 Well, this is the title and these works have been just partially completed on the 25th of September this year. And I will drive to make an effort to see how the solution of this problem, which we are finding, are based on some key ideas that were done in Princeton many years ago. And I would like just to do how can I go on here. When we speak about black holes and both these GRB are indeed black holes emitting JAV, MAV, TAV radiation. And the key idea, of course, the starting work was of raw care, with the care solution. And the beauty of some of these papers is that they are all short. The paper of care was just one page. And following the work of care there were two contributions, which were very important, especially the one of Brandon Carter, which is reported in the exercise of Landau-Liffchitz. And then an exercise that we did with Wheeler about an effective potential derivation of Judaism around the care field, which again you can find in Landau-Liffchitz. And there is where we propose the idea of the last stable orbit, which later on became very popular. Just in parallel to our work in Princeton, there was Frank Zerilli working on the Reggie-Wheeler a mission of gravitational wave of an infalling particle in a Schwarzschild black hole. These you are all well known. Therefore, I could forget to give details. Everybody is more than expert. And however, there was still in Princeton in those days the arrival of an incredible person introduced by Papa Petro, sixteen-year-old, which all of you know the fantastic history of Dimitres Christodur. He came at sixteen, at seventeen, finished undergraduate, eighteen. I gave him the problem of integrating an equation of the reversible transformation around the care black hole. Dimitres did this paper, this result, this diagram, introducing the reversible transformation and the irreducible mass, which we call together irreducible. And this is a fantastic paper short. Still in the same paper, we inserted the first example of a penrose process to show that it was very difficult to be achieved, later on penrose agreed on that. And this was just following that paper with Wheeler we made fifty years ago this year, this paper about introducing the black hole. But even more important, a few months later, we introduced in the solution of the reversible transformation and the refer of the mass formula of black holes, the charge. And this was the beginning of a set of papers, which just not to forget them. I have just indicated here in which the role of Natalie, of Thibault and also of Jim Wilson at Livermore. In those days we were travelling back and forth between Princeton and Stanford and the collaboration with Wilson. And this very interesting, well this is the mass formula everybody knows. This is September 17th, the first one and then the first second and then four days apart the result of working. Like Dimitres used to say after. But anyway, let's go back. We were speaking about the year 71 and in 73 in California we made the first big meeting announcing the GRB. And we start to work immediately on this topic, first with Natalie and in Princeton trying to find a way to use the mass formula of the black holes. And Natalie told me, oh but this problem is very difficult but we are still fighting on this work. She said, but next year a brilliant student of Ecole Normale, Thibault Amour will join us. Indeed this was true and with Thibault we just made an answer. Let us assume that we have a Kermian man black hole with mass angular momentum and reducible mass in charge. And in this paper with Thibault something fantastically important to me and to everybody working, to somebody working in the field was that it was clear that a model base worker new man could guarantee an energy of 10 to the 45 V, the effort extractable, the effort that this GRB had to be necessarily extra galactic but not only. We put the basis for explaining with the electro dynamical process the ultra-energy cosmic ray and especially the problem of vacuum polarization. I consider this a fantastic paper and I believe strongly it was so beautiful I could not why it was not generally accepted. It was not generally accepted because astrophysics was not yet clear and especially there was one quantity which we will not able to give reason the charge. Of course the charge was essential for the vacuum polarization and to have the mass formula of 10 to the 54 and this problem of the charge it took to 96 more than 20 years experimentally, observationally with BEPOSUX to indeed confirm that GRB were with the energy that we introduce with Thibault. And in parallel to this while we were there at Stanford and Princeton we kept working with Jim Wilson who was working at Livermore and we did a next very fundamental paper which today we are using in the GRB the fact that if you have an electron-positive plasma in a charged black hole and the charge is necessary in order to polarize the vacuum then the electron-positive plasma and barion self-accelerate and you can have Lorenz Gamma factor of 100,000 and therefore we localize even the mechanism to accelerate the GRB. This was an exceptional exciting time and this picture in the Valet de Merveille summarized the friendship between Thibault and Francis Everett and I am very happy that Cramer will come later to show one of the collaboration that we did with Francis later on and of course the fantastic man welcomed us enormously Jim Wilson. Jim was the father of the majority of the atomic bomb in U.S. and this was the end of the first part of my presentation. My point is that I would like to go now to the second part I just put here a few things because to make sure that I will not forget the situation changed in the last ten years after my 70-year reaching and this is the best example I can give you don't worry about 70 years old the most interesting part comes later because you have the possibility to think it over and to summarize some of the key points that were not done before and the new era started really with the launch of not only Beppo Saks the small Italian Dutch satellite but with the fertility of the Fermi satellite the VLT of Riccardo Giacconi the Nils Girls X-ray telescope and recently in the last year the observation with the major Cherenkov telescope MAGIC and HES and also of course with the Chinese satellite for the observation coming back to the discussion of this morning what is the key new idea the key new idea is the binary driven hypernova we realize that GRB originate from the same binary X-ray sources which we had studied for ten years with Riccardo Giacconi a following phase in which what happens is that two binary system the more massive collapse to a neutron star and then the second one itself gravitationally collapse and accrete the material on the second one therefore what we are in presence of is a binary system a binary system which like a binary system which one system undergoes gravitational collapse and therefore undergoes supernova the colors are not really perfect but the supernova which when is formed it creates a new neutron star like in every supernova but the companion to the co-star which gravitationally collapse there is a companion neutron star binary and the accretion of the supernova which is here represented by this after 159 seconds of the explosion here later on 159 the accretion of the eject of the supernova both on the new neutron star and on the companion neutron star accrete and therefore the first one gives us I have no time to prove this but we have to prove to the X-ray us after glow the second one is the one which is if the system is close enough give us to the black hole therefore this is a key fundamental result but what is absolutely new which has come out from this GRB is that we have understood for the first time the in-ranging of a GRB and the in-ranging of a GRB is here represented by the PAPAPETROVOL solution in the PAPAPETROVOL solution there is no net charge but there is an effective charge an effective charge the total charge is zero the system has a quadrupole structure therefore a plus sign in the north pole and the south pole minus sign in the equator total charge of the system is zero you have quadrupole distribution and in the cup here in this cup there is an effective charge which is given by GCQ for the units J, the angular momentum of the care solution and B0, the magnetic field which was initially stored in the companion binary system this is the new machine and we have been able to study this in a set of papers which have appeared in the meantime and we are also publishing some additional paper with Roy Ker about the detail of the letter dynamical structure of this field but what is the result of course we have done all the mathematics around the world PAPAPETROVOL solution and there are many papers which we have written on this and as you will see it looks like the letter magnetic field of a care new man but instead of having the charge it has the product of the J and J, the angular momentum and the magnetic field B0 the origin of this magnetic field is a fantastic machine a letter dynamical machine the origin of the magnetic field B0 is just that it was sitting there in the original companion neutron star and by accretion you cannot destroy that magnetic field because the accretion in the equator can modify the field but along the magnetic field line is just a propagate without any major problem therefore this is the so-called world solution there are many anecdotes about the world and how this equation is still not understood in general but we have found a way to understand by applying to the GRB what can we explain with this world solution applied to 1914 C well what is very important what is very important that here you have the geomission luminosity of the order of 10 to the 53 and here you have the tail radiation recently observed and we can explain all the detail of the luminosity by the emission which occurs along the polar axis of the world solution the luminosity is given in 10 to the 53 ergs and what Thibault was asking this morning is after how many seconds of the accretion you form the black hole the black hole you form right away of the order of 1.95 seconds of accretion is sufficient to start the machine going and to see the GRB emission coming up we are speaking it's a new science because you see the data you have to fit them the spectrum everything and to see the properties of the whole solution and of course to derive the mass the spin of the black hole the function of the luminosity from the luminosity you can find how the change of luminosity how the energy of rotation of the care black hole has been extracted to explain this geomission but the same machine works as well not only for the geomission which is here in red in an other source the other one in my of the title it explains as well the X-ray emission observed by by Swift and all the light curve the moment of formation of the new neutron star and luminosity as a function of time and here we can explain as well not only the X-ray emission but also the tear radiation observed in this case and the latest days improving tremendously our model because we can initially we had just a few optical data the one in green and in black all the X-ray data with the slope but in the last days we have been able to make a much more sophisticated description fitting not only the X-ray but also the optical and the radio data and this fix uniquely the quantity of the synchrotron radiation which is emitted by the accretion on the new neutron star magnetic field and all this it's fantastically accurate model let me show you another example this is 19042C again a big change during last weeks here on the left we had the original gev radiation in red but here we have added in the recent days the synchrotron radiation due to the new neutron star accretion in a range between 110 to the 7 seconds we have been able to do that on a different exercise we were playing on a different binary but this technique is tremendous because the fit in optical in radio optical and X-ray uniquely determine the property of the new neutron star generating the X-ray emission now another point of course is that the radiation which comes out from this in a range the papapetrovol solution is characterized by the mass the reducible mass J and B0 but the most novel point is that the radiation does not come out continuously but it comes out in discrete system, quantized system of the order of 10-15 seconds I have much time I have 5 minutes okay, let's go to the topic of the last days can we see this quantization this paper accepted on 25th of August just to tell you it exists now the most incredible surprise is we looked not to the previous emission that we had studied the X-ray and the J-ray but we focus our attention on this emission here which is called the UPA the ultra prompt extremely relativistic emission what it is this source this emission has 2 seconds 2 seconds how much energy it is 40% of the dark energy of the GRB is incredibly powerful but why is so interesting is that it emits a map okay but you have enough photon to make statistics more and more accurate namely you make the spectrum first on 2 seconds then you make the spectrum on 1 second then you take 4 in 0.25 seconds and keep going there enough photon to make more and more detail spectra and this process is going on there is a self similarity it's new science and well just to tell you that we did tremendous amount of work with spectral analysis luminosity but it's clear to us and to the paper that we are witnessing finally in this special emission the process that we studied with Jim Wilson namely when you have a prompt radiation in GRB you need to have gamma factor in order to fulfill the condition of transparency and what happens is that this in-ranging works in an over critical field works in an over critical field and precisely we used all the work we did with Wilson to compute the transparency the time, the energy and the time scale of emission which finally comes out first time in GRB of those 10-9 seconds it's a new science a new science and this emission keeps going on for I have been speaking up to now about GRB of tensolar masses but can we see an object with changes on time scale of 10-9 seconds yes, we can make the spectra but can we measure this the key point now is that we can indeed apply the same formalism not to a tensolar mass black hole in GRB but we can apply the same formalism to M87 we set 10 to the 12 solar mass black hole and in that case the equation are the same but the scaling changes and what it used to be 10-9 seconds becomes 60 seconds which is exactly the time of emission of the blob of M87 well, this to bring you up to the 25th to the 25th of September on the 30th of September I decided to send this recent work to a friend of mine this is an article written during the pandemic particularly urgent I need your opinion on this of his Rev which appears to be precisely of your interest with structure which are self-similarity and power law power law power law potency and this work allow us to make the last step in the understanding of our work of 50 years on the GRB I will be very grateful for your feedback and I send you my best greetings on the 4th of October George answer Karoremo, thank you as soon as I can I will read needless to say what it means this is to show to Thibault that the most important part comes after 70 because you can you have the time to understand what was not finished and to focus on this using new data because in the meantime the number of satellites has increased tremendously we will never do this with Beppo Saks, yes it took 25 years the answer we did with Thibault was correct 25 years but now with this observatory we can find out in a few days if we are not if we are what we have still to learn and what we have still to to observe and with what accuracy it's a fantastic fantastic moment a truly a new arena and and and of course just before closing for the people very interested about last stable orbit of course I am in love with the last stable orbit but this science is different gravity has not directly a role apart the coupling of the rotation of the care with the magnetic field but the entire machine of the papa petrol solution is an electro dynamical machine it works in a plasma very very low density 10 minus 14 gram cc and therefore this is a new a new arena in which gravity as such does not play the crucial role that we thought before until of course general relativity is absolutely essential in using the care solution and all the electro dynamic associated and all the acceleration and so forth and so on but it's a new science my dream is to understand what a GRB this most complex object in the universe by far is by far the most complex in the universe what is good for is a fact that the GRB are democratically cosmologically distributed democratically I mean their density per megapass and so forth is democratically distributed homogeneously distributed in space therefore they can reach but with the enormous energy they can reach any place in the universe and I feel very strongly that the old idea of which I am reading back for some person I could work in Hamburg many years ago maybe that this X-ray emission this JAV emission this TAV emission is essential in creating life in the universe this is as far as I can dream what is the magnitude of the GRB that you need in this process there are two parts I had not the time to go through the details there are a part in which you have to produce MAV and to accelerate this MAV to become opticality and that part the magnetic field is always the rotation is the same but the initial magnetic field can be larger and can be over critical therefore around 10 to the 14 Gauss okay but with the now let me try to tell the fantastic thing when you go to the second part the JAV radiation the machine is still the same but this attend to the 10 Gauss much weaker and generate the JAV the first one is much more powerful is polarizing the vacuum okay but the beauty is you have all the solution which I have shown you very quickly all of them are a solution of the equations but how you select the one with very short time scale and the one or one second, two second they are all equation valid and the point is there is only one which start with a low enough magnetic field that at the end of the UPA process it automatically gives 10 to the 10 Gauss and that is the only one and that is the one which determine the time scale so for not running too much out of time we should close now this first part of the optimization in 5 minutes pass 4 I give you 5 minutes the one for you here again my camera is a giving this we must hope thanks a lot