 A very good evening everyone. Welcome to the Hindi News Analysis brought to you by Shankarayesh Academy for the date 23rd of July 2021. Here are the list of news articles chosen for discussion today and our video is time-stamped for your convenience. Now let us take up this news article. So this article is regarding the global view on star formation in the Milky Way project in which many Indian scientists are a part. So this Milky Way project is nothing but the Glow Star project. Basically they have combined the observations from two different telescopes to arrive at some conclusions. So that is what is Glow Star project all about. They have discovered many new Sopronova remnants in the Milky Way galaxy and they also detected other traces of star formations such as dense pockets of ionized hydrogen which indicates the presence of a massive young stars. So in this context let us discuss in brief about the life cycle of stars. So it's a very interesting cascade of events. Star's life cycle is determined by its mass. The larger the mass the shorter is its life cycle and a star's mass is determined by the amount of matter that is available in its nebula and the giant cloud of gas and dust from which it was born okay and over time the hydrogen gas in the nebula is pulled together by the gravity and it begins to spin and as the gas spins faster it heats up and becomes a proto star and eventually the temperature reaches 15 million degrees and at this temperature nuclear fusion occurs pay attention nuclear fusion not fission occurs in the clouds core and what happens is the cloud begins to glow brightly and it contracts a little bit and becomes very stable. It is now a main sequence star and it will remain in this stage shining for millions or billions of years to come. So this is the stage at which our sun is at right now. Have a look at this figure. See when the hydrogen supply in the core begins to run out and the star is no longer generating heat by nuclear fusion the core becomes unstable and contracts. So this is what happens in the star's core when the hydrogen supply diminishes. On the contrary the outer shell of the star which is still mostly hydrogen starts to expand as it expands it cools and glows red and reaches the red giant face and in the core of the red giant helium fuses into carbon and all stars evolve the same way up to the red giant face. The amount of mass a star has determines which of the following life cycle paths it will take from here. See consider a low mass star that is a smaller star the low mass stars after the helium has fused into carbon in the core the core collapses again and as the core collapses the outer layers of the stars are expelled and the core reminds as a white dwarf and eventually cools to become a black dwarf. So this is the life cycle of a low mass star now let us see a high mass star in a high mass star what happens is they are also born as nebulae and their life cycle starts to differ only after the red giant face right and a massive star will undergo a supernova explosion after a red giant face and if the remnants of the explosion is 1.4 to about 3 times as the mass of the sun it will become a neutron star that is if this mass of the star is 3 times or 1.4 to 3 times the mass of our sun or which is called as the solar mass in scientific terms it will become a neutron star. If the core of a massive star that has more than roughly 3 times the mass of our sun or which is called as the solar mass the force of gravity overcomes the nuclear forces and the core is thus swallowed by its own gravity and this becomes a black hole. So we saw three ways how a star gradually dies a low mass star becomes a white dwarf and eventually a black dwarf whereas a high mass star and 1.4 times the solar mass becomes a neutron star when it exceeds 3 times the mass of our sun it becomes a black hole on its death. So this is all about this particular article and also about the life cycle of stars. With this information in mind let's move on to the next segment of our discussion today. Now let's move on to the discussion. Now let's take up this news article. See this news article is taken from Friday review column of today's newspaper and we have taken up two articles on classical dance forms and we are going to discuss on those. Basically we'll be discussing Bharatanatyam as well as Odisi and also briefly about what are the classical dances that is in India. So this is very relevant especially from the preliminary point of view for the exams. So here is the syllabus covered by this article. See the Indian classical dance are the most comprehensive and it is one of the oldest dance forms in the world and know that a major part of the development of the Indian dance is linked to Bharatanatyashastra which is the most important source of establishing the characteristics of the Indian dance and drama. Basically the Bharata's Natyashastra lays down how a dance is being performed right and remember in India most classical dances evolved as a temple art and many Indian dynasties right from the sixth century onwards have contributed to this art form. In fact the dance was one of the mediums of worships as well and usually the dancer performed facing the idol of the god and this is the reason why the Indian classical dance is primary a solo based art. See although it evolved as a solo based art right now it is not so it is not performed only as solo it is also performed as a group or a couple art also right and it is a known fact that India offers a number of classical dance forms and these classical dance forms can be traced to different parts of our country and each of these dance form represents the culture of a particular region or a particular group of people that is it reflects their cultural heritage however all these dance forms are based on the principle of guru sishya parampara. See what is this guru sishya parampara basically a guru teaches his or her student and the student later becomes a guru and later teaches a set of students this is what is called as guru sishya parampara. So this forms the core of Indian classical art forms this is not only particular for dance this is also particular for music as well as the theater forms all right and according to this principle the guru passes down the knowledge to the disciples for different traditions right keep that in mind. Now presently as per the sangeeth nathak academy which is India's national academy of music dance and drama eight classical dance forms have been recognized. Now look at the picture they include pardhanathiam which is from Tamil Nadu and next we have katak which is north india and we have katakali which is from kerala and we have kuchipudi which is predominantly based in andhra pradesh region and we have mohani atom again from kerala and we have odisi odisha and we have satriya which is based in asam and manipuri is also a classical dance which is from manipur so remember this and these states which is very important for the exams. So today we'll discuss about two art forms which is pardhanathiam and odisi and let us first start with pardhanathiam. See pardhanathiam is the mother of all the classical dance styles and if you see it is considered to be the oldest dance form in the country and the origin can be traced back to sadhar or the solo dance performance of the temple dancers in the temples of Tamil Nadu region and note that the pardhanathiam is the first of India's traditional dancers to be refashioned as a theater art and to be exhibited widely both at home and right now the fame has even reached abroad and see the pardhanathiam rests on the principle of performance and aesthetics set down in classics such as Natya Shastra by Bharata and it has got a rich repertoire of songs from three languages which is basically Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit and however the present day format if you see of pardhanathiam as well as the musical composition that supports pardhanathiam were created by the famed Tanjore Quartet which was formed in the 19th century and generally if you see the themes in pardhanathiam are clasped under the rubric of Sringara and Bhakti so look at the video as I talk see here the music belongs to karnatic system of south india and generally it is karnatic system that supports the pardhanathiam another feature that you should be aware is the half sitting position that the dancer sits in the entire performance throughout the dance and besides this also know the elaborate makeup that the dancer adores and also another notable feature is the tribhaga posture which is also found in the odc dance which will be discussing later and another thing that you should be aware of is the feet tapping that is very repeatedly done in the pardhanathiam and look at the hands and the mudras that the dancer makes which is very unique to pardhanathiam all right so this is all about pardhanathiam that you will have to know now let us talk about odc all right see odc emerged from the east indian state of odisha and is mainly derived from the temple services by maharis or female temple servants at the hindu temples in odisha however the traditional dance was remoulded as a theater art like pardhanathiam and towards the middle of the 20th century and in its remodeled form odc dance has spread quickly across the country and remember that the vaishnava faith of orisa is an intrinsic part of the odc dance and because vaishnava faith occupies a central place the story of krishna and rada supplies the major chunk of the content that supports the art form and also the lovely riggs from jaya deva's Sanskrit work gita govindam has an important place on odc dance repertoire so remember gita govindam from jaya deva's Sanskrit work from the telugu movie gita govindam and the song that supports this odc dance is usually made in oriya by the medieval and the early modern poets and these contents are interpreted by the dancers employing a grammar of hand gestures of hasta look at the video so these gestures of hasta are soft and they are also having a graceful moment and if you see the notable feature of odc is that they have the torso stable as they move from side to side along the central axis right so that is a notable feature of odc the trubanga pose which we saw in pardhanathiam is also a feature of odc and apart from that the hand gestures look at the hand gestures this is also a very important feature that we should know in the odc dance form so with this we have come to the end of this news discussion so with these details let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion now let us take up this news article this is an editorial based on the recent developments see along with the recent union cabinet reshuffle the government had announced the formation of a separate union ministry of cooperation so until then the cooperative subject was looked after by the ministry of agri-culture and today let us discuss this editorial which discusses why reforms in cooperative sector should not be at the cost of federal principles all right here is the syllabus for your reference so when we discuss this let us first understand the structure of the 97th constitutional amendment act in india see cooperatives have been in existence in india for a long period of time but in 2012 the 97th constitutional amendment act came into force so what it did was it constitutionalized the cooperative societies that is the cooperative societies were constitutionally recognized through this particular amendment so what all did it amend firstly it amended article 90 so we know article 19 is a part of a fundamental right so it inserted the words cooperative society so it recognized the right of the people to form cooperative societies as a fundamental right nextly it inserted article 43 b so this article 43 b was for the promotion of cooperative societies so how did it read the states shall endeavor to promote voluntary formation autonomous functioning democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies and apart from that it also introduced part 9 b in the constitution so what is the function of this part 9 b here the cooperative societies were defined through the powers of the state legislatures and the center for the regulation of these cooperative societies that is it delineated what are the powers of the state legislatures with respect to cooperative societies as well as the limits on the state legislation on cooperative societies so it also took care of factors on the number of directors that each society can have the reservation of seeds for the vulnerable sections of the society so all that said it was a very progressive piece of legislation but what it forgot was about the article 368 okay so what is this article 368 we know article 368 is about amendment to the constitution so when this particular amendment was passed the states were not taken into account that is the state majority that is one third were not taken into account to make this particular constitutional amendment the center itself made the amendment in 2012 so the contention was this because it regulated or limited the state legislative's power on these subjects that was mentioned in list 2 entry 32 of the salmon series see we know list 2 is about state list right so because the center made amends to the powers of the state that is the cooperative societies that was mentioned in the state list of the seven schedule this particular amendment needed state ratification for the amendment to be valid so this was the contention and this was called right and the amendment was considered null and void by the gujarat code all right so this was taken to the supreme court so in the supreme court also what happened was the the contention was accepted and in a judgment that had two judges in favor one judges in this favor it said that these cooperative societies that are confined within the state shall not be governed by the amendment whereas the multi-state cooperative societies shall be governed by the amendment so that is what it said because multi-state societies are distributed between many states so that will be valid whereas the cooperative societies confined within a state will not be governed by the amendment so that is what the judgment in the supreme court actually said so in essence see the 97th constitutional amendment act tried to constitutionalize the cooperative societies that are very important to our economy see why are these cooperative societies important let us take a small detour and understand why are these cooperative societies very important so one story on this particular cooperative society will amuse you and also will throw light on the importance of cooperative societies for India so this is nothing but the famous story of Amul so what happens is there was a dairy called Paulson's dairy in Anand district of Gujarat so remember Gujarat and Maharashtra they were one part before independence and all right so this Paulson dairy what they did was they procured milk from the local farmers of Kaira district and they procured milk at very low rates and sold it to the Bombay government for a good profit so the farmers were not benefiting out of this so this is exactly why these farmers went and approached Sardar Patel who was an ardent advocate of cooperative societies since 1942 itself so the result was that a cooperative society was formed at the Kaira district in Anand so this cooperative society started pasteurizing milk and they produced pasteurized milk and they produced milk and this started as an initiator of only a handful of farmers but rapidly it grew to 432 farmers by the end of 1948 itself so because it grew rapidly what happened was there was also a problem of excess milk production so what did they do they started processing the excess milk either in the form of curd butter and they started selling this also and later through the efforts of Dr Varghese Kurien the Amul also reached different heights and Amul right now is one of the most successful example of the cooperative societies and we know what is the magnitude of growth for Amul at this point in time so that is how important Amul is because it took the resources from the local farmers favoring the farmers with profit while at the same time ramping up the production so it is a win-win situation with any cooperative and when this was constitutionalized through the 97th amendment act it was all celebration because it was a good move but right now if you consider the state of affairs of cooperative societies is not appreciable what is happening is the elections are not conducted the reservations are not provided so it has a lot of lacunas that is one thing and secondly as we just saw the federal principle has been infringed while the enactment was made although the enactment was made with good intention it has infringed on the federal principle and that is exactly why this particular amendment has been stuck down by the supreme court so that entirely is the essence of this particular editorial with that let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion now look at this data point the data point discusses about the existing vaccine inequity to understand it we need to know what is vaccine equity vaccine equity means that a vaccine should be allocated equally across all countries regardless of their developmental status or economic status this is because access to vaccines and allocation of vaccines should be based on principle that it is the right of every human to enjoy the highest attainable standards of health without distinction of race religion political belief economic or any other social condition but the reality is opposite because globally the distribution of vaccine is shaped by the challenging political matters and economic matters social matters diplomatic matters and other health related matters and availability comes very last in other words anything contradicting to vaccine equity will constitute vaccine inequity that is the vaccines are not allocated equally across the countries see this vaccine inequity exists especially among the low income countries see the data point has represented the same the data in it has been taken from the world bank database so as per the data only 27 percentage of the global population has received at least one dose and only 13.4 percentage is fully vaccinated and among these 27 percentage that is majority of the population belonging to high income countries and upper middle income countries which means that the people in low income countries have received less vaccine and as per the data only 1.1 percentage of people in low income countries have received at least one dose and among the 3.76 billion administered globally as of 21st of july this year only 10.32 million doses have been administered in the low income countries and if we take continent wise Africa has administered less number of vaccine losses only 3.13 percentage of its population has been vaccinated with at least one dose so this takes us to the question as to why does the disparity exist the first reason is the slower and the delayed vaccination rollout in the low and middle income countries and high income countries started vaccination on an average two months earlier than the low income countries so this made people in the low income regions more vulnerable to covid-19 and this has led to a slower recovery of these economies second the access to vaccines in low income countries is still strikingly low according to the united nation development program for example Africa has received just 1.7 percentage of the world's 3.7 billion doses this shows the gap between the rich and the poor countries and third is the vaccine affordability see data from unicef and gavi shows that the average cost per vaccine results in a significant financial burden for the low income countries this is because their average annual per capita health expenditure amounts to just 41 us dollars but the cost of vaccine dose ranges between two dollars to forty dollars so they are unable to buy these doses and they cannot even manufacture it on their own so all these takes us to the ethical concerns associated with this vaccine distribution regime so concentrate on this aspect because this can be a potential ethics-based question in your exam vaccine inequity can be a potential ethics-based question see experts say that the scenario is like a famine in which the richest guy grabs the baker and the poorest ones are left with nothing see from this epithet itself you can assume that how analytically the so-called global powers acted for getting the doses since these doses where the countries initially manufacture the vaccines in the name of vaccine nationalism rather than handling the situation globally has resulted in this disparity and rich countries expanded vaccinations even to a not high-risk patients that is younger people while the people who are at high risk in poor countries have been ignored so what are the values that we are ignoring first and foremost is the inclusivity that is being missing and second and most important is the justice more importantly distributive justice where the vaccine has not been distributed to the poorer countries this was an expected scenario because as usual the wealthy nations expected a return on their investments into the vaccine manufacturing so they kept the doses for themselves and now this also has resulted in the stockpiling of unused vaccines along with the increasing scale of inequity so all these point to a deliberate unfair treatment of the poor so what is the need is the need for vaccine equity it is not only critical to save lives but it will also bring the pandemic to an end very soon so what is the ethical value that we are losing out on vaccine inequity it is distributive justice and inclusivity so keep that in mind for the main exam with that let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion now let us take up this news article we have a very small takeaway from this particular news article especially for the preliminary point of view see the corona has been very cruel and it has taken the lives of a lot of people and parents lost their lives as well which means the children have lost their parents to corona so basically these children have been orphaned and they have been left to fend for themselves so in order to you know help these children a website has been launched so this website is pmcaresforchildren.in here any child can access this website and ask for help or any citizen can also inform a sorry state of affair for a child and can inform and seek help through this portal and that is exactly why this portal is very important keep that in mind and apart from that a more relevant information discussed in this particular news article is about the financial assistance that the government is extending to the children who have been orphaned by the covid so according to the scheme every child who has lost both the parents or has lost the sole parent gets a corpus of rupees 10 lakh and this 10 lakh is accessible to the child only when he or she turns major and that is at the age of 18 and even then they won't get the entire amount what will happen is until the age of 23 they will get a monthly stipend and at the age of 23 the entire amount can be accessed by the child lump sum that is in total so this money can be used by the child to pursue their education and the higher education besides the child is also supported health insurance of rupees 5 lakh under the aishman baratski so this is how the government is trying to help the children who have been orphaned by the cruel corona waves so with that let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion now let us take up this news article from the hindu based on a particular study see the diabetes is a disease that you may have to know from the snt point of view and apart from that you also have to know certain important hormones that are very often discussed in the news and that is exactly why we are going to discuss this particular article see first let us know about the diabetes right then we'll come back to glucagon see we have a organ called pancreas see this pancreas is a leaf shaped organ in our abdomen and this has about various types of cells see the alpha cells are the ones that secrete glucagon and the beta cells are the ones that secrete insulin and we also have delta cells which secrete hormones like somatostatin see insulin is a very important hormone that we have to know and also glucagon to some extent so let us understand what is the function of this insulin and glucagon see when we consume food we intake glucose in different forms be in the form of rice or roti or fruits so glucose intake happens and it is absorbed from the gut and it is taken to the various organs through the blood and when this happens the insulin from the pancreas is secreted and this insulin tries to lower the blood sugar levels by absorbing it for a future use so that is how insulin functions so when the insulin secretes the blood sugar level moderates but in the absence of insulin if you imagine the blood sugar level will be high very high this is when we call it as a diabetes and in diabetes we have two types the type one and the type two see type one happens when there is no secretion of insulin at all whatsoever so the insulin secreting cells may either be absent or the insulin may not be secreted and this results in a persistently high level of sugar in the blood of the patient resulting in type one diabetes in type two diabetes insulin is secreted but the absorption does not happen so the blood sugar levels are still kept high and this is what results in type two diabetes and type two diabetes is commonly a lifestyle disease that is when a person has a sedentary lifestyle type two diabetes happens and this is associated with various other complications which could be life threatening as well so this is the function of insulin where it tries to lower the blood sugar levels but if you see glucagon which we saw in the earlier part of the discussion which is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas this glucagon is having an action that is counter to the insulin so glucagon what it tries to do is it tries to elevate the blood sugar levels when the blood sugar levels falls dangerously low say we don't have food then the blood sugar levels fall and this is when glucagon will act on the reserves that our body has and it will increase the blood sugar levels keeping the blood sugar levels moderated so the glucagon's action is counter to the insulin now coming back to the article what the article says is that apparently glucagon also has a role in precipitating type two diabetes increased the secretion of glucagon also might cause a type two diabetes say this study along with the insulin depletion all right so this is a new finding but the rest of the stuff that we discussed is very important and has already been documented very well so that can be asked as a preliminary question so with that article discussion let's move on to the next segment of today's news analysis now let us take up this editorial for discussion now so this is about the national curriculum framework or the NCF see NCF is to be formulated by the NCE that is national council of education research and training so author who is an expert in the education field has given opinion on how it should be formulated and what should be its main ingredients now let us see these aspects now here is the syllabus for your reference first of all let us understand what is a curriculum see curriculum in simple words is nothing but what is prescribed to be taught in the schools or what is prescribed to be learnt by a student in the schools so that is curriculum in simple words so in this regard NCF is prepared at the national level this will provide directions to the school curriculum and all and generally it defines the learning experiences of children in schools and it describes what they should know what they should understand what they should value and what should be taught at each stage of their development so it provides the structural basis of a school education for example say a kid starts learning the numerics or the alphabets in the first grade so that is prescribed through this formulation so what is all explicitly mentioned and the different verticals is given here for the reference just go through it roughly for the preliminary exam point of view see as a whole we see that it describes how learning is structured across the stages of schooling and it is categorized into different key learning areas and it also identifies effective pedagogy to be adopted and it lists out the roles of all key players in creating positive learning experiences so what is an effective pedagogy in the current situation it can be computers or virtual learning or a simulated experience all these can be like a high level pedagogy that can be adopted in this era so that is what it is trying to convey so you can understand how important a national curriculum framework is for a child development importantly the NCF generally draws its insights and perspectives from the national education policy of the country now since we have a new national education policy 2020 the new NCF will be framed based on this only and as per the national education policy 2020 the curriculum and the pedagogy reforms should move the education system towards actually understanding the concepts and towards learning how to learn rather than the culture of rote learning that is prevalent in the present day and also the national education policy has interested the task of identifying the required skill sets and required mechanisms for early childhood and school education with the NCAT and in this lines only now NCAT has directed the state councils of education research and training that is SEATs to develop a straight curriculum frameworks on school education and early childhood care and education teacher education adult education are also asked to be formulated and based on these the NCF will be framed see the approach proposed by NCAT is efficacious mainly because the national curriculum framework will be representative and inclusive that is the ideologies and the proposals from the states will be assimilated in the final schema and apart from that it will provide e-templates for each task to be filled up by the states and union territories here also various state opinions will be recorded and apart from this survey questioners will also be provided to get the opinion of various stakeholders here the other stakeholders could be general public parents guardians of children and others so a democratic process will be followed which is a very positive development but author has certain apprehensions so let us see those one by one first author is worried that using of questionnaire or template will make the recommendations from stakeholders influenced for example assume the questioner asks what should be the medium of instruction for ECCE either it is English Hindi or regional language so the majority opinion might be English here the stakeholder might not be able to consider what is best for the children or society rather what they want to see in the society so these kinds of leading questions will only get influenced answers while actually ignoring the requirements so this is one concern that author puts forth now going on to the second concern see author criticizes the national educational policy 2020 itself because that itself has many drawbacks and then if ncf will be based on the principles enumerated in the national education policy 2020 then it could be lacking in many aspects in total so let us take an example here see author opines that national education policy is proposing values or skills that are needed for emerging market requirements and these that aims to make children the future workforce but it is devoid of other capabilities important for development and other aspects of life such as self-restraint dealing with people outside family concentration span responsibility behavior and others so this is the same drawback with the existing educational policies and subsequently the national curriculum framework also so the author is critical that if the ncf for school education is guided by the national education policy of 2020 we are unlikely to ensure the sound development of our school children so in this regard author has suggested an approach which will not only address the drawbacks of NEP 2020 but will also use good recommendations from it and could incorporate stakeholders opinion so some good recommendations in NEP includes the proposed flexibility in secondary education more exposure to Indian languages and others the suggestion is to take help from the approaches in two important reports first is secondary education commission report 1952-53 second is basic national education report of 1938 and its secondary education commission report is also known as mudalyar commission report if you see it includes three necessary elements for any educational framework that is overall framework of values in future direction current issues and problems of education system and finally public opinion these were obtained through various data collection processes based on these elements it has concluded that the aims of education and the pedagogy and cissary to achieve those aims so next is the bna report so it is a report of zakir hussein committee and it emerged out of the Mahatma Gandhi's educational philosophy in the changed socio-political context with a focus on the national development if you see even Gandhi endorsed this report so you can understand the crux of the report if you read Gandhi's own words about the report so go through this for a better understanding so coming back to the editorial according to author these documents are logical and meticulous because of the pedagogy and curriculum proposed in a sensible order so the values and principles of democracy are at the forefront at these documents that has been mentioned by the author so as a concluding opinion author suggests to place the democratic ideals or values as the core of our education and the curricular debates and he urges to bridge the gaps that are already existing in the MEP before proceeding with the national curriculum framework so with that let's move on to the next segment of our discussion today now here we are at the last segment of today's discussion practice preliminary question we have two questions for discussion today let's go over it one by one our first question is regarding the life cycle of stars it's a three statement question and we are asked to identify the correct statement see the first statement is this the larger the mass of a star the larger it's its life cycle see we saw this in the discussion the stars life cycle is determined by its mass but the larger its mass shorter is its life cycle so statement one is wrong so only with elimination we can eliminate a c and d and we can arrive at b as our answer but let us also go over statement two and three all stars evolve the same way up to the red giant phase so we also saw this in our discussion this statement is true and after the red giant phase depending on the mass the stars take a different fate so the largest of stars become black holes whereas the smallest of stars become white darts are the black darts now third statement the pressure inside the star's core counteracts the force of gravity and creates hydrostatic equilibrium see the gravity constantly works to try and cause the star to collapse the stars core however is very hot which creates a pressure within the gas and this pressure counteracts the force of gravity putting the star into what is called as the hydrostatic equilibrium so this is another takeaway that you will have from this question session so our correct option is option b two and three next question which of the following is or are the reasons for vaccine inequity so we are presented with three options so from the discussion we can say vaccine nationalism also causes vaccine inequity increased vaccine affordability of rich countries also causes vaccine inequity because the poorer countries are left unaffordable for the vaccines and third is the expedited vaccine rollout yes the richer countries they were able to launch their vaccine programs much earlier compared to the poorer countries so the richer countries were able to corner the vaccines and this has resulted in vaccine inequity so the correct option is option d one two and three see let me tell you this is one kind of question which can turn out to be contentious so until unless you want to take a guess to improve the number of attempts in your question then you can attempt these kind of questions else you can skip these kind of questions because some options like that of the third expedited vaccine rollout can turn out contentious during the discussion because some may feel the expedited vaccine rollout in richer countries it resulted in better coverage of the richer countries so if the same had happened in poorer countries a better vaccine coverage might have been achieved which will result in vaccine equity so the third option could get contentious so I suggest you not to attempt these kind of questions so here are some of the main questions inspired from our discussion today take a note and post the answers in the common section writing few main answers every day is very good for your preparation so with that let's wrap up our discussion today if you like the video like share comment and subscribe stay home stay safe good day