 set my sound over the thick by sound design. I don't need my lip. Read my lips. We will proceed with our program. On this festive occasion in the 30th year of our conference, I must begin by extending my respectful congratulations to my colleague from the Department of Psychology, Mark Kruger. He was the chair and the originator of this conference on the brain. When his wife, Sarah, heard that the Lord's hand had been laid on him, she said, oh, no. What about your sabbatical? His work over a period of one year and a half, including his sabbatical, without extra remuneration, is the measure of his devotion not only to his discipline, but especially to the students in this college. Mark is an undergraduate of Carthage College in Wisconsin. He holds the doctorate from Dartmouth in the field of social psychology. He's been on our faculty for 13 years. We cherish him as a colleague. He's constantly telling me about this wonderful devil years later when I was in college. I was sitting in our living rooms. We're also doctors, although I'm not sure what specialties they attended. University as a fellow of the Queen's College, Oxford, has lived in the United States since 1960, started out in San Francisco. He's now associated with, he has long been associated with the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at the Abraham Hospital and Moretrek Slide of yesterday. And hosts, I have swam at the swimming pool, urgent need by Minister Six to find it. So I've very much been enjoying my two days here and biding a sort of salad. When I've said no, they say they think I'm imitating Robin Williams, but needless to say, it was the other way around. It's been a special delight, that's more astonishing than the others. Kills, bells, systems of the visual cortex, azios, systems, concepts of consciousness. Closer, for me, this especially came out when David Hubel was talking about the visual cortex, that's crystalline quality, the sense of this miraculous order, the feelings, aspirations, sensibilities, the perception of self, of the soul. Freeman Dyson sometimes likes to say, nature's imagination is richer than ours, got this feeling very strongly today. Sometimes one fears, or sometimes the fears expressed that science will explain everything and everything will be reduced to a sort of dub, but it's not being reduced. Science goes on with the Demasian systems, that the visual world is not given to us, but it's conversation between 100 or 1000 different pictures this title. I used it once before, and then someone came up afterwards and they said, you haven't actually used the word soul at any point, so I better use it right now. I've just been reading a wonderful essay called The Soul of William Jaynes. It appears incessantly, and he insisted that it was a useless term, trying the sounds of the soul's psychology as the sounds of mental processes. He said that the psychology had no use from the soul. Yet, he wrote, someday, souls may get their innings again at a mere thought too natural to the human long resistance if the soul ever does come to life, which will only be when someone has found the term of pragmatic significance. There was a very close friend of, in a way, is about, he says, I, as a once profound, as an heritant from earthly ancestors, a polyzoic, perhaps a polypsychic, all of which are biologically ancient or which have emerged, which is whether there is any, of course, fiddles in with what over this by having dinner with his friends, some sense of personal identity or tone them, give the right drug and fix it, and that's the zig-zags that appeared. He said in a Dullafoy's shoe, he said, but he was bored, didn't know what to do. No one came to visit him. He didn't receive any sympathy, sometimes have, and he said, something's going to happen for his sister, saying that he was at the throes of a severe asthma attack, a status asthmaticus, and as I spoke to him, and I said, well, why don't I give you something for the free of asthma? And he said, if you do, I'll get something else. He said, and so that was a very, one has considered that as I first landed, I should say that so there was a simple notion that either the operation would work or the workshop would stay blind. If it worked, he would emerge as a sighted man and step forward into the visual world, even his eyes were described as first experience and that this was seeing, and then out of this blur, there came a voice, the voice of a surgeon, and since he knew that voices come from faces, he realized this blur, this chaos of light and movement, there was no carryover face to the visual concept. This is not an imaginable situation because the rest of us have been making a visual world and a visual sense. Since birth, the lost visually, lost visually because his could cross the road safely. He saw unintelligible shapes suddenly getting larger and found himself in a state of terror, closed his eyes. Incidentally, some of these stories are going to appear in a future which has the subterms of seven paradoxical tone because in a way, they're all partly about where the sight of himself, nor could memory or imagination help him. They were his gray, his visual world, he was a surgeon for this man with his violent, convulsive movements, his barks and yells, and they're joking. He'd spend a week with a general surgeon in a small town with an artist, a very fine artist, or ought us as Tourette's, or ought us him. If one has had something like to surgeon himself said this, he said, I can't owe this again as a, as a, because I find similar things, I think, sometimes with autistic, although she says she is studying the species closely. And she says she often feels like an anthropologist on Mars. If I could snap my visories, it's never sufficient to fall by, I said, don't call the book The Loss of Self, Eyes, is the one of preservation of self, even in face of very severe and diffuse neuronal disease. The theological basis of identity. There's a nice story. I mentioned William James, I want to mention Henry James. When Henry James was dying, James, but late James was resilient, was the most robust. And one fine saying with Alzheimer's disease that even when people can no longer speak or feel conceptual aid, or call to them, now I said I had positively ignored it to a certain extent, could still exist, leave others be only of a shadow, but music, the first thing I do is a bit of in by saying concepts and to allow us to understand. There's also your first, to say a thank you to seven lovely pieces of tapestries and music too. That was the first evening we met together, conversation turned to music, perhaps, Bela Bartok, many of you in my state some of you from farther away than that. This is our 30th year, I was thinking about that. Our real bring together research scientists with some of you to consider. So again, these last two days, it seems to be, I heard from six very famous neuroscientists to consider a challenge. So I've asked each one, say something of what challenge might lie, first I call upon Dr. David Kubel, our Nobel laureate in medicine in 1981, these strictly as was zero seconds. I guess I could do a nice start. I had sort of hoped to be by then on to the end. So being so, you can slightly stand by him by his side of asking, and as I said, I think nobody would have predicted then. Let me just say what a pleasure this last, I warned the others about a hemp. Thank you, sir. Dr. Antonio Demasio, the Department of Neurology College of Medicine University. This is also short notice, but apparently a little longer than for David's. It's about half an hour, so I had time to make some notes. And what I thought of making is a list of the things that I thought this was a lot of music, and I had the illusion that it is a very beautiful world, and of course it isn't. Then the last points, they're the ones that he really wanted to pass to when it is, when it's satisfying our curiosity, and it solves some of the problems. I'm not saying they do it, but unfortunately, we have some ways in which we can. I thought to just stand up, rog, and she looked a little closer, and the little boy said, hey, kiss me, kiss me. I'm really a handsome prince. I'm enchanted. Kiss me, I'm a handsome prince, and I'll make you happy forever. She sort of looked. She sort of stopped and said, in my interest, I'd really rather have a talking frog. Other people find hard to understand privileges of being in science that you are able to follow your passion and follow your curiosity where it leads you, and we are privileged indeed to live in a culture that allows us the opportunity to do that because it is a very, very special thing to be able to not just do the heavy work and the heavy lifting of survival, but to be able to do this really very special and this very wonderful thing engaged in science. And it's important, I think, to reflect a little bit on how fortunate we are because the institution of science is, of course, vulnerable. It's vulnerable to political pressures of a variety of kinds. It's vulnerable to economic pressures. It's vulnerable to the ravages of plagues and war and so forth is such an important enterprise. And because it is something that we pass down and down through the generations, it is also something that I think we really need to protect. We need to protect its openness, its ability to accept criticism. We need to protect it from those who would change it to channel it into something very narrow and something that is guided by ideology. We need to protect it from those who say, why follow a passion to understand something like the nature of the atom? Why don't you do something practical? Because, of course, very often it's the most astonishingly powerful practical devices that come out of a pure passion for a pure idea of some kind or other. So it's a great thing to be able to do and I think many of the students here already have the excitement and the sense of fun. And Dr. Eric Richard Candell, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at Columbia University, New York City, who has really struck scholars, diversity of color, many large universities, you cannot have access to the view of great professors. They're too busy being spoken about the wonderful aspect of the universe. I should collect many of which we have. So it really is, if you have the opportunity to have what I say in all seriousness in neurobiology, I'm repeating things about it. That's what's gonna happen. I think the problem of development is not gonna be solved, but we understand and outline the body plan inside of it. My guess is after. Dr. Apostolus Georgopoulos, Grand Sciences Center. Well, here's another immigrant. Needless to say, what sort of freshingly the post-docs summarized that the crucial issues facing neuroscience, very succinctly. All science is quite dry, it's full of chores and science, they base it beyond such conferences, is a very sharp, abstract, analytic procedure that needs to consciously existence in itself. This process is rather than, I wish I were a student, college, eyes open, looking at the future. Quite fresh look to all of these matters. I'm less optimistic. All of this life being neuroscience, I felt like swimming in honey. Just things that are quite difficult to deal with, and grasp, and it makes sense of all of these series of cells interacting and so on and so forth. But I think that's where the new challenge is, where the discoveries can be made. Not just finishing up a job that we have started, but really getting some fresh outlooks. It's a fresh outlook, quite well-shaped, all of us. Just want to close somehow, trained by Bernard Marcos for myself, I'm a geologist, medical school in Athens, PhD, biochemistry. So I went to your physiology without ever seeing a oscilloscope in my course, and all of that. Now, why Bernard Marcos accepted me as a postdoctoral fellow, it still beats me. Probably like Greeks or something. Well, in any case, that turned out to be a very, a very nice time, nice relationship. Well, he said, you have to start from a simple system. Understand that, take care of it in five years. And as I was interested in the motor system, he said, why don't you start from the motor cortex? Get the base to the areas. Well, I'm still doing it, and that is 20 years after. After that, and he's been one of the greatest pleasures to be in that system. Every day is, how do you discover it inside? How things could be possibilities, how even the most simplest or theoretically simplest, we saw the young people. We thank our speakers, again, who represented the, and we sit down to rank it. In any event, we owe you a great, Nick was also going to say, yet another immigrant. This one from Southern Sweden, as you know, likes to ask you to predict the future, and this is another one-liner of this, that is that the future's very much like the present, will be different. But I do have one prediction to make about the future, and it's actually the form of an announcement. And that is that we know because he told us, so today, Dr. Philip Anderson, Nobel Laureate in Physics and speaker at the next October's Nobel Conference, that will be the first Robert and Susan Raidell distinguished Nobel Conference professor in the spring of 1996. That is word we just received today in the midst of. One autobiographical point, I guess, over observation, and that is that some of us who were trained as philosophers some 30 years ago, and were convinced that one of the most exciting set of intellectual puzzles centered around the so-called mind-brain problem, or perhaps even the identity problem, I discovered, I guess, these last couple of days, perhaps sadly, that some of these very exciting puzzles seemed to be very far along toward resolution. And that perhaps philosophers of mind, as we used to call ourselves, are well advised to pursue administrative careers. For those of you who've been with us for all or most of these past two days, it will be obvious why these annual Nobel Conferences are among the high points of the academic. 30 years now, we've suspended regular classes for two days in order to provide our students with a very special and extraordinary learning experience. And as we bring this conference on unlocking the brain to a close, we do so with a certain degree of satisfaction of not only our own students, but also students from around college schools and colleges around the country, and friends from around the country. Some 5,000 plus have been significantly enriched by events on this campus in these last couple of days. For this, we owe a very special debt gratitude to our outstanding speakers and panelists. And yes, the topic of the brain is inherently fascinating. And yes, we are not surprised by the outstanding intellects, dare I say minds, dedication to truth that we've been privileged to encounter. But we also met in these people an uncommon generosity of spirit, inspiring passion for the subject matters we just heard, and wonderful expressions of humor. Each of us now has a new repertoire of stories to tell. Dr. Kendall, especially let me just say thank you for your suggestion that the brain scans might soon verify the effectiveness of our curriculum. That is great comfort to a college president wrestling all the time with how to respond to demands from all quarters, for accountability and for assessment. That's to say to demonstrate that we do what we say we do. I look forward, if I'm still in business, 20 years from now I'm checking these kinds of things out. For all of us, this 30th Nobel conference has been an intellectual event also an aesthetic event as it was noted earlier in the very first order. It was truly kept alive, the long tradition of Nobel conferences that are timely, that are of exceptionally high intellectual quality and are nonetheless accessible. I guess maybe the word would be user-friendly almost, to large, interested and informed general audience. This tradition was well sustained. Our brains have been wonderfully speaking for the entire Gustavus community. I want to express our deep appreciation for David Duvall and Tony DiMazio, Trisha Churchland, Eric Kandel, Apostolus Trujopoulos, I guess it's on his way back to Sweden. So Oliver Sacks, also thank you for saying to it that we had most memorable. The difference here in Southern Minnesota and you have greatly enriched the life of our college in just two brief days. I dare say that you've been able to do this because you are all teachers of the highest order. You obviously care deeply about your life's work that you've shared with us and you obviously care for those of us who are eager to learn or about that wondrous organ in the middle of our heads. We want to thank you for the extraordinary teaching and learning that has taken place at Gustavus these past 48 plus hours. I know from talking to high school students on campus yesterday and today that college and career choices were made right here. And I also know from the excited conversations in public areas all around the campus of the splendid evidence here of the obvious influence on all the guests at Gustavus these last two days. There are many people who've worked long and hard some for more than two years to make this Nobel conference a reality. I only want to mention here the good efforts and rich imagination of Captain Richard Helvey, the overall director of these conferences. For those who have not been close to a radio all day, you should know that the good chaplain was honored with WCCO's Good Neighbor Award today for his long leadership role in these conferences. Let me read what hundreds of thousands of assortants heard this morning. Quote, this morning we salute a theologian and scientist, author and counselor, a teacher and friend of thousands of students, parents and friends of Gustavus Dolvis College, St. Peter, Minnesota. Now in this 33rd year as chaplain, the second decade as director of the Nobel conference, our WCCO Good Neighbor has balanced the chapel in Science Hall, Simon St. Kenyanson, I can just picture Richard, balancing the chapel in the Science Hall. Richard Q. Helvey of St. Peter, Minnesota has set the seed, has set the seasons in poetry and has engaged young minds in pursuit of astrophysics and neuroscience. He moves among great minds, always credits his colleagues for inspiration, philanthropists for the general generosity, his friends for their encouragement. Today, Gustavus Dolvis College plays host to every 6,000 students, teachers and friends of the college of the 30th Nobel conference. Congratulations, Shepard and Helvey and best wishes of the Nobel conference WCCO. We thought it was important that we not pass by this 30th event. Spring of 1981, I came here as I was here for the interviews of the son of the minister, and also the insight into the life of this aspire to. This man has to figure out, now superconductors, I'm sure that Potts has in grinding one very soon. Imagining floating trains and for all of this effort for making this college, I think an extremely special place over. Yes, it is heavy. I should say that despite the fact that he often talks like an unrepentant Hegelian idealist, Richard's brain teamed up beautifully or wonderfully with that of Professor Mark Krueger to develop the theme and concept and to give birth to this particular conference. So thank you to you also, Mark. And again, to the many, many people who deserve our thanks for this conference. Most surely the staff and public affairs is outstanding and I gather tonight, perhaps very exhausted, staff and planning service. These people and the student hosts and everyone else here, many others made this stimulating meeting with the minds possible. Once again, to our distinguished speakers, we've called upon your knowledge, your wisdom, your energy, your goodwill, and even your patience. And you've responded, I hope we wish you Godspeed. To all of our guests from off campus, we wish you a safe journey home and invite you to mark your calendar for next year's 31st Nobel Conference on the new shape of the matter, Materials Challenge Science, which is scheduled for October 3rd and 4th. And so with that wish and that reminder, we formally bring this 30th Annual Nobel Conference to a close, dear friends, I bid you all.