 Let me open it up now, please. Usual rules, identify yourself, indicate if you wish to address a question to a particular panelist, keep it short. We've got 12 minutes left. We need to get responses as well. I'm going to take the three I can see in front of me, notably because there are two women among them. I'm Amanda Mati from South Africa. I'm here as a digital matriarch. I have a couple of questions. In terms of the political leadership of Africa that we're currently facing, at what point do we begin to bridge the conversation of youth in the political space and political discussion and policy-making discussions? And this is across to all panelists. Then specifically, I wanted to look specifically at how do public and private partnerships for Senegal and each of the countries represented work and how have they benefited the mass populace? Super. Just pass it on. I'm going to take all three of them. Hello. Thank you, everyone. My name's Eniola Mafe from Nigeria. My question was around the development story that my generation will essentially inherit. So the jobless growth that was mentioned, the issue of mono cities that many of the countries deal with in terms of mega cities, but how do we build out tertiary or secondary or tertiary cities? And what are those kind of strategies that our generation can engage with various other generations to try to answer some of those issues that we will be inheriting in the next 20, 50 years? I'll keep it going. I'm Meghosh Uthit from Israel, and I have a question about the leadership in Africa. How come that so many leaders, which in the final term, they finish as a billionaires? It shows you that in Africa a lot of things cannot be done without paying off. I have friends who work in Africa. Nobody of them can work without paying off to leaders, politicians and others. Show me a good leader. We have a slogan that says that the fish stink from the head. All you need in Africa in every country is a good and honest leader. If there would be one person over there which would really use the possibility and the potential of Africa, Africa will change upside down. I don't believe that contribution from the world will save you. I believe that you should make it yourself, it's much more better to use the emotion and the possibility and the growth that you have in Africa in order to develop your countries, in order to make progress compared to the rest of the world. Thank you. We are going to take two over here on the front row. We are correcting the entire agenda in Dalai. This is of course going to try to avoid the lack of gender equality because there has been a monopole of words from women. A question from the University of Benin. I would like to thank all panelists. If there is ever a general conclusion to be kept in mind, at least in the light of what Mr. Sinshu and Gadjo have said and have put forward the necessity of changing paradigms, changing models, inventing models, regarding at least employment growth and of course security and politics. At the end of the story, do you happen to have the opportunity or the impression at least that political leaders, be they national or from the EU, do take into consideration those suggestions and proposals? And then when we speak about the EU and Africa and the relations between both, I think that right now in Avicia, we have one more addition about, at least by the end of November, the EU-Africa partnership. So Europe has already had the opportunity to listen to political leaders, the windier analysis, assessment, putting in place different forms of cooperation. Are there any improvements to introduce in terms of those mechanisms of dialogue and cooperation? Thank you for this quite impassionate panel. The question that they would like to ask has been actually alluded to here and there as much as when we look at the usual figures regarding Africa's potential, which for me is quite impressive. When speaking about innovation, no paradigms as Christine put it, I do wonder whether or not there is a peculiar chapter to be further added up to the political processes and by this I mean the following. At a given time, I was quite critical as to the external well-of-imposing political systems to support what we call democracy. Now we're at a phase where Africans are more demanding than ever before of this democracy. We are even getting or committed to have this democracy that they're struggling for, particularly where we're going to have citizens that are looking for alternatives that would like to have words to say. I'm having in mind Gabon, where the political class did take part to a whole election process, but at the end there was really nothing concrete. We want Africa to change, but we keep speaking about economics, about figures. We are overlooking what could bring about change, namely renewal of political elites and renewal of the decision-making processes and decision-making spheres. So is it a taboo? So is there any more efforts to be injected in order for this change to... Thank you very much. We have less than six minutes. We have four people pick a question, the one you feel most strongly about and respond to that as briefly and as effectively as you can. How many of them? Yeah, it does work. Well, I'm going to pick up the corruption piece. The gentleman, I don't know... I don't hear well where you're from, Israel. I think you had also some pretty serious cases there, right? So this is also what I'm talking about changing the narrative. The Africans are corrupt. It doesn't work like that. I think human beings are corrupt. If you don't put up a legal framework to fight corruption, the worst cases actually don't come out of Africa. The biggest corruption cases I think it was in the US in terms of volumes, et cetera. What we have to do, and I think I can cite Senegal, because I was Minister of Justice, is to set up legal framework to combat corruption. We have put the law that requires every single leader to declare assets when you're in and when you get out. We have voted a transparency code for public fundings, et cetera, et cetera, and that has to be implemented. So we are making progress, but the idea that corruption is born and survived in Africa is just a wrong one, and part of the narrative we need to change. And that's important to say that. I would like to further reconcile with my brother and sister and say that the people that have the same thesis as theirs, I consider them as being Afro-Pessimists, while they consider them as being Afro-Optimists. The reason is that it's kind of destiny for the rhythm of growth of the continent to be where it is today and where there is, we always tend to highlight the assets, what's good. But I do believe that Africa should be much more advanced than it is today. And the main reason and my friend says it's because I am dealing with peace and security, but I also take care of Africanism, African integration, development. And I don't think that our African leaders do believe in disintegration. I define myself as someone that someone who is in between Afro-Optimists and Afro-Pessimists. And in between, I am standing as a relentless, inexorable believer in Africans, in Africa, its potential, its human resources, its natural resources and all its assets. When we did abandon Marxism, so we held a meeting and we decided that we were going to become critical realists and that critical realism consists in looking at what's happening, highlighting what's good, what's positive, but lay emphasis mainly on the weaknesses. So if we look at the DRC, should DRC be at the level of development that it has reached today? So many models haven't been leading to something concrete and positive because Sheikh Antajab said that we need political unity and because we tend to move with different gears and things are taking place in such a way as to maintain status quo. So many problems encountered by our African co-citizens in order for them to cross the border. So we need to revisit the development paradigm. Africa should compete with India and China with leaders that believe in the African continent rather than struggling in order to remain forever in the decision-making and authority position that they are occupying. 2063, one more point. Why I think that these people are pessimists is because they think that they can work for 2063 Asians that were established economists specialized in Africa. It's been 50 years that we've been promised that African problems will be issued, promising us a paradise instead of a realistic model of development because we need to have Africans not a single one of them being left out. Let us stop having this utopian promise and be more realistic. Regarding the questions asked and raised that you do believe that as many of my colleagues here have pointed out to, there are two main issues that I need to highlight. I'm going to be very brief. First of all, it has to do with the fact that we can't have a fully developed Africa without investing in human resources, in human capital, which is instrumental in everything. Take the example of Aeronautics. Aeronautics saw the light in Morocco because we had the human potential, the human capital and then came the favorable business climate with the involvement of different stakeholders as long as you have qualified labor. All other potentialities and assets will follow. Secondly, we need to move from the logic of superficiality to that of focus. Now, we want to do many things at a time but if we prioritize things and we focus on two or three major issues, we can experience the needed development. Let's take the case of the coffee. The coffee and we have the human potential and the human capital and we can do all this. So, regarding the anger of Chef Tijan, I think that you need to make room for the historical teachings. So, in 2017, we're not accountable for all what happened to us. So, when you build an economy in Senegal built on peanuts or on palm oil, there are physical limits in our infrastructures. We're in a history and we are revisiting history and reshuffling states and governments, the legacy of which is quite rudimentary and quite basic so we can become outrageous. It's not that our leaders are reluctant to have integration where moving much more rapidly than Mercosur and maybe with the St. Paces that of EU, Morocco, together with South Africa, Nigeria, so the first investors in Africa. So, look in the field of services, it's even moving more rapidly with commodity exchanges. So, I would like to address the question of our generation. I was pointed out too by the Nigerian sister and changing model, so it's relatively clear today that we need to pay attention to secondary and tertiary cities because we need to get out of them at the value of 74% in Lagos and in Abidjan, etc. We need to find out territorial equilibrium and also take into consideration the rural differences in the informal sector in Rwanda and Morocco is one of the very few countries that are seeking to include the informal sector in modernity in order not to say in the fiscal harassment but let's say in modernity and your generation has wonderful chances with, of course, technologies that are not at all expensive, that are quite adapted to our models, namely digital economy. Digital economy, when it is observed in Morocco, in Nigeria, it's archiving the so on of done by the small retailers in the weekly marketplaces, in the high cloud of the supply chain. So we have technologies in the agricultural field that are tailored to our problems and that are going to allow for social changes and also in terms of the costs to educate human capital which translates into 25 million young people, every single year. We are moving very quickly such as mobile payment e-commerce so financially speaking, such great financial inclusion taking place at such a speedy pace, non-president speedy pace everywhere else in the world so it's an emerging economic model which is quite different from our technologies so you've already achieved this technological leap that has made of Africa the first ever in terms of its use of new technologies so that's a very strong, powerful model evolution where Europe could help us accelerate the pace and the implementation of this Europe. So what we're asking Europe to do is not to assist us, but to help us move more rapidly and that's something fundamentally different and I took the example of payment that of public health, that of agriculture, renewable energies, local micro-networks and I will end with a few words on politics. Here again, please take into consideration the historical part of the narrative, Gambia Senegal Gena and she forgot Benin, I don't know why. Benin also, Melly in Kenya look at the magnitude of those mutations and transformations, all those emerging public opinions so since the Arab Spring took place with the Jasmine Revolution and jihadist movements near Andeira what happened in Ouagadougou was taking place in the streets of Kinshasa there is a public opinion, there are social media even when results are erroneous and fake so many honorable democracies have issued fake results but it's pity to have fake erroneous results in a country like Benin but this happened in France so between two opposing parties when they were doing their internal elections the fact that we're still making outcomes being erroneous particularly when it comes to local democracies because the closer you are to the voters there's even more democracy in the municipality in the local government than at the national level but what is striking is the peace of this population control and the level of command they have of the voter turnout and the election of the decision makers I'm not the strongest advocate of the current regime in Benin in other words I would have loved to take care of it by myself but we have the freedom of the media with no political prejudices I think you've had a remarkable opportunity to get an understanding of what is changing in Africa you can look back and you can express concern about everything that has characterized the past you could look back on the period since 2000 and look at the remarkable wave of transformation that has occurred across the continent the rise of democratization the increase in economic activity the beginnings of the return of the diaspora and the enormous wealth creation that has taken place in respect of returns on foreign direct investment Lionel's concluding remarks however go to the center of this particular issue a new generation is rising you heard some of them speak a few minutes ago that generation is not going to tolerate corruption that generation is not going to tolerate autocratic rule that generation is better educated more sophisticated and much more engaged with global standards Africa is rising for two very fundamental reasons the population is growing and is young urbanization is occurring at an extraordinary rate and as many of our panelists have said today an increasing amount of economic activity is actually endogenous returns on foreign direct investment in Africa for 30 years have been higher than any other market in the world and Lionel again made the points highly effectively in the closing sessions it's happening the only question is whether one is going to participate or not if one is going to there are going to be extraordinary opportunities if not there are going to be enormous problems for Europe because believe me China and India increasingly are seizing these opportunities on the African continent on a significant scale thank you to all of the panelists they did an extraordinary sorry for having to be so disciplined in respect of it but you can see the reason