So, therefore, Therukutu is nothing but a street play. It is a traditional and popular form of folk theatre from the interiors of Tamil Nadu and this art form is said to be confined to Tonday Mandalam of Tamil Nadu. See, this Tonday Mandalam is an ancient division of the Tamil country which comprises roughly the present districts of Tamil Nadu namely Kanjiburam, Chennai, Thiruvallur, Vellur and Thiruvannamalai. In Therukutu, the performance is a combination of three main modes of creative expression that is verse recital, song and dance. It serves as a means of entertainment for rural folks and it also displays a ritualized trajectory of traditional human values. It further involves exaggerated makeup, high-pitched singing and delivery and the actors in the play strut above the stage with violent thumping of the feet and they execute fast twirls. See, the word strut means walking with a stiff, erect and an apparently arrogant posture. One of its important components is the Kathia Karan. See, Kathiam means announcement and Kathia Karan means an herald or an announcer. This Kathia Karan is a person who usually stays behind the curtain during the play and he occasionally comes out. He sings and is also the commentator and the interpreter of the play. He sometimes also takes the role of a buffoon or a clown. So, this Kathia Karan has got a sense of humor and a narrator who appears frequently to recount what has happened before and he also announces what is next in the play. This Kathia Karan is there throughout the enactment of the play. So, we can say that Kathia Karan is the Sutradara or the central character of the Therukuta performance. Coming to the themes of the play, they are mostly drawn from Indian mythology and epics, particularly the Mahabharata and it also contains layers of the cultural history of Tamil country from ancient times. This Therukuta is an extensive collection of plays and at the core of the extensive collection of plays, there is a cycle of eight plays based on the life of Draupadi who is a character from Mahabharata. Also know that it is mostly preferred at a time of annual temple festivals of Maharyaman also called as rain goddess in order to achieve rich harvest. One of the important personalities in the art form is Sri Pura Sai, Natesha Subramanya Tambiran and with this we have come to the end of this news discussion. This article says that researchers have discovered three fossils of the earliest known living animal which is the 550 million year old Dickinsonia at the Bhimbetka rock shelters. In this context, it is discussed in brief about Dickinsonia and then about Bhimbetka shelters in Madhya Pradesh. So, what is this Dickinsonia? It was first discovered in the 1940s and it is one of the most iconic members of the so-called Ediacaron biota. They are a group of mysterious soft-bodied organisms that existed between 541 and 570 million years ago. In a world that had been dominated by microbes, these were the first big complex living things. Here the Ediacaron biota is a unique assemblage of soft-bodied organisms preserved worldwide as fossil impressions in the sandstone from the Ediacaron period which is approximately 635 million to 545 million years ago. Have a look at this image to understand the timelines. Now, let us discuss about the rock shelters of Bhimbetka. Located in Madhya Pradesh, it is one of the largest groups of prehistoric painted shelters in the world. These rock shelters fall in the Ratepani wildlife sanctuary in the Vindaya range. Besides prehistoric remains, a large number of Hindu and Buddhist archaeological remains are also found here. The name Bhimbetka comes from the Hindi word Bhimbetka which means the seat of Bhima who is one of the heroes from the epic Mahabharata. The Bhimbetka caves were discovered in the year 1957 by the Indian archaeologist Dr Vishnu S. Vakankar. See, the earliest rock paintings at Bhimbetka are around 10,000 years old and they are rendered in three main colours including red, white and green. The main forms of rock art at Bhimbetka are petroglyphs or engravings, geoglyphs or large design produced on the ground by arranging rocks, rock bruising which refers to images made by the chipping away of weathered rocks and pictographs or paintings made on stone. See, the most common compositions consist of animals like elephants, antelopes, lions, monkeys and especially bulls and cows as well as humans in groups or alone. You know that these five groups of rock shelters were recognised by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in the year 2003. Have a look at the paintings in Bhimbetka. Finally, you should also remember that there are several groups of rock shelters at Bhimbetka and one of them has a famous bore rock painting which is a rock shelter with painting of a large bore with horns and one of the main rock shelters of Bhimbetka is called the Auditorium Cave which is the largest and the most recognisable feature of Bhimbetka. With this we have come to the end of discussion of this news article. This editorial is about the issues with regulations that allow government to block certain contents. So, in this discussion, let us see what are these regulations, the issues with them and the way forward. The syllabus relevant for this news article is given below. If you remember on our 7th February Hindu News Analysis, we discussed about the ongoing conflict or the disagreement between Indian government and Twitter. This editorial is based on that issue only. So, we request viewers to watch that analysis first in order to have a better understanding of the editorial. See, in brief what happened was in the wake of farmers protest in New Delhi, government of India asked Twitter to block or to withhold certain accounts belonging to several activists, media outlets and even the account which was used for protest that is the Kisan Ekta Morcha etc. Government of India asked this based on Section 69A of Information Technology or IT Act of 2000. Initially, Twitter blocked the accounts but few days later, it reinstated the accounts on its own. This action outraged the government of India issued a non-compliance notice to Twitter that warned about penal actions under the IT Act. The recent development is that the meeting between Twitter officials and the government of India did not go well and this could be seen in the blog post that was published by Twitter itself in which it argued that withholding or blocking accounts is violation of Indian laws especially violation of Indian constitution because it violates the right to freedom of speech. So, what are the regulations that provides for blocking of such online contents or accounts and how they violate the freedom of speech? See, the regulations mainly include the IT Act under which the directions were issued by the government of India especially Section 69A of the Act. Under the Section 69A, government has got the power to issue directions for blocking of any information through any computer resource for the public access and central government can direct any agency of the government or even an intermediary to block for access by the public regarding any information that is generated, transmitted, received, stored or hosted in any computer resource. The section also provides for punishment if the intermediary fails to comply with the directions given. The punishment is imprisonment for 1 to 7 years plus fine based on this only government of India warned Twitter about penal actions. In addition to the Act, we also have the IT procedure and safeguards for access of information by public rules of 2009 which is also called as the blocking rules of 2009. These rules, it provides the procedure for blocking contents or information. See, just know that the rules provide for a review committee and this committee has to meet at least once in two months and they have to record its findings about whether the directions issued under the rules are in accordance with Section 69A of IT Act. Now, if the committee is of the opinion that the directions are not in accordance with the provisions of IT Act, then the committee may set aside the directions and they can issue order for unblocking of the said information. Now, most importantly, the rules provide a confidentiality clause that is, it asks to maintain strict confidentiality regarding all the requests made and the complaints received and the actions taken under these rules and act. Keep these provisions in mind. Now, let us discuss the issues with these rules or regulations. First issue is that these regulations are favorable to a government which wants to censor the views of citizens. It is because it allows to block content prima facie. See, prima facie means based on the first impression that is it is accepted until proved otherwise. So, if government prima facie feels that a content is threatening the public order, then it can invoke Section 69A of IT Act and that is why the author states that these laws in an obvious way are interpreted and applied by censorship happy governments. So, this in turn restricts online free speech rights of Indian citizens. Thus, it is violative of a fundamental right and not just simply violative of a constitutional right because it violates the right to freedom of speech under Article 19 Clause 1 Clause A of Indian Constitution. But you should also note that this fundamental right is not an absolute right that is it is not unrestricted. As under Article 19 Clause 2, restrictions on the right to freedom of speech may be imposed under these grounds that are given below. But still blocking of accounts or content is said to be violative of Article 19 Clause 1 Clause A as experts feel that the content prohibited under the IT rules may not meet the requirement of Article 19 Clause 2. Thus, these censorship favorable regulations makes the blocking or censorship as an easy and costless option for the government and also since the blocking is prima facie government can block without proving it in the court and that is why finally the users or affected persons approach court by themselves. The second issue is with respect to the confidentiality requirement of the 2009 rules. Since strict confidentiality has to be maintained regarding the request made and compliance received and the actions taken, it restricts the affected parties from knowing the reason as to why their content or account was blocked and without knowing the reason challenging it in court also becomes difficult. The third issue is with the lack of procedural safeguards that is there is no opportunity for hearing the pleas or arguments of the affected parties until they approach court by themselves. See, we saw that the review committee will record findings related to whether the directions issued under the 2009 rules are in accordance with the provisions of the IT Act and if not the content will be unblocked. But there is no provision to hear the pleas of affected parties. Thus, the regulation also violate the right to due process. After discussing these issues, you may wonder that such blocking has been happening for a long time now. So, why Supreme Court did not interfere? To answer this, you need to know the 2015 judgment in the case law Shreya Single Vessus, the Union of India. This is the case where the Supreme Court struck down a provision in IT Act that was violated of Article 19 Clause 1, Clause A and which could not be saved by Article 19 Clause 2. The provision that was struck down was Article 66A which provided punishment for sending offensive messages through communication services. But unfortunately, the same judgment held that Section 69A and 2009 rules are constitutionally valid. Additionally, the court specified that blocking orders must be reasoned and they must be in writing so that they may be challenged under Article 226. But according to the author, there is an issue with this as even though Supreme Court prescribed for reason to be recorded in writing, it is not followed by the governments in reasoned events. And one reason for this is the lack of clarity in the judgment. This means that there is an issue of unclear jurisprudence. So, the author worries that such a combination of bad law and unclear jurisprudence has made the intermediaries to fight for the right to speech and expression and they have to stand up to the government in cases of overreach and abuse of power like Twitter. So, what is the need? See, there is an urgent need for legal reform as well as jurisprudential reform. The legal reform could be to prohibit the government from directly ordering intermediaries to block access to online information or such orders should be allowed to be imposed only in certain emergency cases. Also, such orders should go through court and affected parties should be provided opportunities to defend themselves and then blocking orders should be made public. With this, we have come to the end of this news article. Let us move on to the next news article. As we know last week, the democratic government that was led by Aung San Suu Kyi was austered from power by the Myanmar military regime and the military Janta have detained her and arrested other anti-coup protesters as well. So, this news article says that Myanmar's new military regime warned the public not to harbor fugitive political activists. So, in this context, let us discuss in detail about Myanmar, its geography and troubled district etc. The syllabus for this news article is given below. See, Myanmar formerly known as Burma is a country that is located in the western portion of mainland Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by China to the north and northeast by Laos to the east, Thailand to the southeast, Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal to the south and southwest and further by Bangladesh to the west and India to the northwest. Coming to its political history, Myanmar has been ruled by a military Janta for years since its independence from British rule in 1948. The former Union of Burma began as a parliamentary democracy but this representative democracy only lasted under 1962 because the then military general led a military coup and held power for the next 26 years. The military then instituted a new constitution in 1974 based on an isolationist policy and a socialist economic program that nationalized Burma's major enterprises. But the economic situation deteriorated rapidly and this led to the growth of a black market economy. Due to widespread corruption, food shortages etc., in the year 1988 Burma witnessed a massive student led protests and the military crackdown of protesters resulted in several thousand deaths. In 1989 the new military regime changed the country's name from the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar and the capital Rangoon was renamed as Yangon. In 2005 the military government moved the administrative capital to Nappitao and then in 2007 Myanmar witnessed the saffron revolution which was an anti-government protest that was sparked by a few will prize acts and it is named after the saffron colored robes that was owned by the participating Buddhist monks. This saffron revolution coupled with international pressure forced the military government to adopt a new constitution in 2008 and in 2011 the military Janta Desert giving way to a military-installed transitional government. The country's long-time opposition party the National League for Democracy that was led by Aung San Suu Kyi won majorities in both chambers of the parliament in 2015. Remember this Aung San Suu Kyi is a 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate who rose to prominence during the 1988 protests and after the crackdown she and others formed the NLD opposition party and she was detained in 1989 and she spent more than 15 years in prison and house arrest until a release in 2010. So what happened recently? See in 2020 Myanmar held its second national elections under civilian rule in which the NLD party overwhelmingly won and many groups claimed that the elections were flawed because of the disenfranchisement of Rovina and other issues and the USDP party which was allegedly supported by the military suffered a major blow in the elections and once the elections were over military leaders alleged out of fraud and after the country's election commission rejected the military's claims it staged a coup or a sudden violent and illegal seizure of power from the government in February 2021. The military detained and charged Suu Kyi and it placed lawmakers from the NLD and other parties under house arrest and it imposed a year-long state of emergency and it said that elections will be held once the state of emergency ends. In the aftermath of coup Myanmar has been witnessing its largest protest since the saffron revolution and with this we have come to the end of discussion of this topic. Now this news article is about FASTAC. The news says that from today night vehicles not having FASTAC cards will be charged double the fee at toll plazas that are managed by the national highways authority of India. This is being mandated based on the national highways fee rules of 2008. In this context let us have a brief understanding about FASTAC, the technology it uses and finally about the national highways authority of India. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article has given you of your reference. See FASTAC is a device for making toll payments directly when the vehicle is in motion and this FASTAC it works with RFID technology. Now let us see about this RFID technology. Here RFID is nothing but the radio frequency identification technology. One of the most important effects of this technology is that it enables tracking the movement of men, materials and vehicles. This technology is an automated data collection technology and it uses radio frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item. Now you need to know that there are two types of RFID. One is active RFID and the other one is passive RFID. The main feature that differentiates both these RFIDs is that in active RFID system the RFID tag works with an internal power source and in the case of passive RFID tag they work with no internal power source. So the first major difference between them is related to the power source. The second difference is the cost for passive RFID tag is very less when compared to active RFID tag. One more difference which you need to know is that the range of operation is slow in the case of passive RFID tag when compared to active RFID tag. Now let us see how this passive RFID tag works. See there will be RFID reader which is fixed at a particular spot and this RFID reader will transmit the electromagnetic energy to the passive RFID reader. So the presence of RFID tag is read by the reader. So in case of fast tag system the fixed spot for the RFID reader is the toll plazas as you can see in this picture. When the vehicle with the passive RFID tag passes the toll plazas the passive RFID tags are powered by the electromagnetic energy that is transmitted from the RFID reader. So this indicates that the vehicle is crossing the toll plaza. You should know that the fast tag IDs in the vehicles will be linked to a prepaid account or a savings or current account of the customer. So as the vehicle moves across or crosses the toll booth the payment will be directly deducted from the fast tag linked account of the customer. If an account does not have balance then the vehicle will be black listed and therefore the person on the vehicle has to manually pay the toll payment. You should also remember that this fast tag is vehicle specific. So as a result once it is a fixed to a vehicle it cannot be transferred to another vehicle. So this is all about fast tag in the RFID system that you need to know from the exam point of view. See this fast tag is going to be a very important part of the national electronic toll collection program and this national electronic toll collection program has been developed by the National Payments Corporation of India. So having done with the fast tag let us now talk about the National Highways Authority of India. See it was constituted by an Act of Parliament in the year 1988 under the administrative control of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Note that the NH AI has been set up as a central authority to develop, maintain and manage the national highways that is entrusted to it by the Government of India. The authority however it became operational in February 1995. Remember the authority consists of a full-time chairman and not more than five full-time members and four part-time members who are appointed by the central government. So the part-time members include the secretary of road transport and highways, the secretary of expenditure, the secretary of planning and the director general of road development and a special secretary. Also know that this NH AI has got technical, finance, administrative and vigilance wings at its headquarters. So with this we have come to the end of this news discussion. Let us see what the next news article talks about. See this data point titled Paying in excess. This is with reference to the increase in petrol and diesel prices in the last few years. So most of us know the problems with increase in petrol prices as it is crossed Rs. 90 in few states but you know that the crude oil prices are much less now when compared to 2014 but despite the dip in crude oil prices in the recent years we are now paying more than what we used to pay for a litter of petrol in 2014. The reasons for this hike includes heavy taxation on crude oil and also the rise in international crude oil prices in the last year. See the basic price of petrol in Delhi without taxes is just Rs. 30 but what we are paying is around Rs. 90. This is mainly because of the centre's tax of Rs. 33 and the state tax of around Rs. 20. If you see the price breakup of the centre's taxation, basic and special additional excise duty comes around Rs. 12. The road and infrastructure is around Rs. 18 and the new budget proposed a new sesh called Agricultural Infrastructure and Development Sesh which is around Rs. 2.5. So therefore centre's tax is Rs. 12 and the sesh is around Rs. 20.5. On top of it, state governments are charging around Rs. 20 as tax. So we are paying Rs. 53 as tax and sesh on petrol on a base price of Rs. 30 and this will further be increased by adding dealer commissions totaling to around Rs. 90. But the main problem here is not the extra money government is charging on us but not using the seshs for defined purpose. As we know sesh is a livy charged for a definite purpose and also remember that seshs are not shared with the states. For example, the road and infrastructure should be used for laying roads and developing infrastructure. Similarly, the new aid sesh should be used for developing agricultural infrastructure but unfortunately government is not using the seshs for defined purposes. See for example, government is collected Rs. 1.25 lakh crores as crude oil sesh from financial year 2010 to 2019. But government retained entire amount without transferring a single rupee to oil industry development body. Similarly, as you can see here for the financial year 2019 out of the total seshs collected the government itself has appropriated 40% of the seshs revenue and this even includes GST compensation sesh ideally which should be given to states which are affected by the introduction of GST. And this will seriously dent the sectors for whose development the seshs are being levied, the fiscal health of union government and also public confidence in the government. This will seriously dent the sectors for whose development the seshs are being levied, the fiscal health of union government and also the public confidence in government. Adding to this, by not giving states the rightful share from GST compensation sesh the fiscal federalism as well as the financial health of states will also be affected. Now let us move on to the prelims practice questions. Look at this prelims practice question which of the following defense systems are indigenously developed in India. The first one is Pinnaka rocket launcher, there is Tejas LCA, there is S-400 missile defense system, Falcon airborne warning and control systems and Chinook helicopters. So while we were discussing about the defense research and development organization we came through some of the indigenous systems which includes Agni, Prithvi, Tejas, Pinnaka, Akash etc. So based on that discussion when you look into the options you find that Pinnaka and Tejas were a part of indigenous development defense systems. Since the question wants us to identify the right options, the correct option is option A that is 1 and 2 only. So this prelims questions based on the data point article wants us to find out the seshs that have been abolished with the rollout of goods and services tax in 2017 and the options provided include Krishi Kalyan sesh, Swatch Bharat sesh, Agricultural and Infrastructure Development Sesh and Road and Infrastructure Sesh. So when you look back at the list of seshs being abolished you can find that in the year July 2017 Swatch Bharat sesh and the Infrastructure Sesh and Krishi Kalyan sesh have been abolished by the Taxation Laws Amendment Act of 2017. So when you look back at the list of seshs that was abolished you can find that the Swatch Bharat sesh and Krishi Kalyan sesh have been abolished by the Taxation Laws Amendment Act of 2017. So therefore the right answer is option A that is 1 and 2 only because this Agricultural and Infrastructure Development Sesh and Road Infrastructure Sesh has seen in the article discussion continues to be in effect and they are not abolished. Look at this prelims practice question later to Therukutu. So we need to identify the correct statements here. Statement 1 says that it is a theatre art form from the state of Tamil Nadu. So as seen in the discussion this statement is relevant and it is correct. Statement 2 the commentator and interpreter is known as Kathia Karan. So we have discussed even this in the news discussion. So statement 2 is also correct. We look at the statement 3 it is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna but when you look into statement 3 this statement is incorrect because it is not entirely based on the life and deeds of Lord Krishna but one or two plays may be based on this because themes of the plays are drawn from Indian mythology and epics particularly the Mahabharata. It also contains layers of the cultural history of Tamil country from ancient times and at the core of the extensive collection of plays there is a cycle of eight plays based on the life of Draupadi who is a character from Mahabharata. Since the question wants us to identify the correct statement the right option is option see that is one and two only. So this question related to the Myanmar article asks us to identify or to choose the countries which shares border with Myanmar. As you can see in the map among the five countries provided it is Laos, Thailand and Bangladesh which shares borders with Myanmar. So therefore the right answer is option see that is one two and four only. Now look at this prelims question it says the term Dickinsonia recently seen in news is option A the first space mission to mass by an Arab country option B the oldest Neolithic settlement discovered in northeast India option C a group of soft-bodied organisms that existed between 541 and 570 million years ago and option D a morphological adaptation of an animal to living in the constant darkness of caves. So as seen in the discussion the right option is option C which is a group of soft-bodied organisms that existed between 541 and 570 million years ago. Look at this prelims practice question related to FASTAC the question wants us to identify the correct statement. So the first statement says that FASTAC uses an active RFID technology with the help of which the payment towards highway tools will be directly deducted from the FASTAC linked account of the customer. And the second statement says that once it is affixed to a vehicle it cannot be transferred to another vehicle. So as seen in the discussion when you take the first statement it is incorrect because as seen in the discussion FASTAC uses a passive RFID technology and not an active RFID technology as mentioned in the statement. So therefore the first statement will be wrong. Coming to the second statement we know that FASTAC is unique and it is specific to every vehicle that is once it is affixed to a vehicle the FASTAC cannot be transferred to another vehicle and if it is transferred it will not be effective. So therefore since the question asks us to choose the right statement the correct option will be option B that is 2 only because only the second statement is right. The list of main practice questions is given here. You can write your answers and post it in the comment box below. With this we have come to the end of this news analysis. 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