 Okay, I'm going to get started and try to pay attention to see if people come that I don't see I thought I had this set up so people would automatically be able to come in Without me having to admit them, but Okay, good morning Otis Thank you for coming. Okay, so I want to start the presentation and what I wanted to talk about is understanding the legal difference between What I call equitable reparation and compensatory reparations To get started. My name is Professor Renealia Randall. I'm retired Professor emeritus from the University of Dayton School of Law I taught race and racism law for 30 years. In fact, I started the course Taught it every single year for 30 course and as soon as I retired they got rid of it Which makes me skeptical about how to make institutional changes I talked criminal law and torts law for a while and I talked remedies I taught remedies for the last five years and the remedies is really relevant to Our discussion of reparations because as I would tell students Tort law and criminal law is about do I have a claim Contract law can I win in a claim or the opposite and someone do am I going to go to jail? Can someone get money from me from things for a tort industry? Can I renege on this contract? That's what those cases are about but remedies is about okay. I won. What does that mean? what can I get and and people don't realize that there's some very specific definitions and Consequences about choices you make In terms of what it is you want and what it is you can get now. I understand That when we talk about reparations, we're not talking about having one a claim in court and consequently are our Are capable of getting money through that legal, but I think it's worth Understanding remedies so that we can frame our discussion right and I got that I I Thought about having this discussion When I watched this session on reparations because people were talking about two different remedies of Reperate for reparations and was going against reparations because of the different remedies as opposed to Where the reverberation is old as much as what is the form reparations should come in? and I think that's important to to Recognize that so that when you hear people saying well, I don't want to get paid then you can say well wait a minute Does that mean you don't want these other things that are possible with reparations? So my discussion today is gonna be I'm gonna real quickly. I only have four slides I'm gonna go through some legal terminology. I'm gonna talk about What that means for reparations and then I'm gonna give an example of Why I think equitable reparations is what we need to talk about. Oh So in the law, we have what's called a compensatory remedy most of us most of you all are real familiar This this is when they sue someone and they get some money Compensatory remedy is not about fixing the harm It's about giving you money because you were done wrong and The money is tied to the harm So that how much money you can get is based on the harm that was caused to you, but it's not at all about Seeing that harm The harm may or may not be fixed. It may or may not can be fixed and It's always money. So it's You're gonna you're gonna go to court. You're gonna get a sum of money and That's some of money has to do It has to if you have Medical injuries that is gonna last your lifetime Whatever money you get in the court is gonna have to last your lifetime Um You cannot go back to court even if you come up with some additional injury Let's say that at the time you go to court You don't realize that you're going to have this back pain That's gonna get progressively worse than immobilize you you go to court to sue you get money based on the injuries that you You identify But you don't Realize that you have this really significant injury. Can you go back and get more money? No Your claim is over whatever you didn't get in that first-door round, but that's that's gone And so that's compensatory remedies And it's always damages. There are different kind of damages And I'm not going to get in teaching the limit But the whole idea is that when you talk about Compensations You're only talking about money Okay, the court recognized what money doesn't always Cover what is the problem? Sometimes money is inadequate Sometimes you don't you want something others than money An example of this has that's been going on years now is and I can't remember the name of the tribe the tribe lost some land illegally a lot of land I think it was one of those big national park They soon under the treaty They lost that land illegally and they sued in court somebody needs to mute their microphone The tribe sued in court to Recover their land they did and they wanted an equitable remedy. That's what equity means Equity means that you don't necessarily get money although money can be a part of it but what you really want is something tangible and You get the court to order the other people to do it or give it to you Okay, and this tribe with court One in court ask for the land and the court said no, we're not gonna give you the land back We're gonna give you money The court and the tribe said hey, wait a minute. We didn't ask for money. We don't want money We want our land you say according to the law We are entitled to have our land and we want our land back the court refused gave them Millions of dollar and though that money has been sitting in trust ever since because the tribe refuses to take it Because once they take it they can never get the land Okay, so that's the other thing once you take money You can't go back and say, you know, I made a mistake. I really want an equitable remedy Equitable remedies include Ordering institutions to change We call it injunction, but that's basically it's the Brown versus Board of Education and all of the injunctions that ordered Or the institutions to change now, obviously, there's some problems isn't that clean because you if the court is unwilling to enforce the injunctions they give Then the institution may just say, yeah, you do that the court told me to do it, but hey, what are they gonna do about it? Um Getting specific performance that is getting specific things. Hey, we want XYZ. We want the land we want the car We want the contract. We don't want money. We want performance of a specific thing and it also can include monies They're not called damages because it's not damages But it is money because money is a part of what is necessary to make you hope So it's not an either either money or no money. It's just money call something else. Okay The key here is under Equitable remedies the wrong doer is responsible until it's fixed So they don't get out of they, you know if the court ordered them to do XYZ and they only do Z They still on the hook for X and Y. Okay And so The wrong doer stays on the hook longer with equitable remedies So what does this mean for reparations? Well, it's clear that people have been talking about two different types of Reparations, there are all the people who say hey, I want to get paid. I want money. My ancestors lost all this money during slavery Economic loss calculate the wages divided up give it me That's compensatory And like I said, yeah, if we go for once Calculate compensatory reparations Once has paid there's no further obligation the other problem because people keep pointing to all of these groups that got reparations and Mostly it was compensatory Recurations and if you take a deep look at it Totally inadequate that is I Give me the example Japanese American internment in the in concentration camps During that internment laws resulted they were Farmers out in California that had turned the land into a profitable market and was in and they lost all that land They lost all that where you think about it farming land in California The reparations was twenty one thousand dollars unless they could show but of course who Where were the records that they could show? So for most people they only got twenty one thousand dollars for that Internment so part of the issue may be that compensation Reparations the German reparations Germans got reparations, but it's just a small monthly amount so I Think people need to be careful about saying you want compensatory reparations and Calculating the damage in having that having something less be given That's one problem or be the calculations are inadequate Equitable Reparations starts a little different you establish first what the harm is and then secondly you Stablish what constitutes repair? So what you want is for them to repair the harm that was dark okay, and Then if it's articulated like that they could be on the hook for a plan for centuries Depending on what the harm is because until the harm is removed the Government would be obligated to continue the process until the repair is accomplished I'm not sure that anybody's really talking that Specifically about Equitable Recuperations people are saying well we want money for the HPC But it doesn't seem to be a coherent what is the harm how is it going to be fixed in This is why what we want is important I think that We should focus on health disparities as the harm and only health disparities as the harm Why because it has been measured for Going back into slavery you can find research showing the difference in the health between enslaved people and Wides the difference in the health between free blacks and white coming all the way up through segregation going all the way through civil rights and And even up to the day you can find research supporting the idea that there's a health disparity Now the other important thing about Having the health disparities as not as a measurement is that all of health has adopted something called social determinants of health which basically says First there's all these things that contribute to why people are unhealthy And if you want to improve their health you've got to do all of these things You have to deal with wealth and income. You have to deal with education. You have to deal with criminal justice You have to deal with environment health care housing Employment you have to deal with the stress due to racism and discrimination And so each one of those would need to be looked at in a plan articulated as to how the those social determinants in African and deus descendants of African enslaved in the United States Contribute to health disparities and then the reparations would be Doing whatever is necessary to get our health disparities Up to where whites are So that's the gap that we we want to remove that gap That's the harm that was caused the institution of a gap and We're going to repair the harm by eliminating the health disparities and doing what is necessary to do that To do that I So just to recap I mean because I really wanted to We can have some discussion when people talk about wanting to be paid to talking about Compensation and when people talking about wanting things done they talking about equitable But They can be in both that is you can have equitable reparations that not only because That not only works on all these systems But also end up giving people money because you are not going to be able to improve wealth Disparity without getting Transfer of resources To deus Uh, so what I'd like to do is just open it up for us to talk because I Have my slides would be available for patreons the this Will eat this will be I'm recording it. So this will be reformatted into and posted on YouTube So let's open it up for some Discussion Just talk we don't have that many people and so if people have something they want to say or comment or something If you want me to go back to a slide, let me know Dr. Randall, how can we make sure that this is part of the political agenda that? that for our leaders that are African-american leaders are supposed to be speaking on behalf of the community and that doesn't always happen at all But they actually know what they're talking about Yeah, I that's a great question. How can we be sure it seems to me? We have a lot of parties to have vested different vested interests and I'm not sure anyone is Articulating this the difference between equitable and Pository and talking about well, I shouldn't say anymore. I know there's a lot of people who are doing it But on the political scene, you're right I think right now. This is a political moment not a real moment and once politics as It'll go back into Become less important. So what's important for us now is to make sure that at the end of this process We're not worse off by what they have established if they have established commissions and approaches that are counter to this kind of idea then and Then we'll be worse off for this political moment. What to do I Know I think we need someone to We need an open letter to everybody so that it's out there in the public We need someone who can lobby Contact these people and write letters and stuff But we need to put this on the record. I that's a good question and and and I've been thinking about it Here in Cleveland and I've recorded like a national commercial and stuff for them so like I can you know, make sure that it's in their hands and then I can talk to the Democratic Party about you know, they're saying something. It's because I think that um, The party needs to hear what you just said because As as in the last election we have so many people it's so disjointed and people just Over the place that we need to unless we have a fear strategy On how to address reparations in the african-american community. As usual, we will get screwed Yeah, I understand perfectly and anything I can do to help I'm going to I'm going to take this and try to get it earned I I don't like to write as much as in but I'm gonna take this and turn it into a Print and see and and see if I can get something published as an open letter And then we just have to get people like him Cobra and other people working on reparations to begin to Articulate it like their language more queer clearly so that it won't be misused because that was half everybody's using words Reparations one of the things when I was When I was doing talking one of the things that I always did before I started the talk Would be to define the words that I'm using because a lot of the arguments that people get in Is often over Definitions they're using different definitions. So of course they come to different outcomes if we are if we're going to talk about whether or not we Have reparations then people need to identify whether they're talking about Reparations And I think that too, I think that the other thing is dealing with racism aspect of racism on both sides on the democratic party side like people can't tell me that all of them are Um for african-american reparations, right? They're not Yeah, you know and and that republicans, you know, um, lisa mcconnell is a singular voice There are a few others that sound like him on your side But there may be some folks that because a lot of the things that have Impacted the african-american community around like infant mortality. Um, you know, we but that legislature has been passed by republicans so you know, how can we um Make sure that like have we have you thought about like doing uh Are they they're good for doing these listening tours and all that stuff but do they listen to or across the country to um To talk about this particular issue and to bring it down to the community because in the end If there's something that we can legislate then if we go to the community And and help them to make them they have the right legislation crafted You know, they won't lose in the end I think that's an excellent idea. It's not something I can do uh, I can I I can I can do stuff that I can sit for my chair and do I'd be willing I'd be do willing to do a listening tour that was webinars Okay, I have some group to organize it. I would do that. No problem. Um, yeah Uh People, you know as far as going in person is not something I can do. I no longer have My school as soon as I retired they cut me out of everything Uh, and so I don't have access to any support anymore through my school Um, uh, uh, so there's not so anything that's going to have to be done It's going to have to be done by another organization, but I think the listening course is a great idea because I think if people understood Equitable rep understood that reparations can be either compensatory or equitable And we're and we're wanting equitable which includes money And that the measure that we want Of win theme has been fixed because under equitable reparations People have to be responsible until the harm is gone. Well, the harm is the health disparities And that's Quite literally And but the government would be on the hook that long For doing things measuring and they already measure health disparities on a regular basis So there's no reason that we're not going to ask them to look at something that they're not already looking at We're just asking them to With the black community Put together an approach that would eliminate health disparities Measure whether the health disparities have been eliminated And and keep providing the necessary financial resources, which as I said Includes wealth and income because you can't fix health disparities without fixing wealth and income Education all of that other stuff So, yeah, I think a listening tour is a great suggestion And I'd be happy to do something if some group wanted to take responsibility For setting them up or just for your own group or no organization Okay I'd be willing to do something so I can see if the rupees to hire black You know, so I would be definitely willing to do something introduce yourself so that people will know who when people talk Oh, I'm Ivanka. I want the more people hire black health coalition Which is the first coalition in the state of Ohio to focus focus exclusively on African-american disparities and education employment housing and health By working to educate advocate for and empower the community Thank you, you're welcome Dr. Rondo, yes Who's speaking? Yes, Robin Okay I'm very Speak up. There's a disconnect Robin your phone. I think you went off and your phone wasn't very good Robin Yes You hear me It's it it has The quality is not so good, but go ahead. Yes. I can hear you I'm sorry. I I'm yeah, I'm not in the world a while um I'm concerned about the framing of this reparations conversation separate Uh from serred the country nation We have a law that's been signed or ratified that speaks to disparate impact Permanentality and with the acknowledgement of of this with reparations I think that negates the reservation that the us utilizes to non-adherence to serred And so we have a legal framework that is shared by the international community concerning racism and discrimination Uh specifically with disparate impact and disproportionality. So to me the conversation of reparations says yes Uh us is in violation of serred Leading to crimes against humanity, but at present a Existing law that the us is signed on to But uses a reservation not to adhere to it seems like that's a A circle of sorts that leads back to Served The reparations to me leads back to serred and the conversation about it us adhering to International law which opens up the door for reparations and repair And equitable uh reparations It seems like that's the missing component to frame this whole conversation around reparations and The acts inside of congress or inside the political realm Still should lead to the legal framework which is already established So i'm not hearing that conversation about serred as and of course, you know I'm fixated on serred. You put me on that But well for people who uh don't understand serred is the convention on elimination of all forms of racial discrimination Which was enacted in 1995 No, excuse me 1965 United states did not ratify Until 1995 robin correct me if i get any of these states wrong Uh, and even when they ratified it they do what the united states do all the time with human rights treaty They made sure that none of the rights were enforceable in the united states Uh as law Uh, and that's a whole other video to you to your question Of robin. I do there isn't a lot of conversation on serred I do think for people who want to do serred And i'm one of those that reparations is a part of that discussion But I don't know that reparated people who are just interested in the reparation needs but not serred as a way to look at this because I have to tell you My concern is Moving people into thinking about equitable reparations It may be serred. This is what you're saying serred if we can get people to talk about equitable reparations And and what that means serred has a framework for dealing with those rights and getting them, um International level I think we should be doing serred. I think that it should be a part of the conversation But I don't know that it has to be a part of the conversation that is I I don't know That if we don't do serred we can't do reparations We don't do serred. We can't I'm saying I don't believe that I think we can do reparations without serred. We can do serred without reparations They both enhance each other, but they are not tied together in such a way that One is necessary for the other Well, tell me this right now Reparation is in the political arena, but ultimately if some kind of codified Law it goes into the legal realm then and it does fall under serred If any legislation comes out of this reparations it has to have this uh impact in international law that the u.s. Is already I mean I mean I understand the serred argument and I and I agree. I just don't know that Just because There's an argument people who want to get serred. I think you're right that we can use the of reparations as an argument for why are you doing why you're not uh, if you go back to my slide Oh, let me go back. Let me share for a minute If you go back to the slide That I had here That in order to eliminate health disparities, you're going to have to eliminate the you're going to have to reduce the stress due to racism and discrimination In order to reduce the stress to racism and discrimination You're going to have to eliminate all forms of racial discrimination That includes eliminating negligent discrimination, which is legal now people can discriminate in negligently It would also You need to eliminate reckless discrimination which is legal in the united states And so one of the problems the only illegal discrimination in united states is intentional So one of the things if we're going to improve health disparities, it rid of the gas not just Not improve the health. That's what everybody wants to talk about. I'm not talking about improving the health of people I'm in talking about getting the gap getting rid of the gap between blacks and whites If we're going to do that, you're going to have to eliminate stress due to racial discrimination and third And this is the point. I think you're making provides a framework for doing it Yes, okay, but third I don't think And I think this is why it's important to get some framework like this into the discussion um So that all of these different things like eliminating racial discrimination as a part of addressing the harm done by slavery and segregation the harm The argument that I would make is Slavery and segregation cause health disparities stress due to racism and discrimination makes it worse anybody And the law understands that you are responsible for the situation people find them in and the harm that is caused by that situation So you're they that is stress due to racism and discrimination Is a part of the harm caused by slavery and segregation and third Definitely and also getting rid of racial discrimination and disparities in all these other areas But if that's what you mean by third, I absolutely agree Yeah Okay Yes um, so the other question that I have so I guess it's two so one is um This is yvonne. I'm sorry. Okay. So if you're if we're talking about um utilizing third so Ken can Ken sir Be placed into a policy legislator like if you if we write up legislation Around equitable reparations and include the language from third in there and then additional languages um To actually beef up the calls like this is this is why um That could be something that could be a template that they could that could be used across the country Yeah, and I think this is the the city The human rights cities. I think that's a part of it part of the problem We have with third now is the united states has a long-standing position That they take on human rights, which is we sign the treaties, but we put reservations reservations is just another word for restrictions and so under international law and in and under this under uh, what is it? The united nations and the international law countries can only be responsible for things they agree to You so there is no forcing for the most part, especially in the area of human rights And so what happens is countries sign these human right treaties, but then they limit ability And the united states has done that with third Third doesn't actually use the language that I use negligent discrimination Or reckless discrimination Surge that says that every country has to get rid of all forms of racial discrimination United states has not getting has not gotten rid of of um Negligent discrimination or reckless discrimination Then they are in violation of the treaty of surge now the united states is going to argue That you're only responsible. They are only responsible under their reservation Who will do things that are consistent with our constitution and our constitution? Uh They have interpreted which means it can be changed to not to only include intentional discrimination as a part of the of the civil rights act and uh other things like that, but yeah Going back to your comment I think the most effective thing would be to start using the language of third everywhere you can and then pointing To the fact that the united states has already signed on to this treaty ignoring the reservations They've already signed on to this treaty and so we should be adopting the language of this treaty Into different policy and law and in fact, that's the best reason it's not The the united states does a two-step process with human rights treaties that they don't do with other treaties The first part it has to be ratified all treaties have to be ratified The second part though is a specific law has to be passed Implementing the treaty the ratification doesn't implement the treaty. It doesn't do anything And no law has been in fact, that's the problem with all our human rights laws No law has been passed Implementing the treaty so it's not law in the united states. And so anything you can do put it into law Either through policies or on a city level Yeah Didn't uh the Cleveland Get that in their code and then leave them to become a human rights city a third city And the third language in law would be law and Cleveland So, yeah, that's that that's that's a good idea But I mean I I say that because this is Ivanka again because you know, we have that when we talk about health disparities They and in the government now they have that health disparities in all policies piece You know that they're you know, this health disparity should be in all policies And so, you know, maybe if we're looking at the same thing and say if we have equitable reparations in all policies So with all health disparity policies, right And that we're asking for that piece. But what I what I'm saying is like I I understand that some parts of sorrow could be challenged. So if we actually just Take out The parts that we need like full parts from there Um that are looking at are either in city or county or state um, like create a state legislation and then Put the pieces in there that we need but then make sure that we're including this, um equitable reparations, um in all health disparity policies Any kind of any kind of dollars that are coming in around Policy issues related to health disparities have to address the equitable reparations piece And then once you do that, they have to address wealth and income education housing food Uh All of those things come on the table In a way that they don't necessarily come on the table in In other areas if you just look at other areas and it makes it clean talk about So dr rando If I can remind you that The universal periodic review we were on a third task force There was a national plan to be pro offered to the 25 violations of human rights by the united state They did not push that national plan, which to me reparation is a part of To deal with the history of violating, uh, uh, human rights and discrimination And as relates to our constitution and intentionality in which we have to prove Intentality on the part of the discriminator is an economic or political Insight our u.s constitution. So we must lean on the Universal laws as relates to uh international law now. I've recently got involved with the human rights city alliance For this reason dr rando, which is to try to enable serves and that served into, uh, uh, Local municipal law and ordinance the city. I'm in in grand rapids, michigan has recently Uh enacted in local ordinance, uh a 911 ordinance They call it a human rights ordinance, but it's basically a barbecue betty ordinance But it's it's an inroad to human rights on on the local level And if sir can be enacted on a level then it will scale up But uh for us to expect the federal government to go down with with protection has not historically been a reality So my efforts are around in that third locally No, that's I think that that that the best bet is working on served locally. I mean, uh, wherever you're local Uh, if you're in a good state, it might be a good idea if you to do a statewide thing if in fact you're in a state But I do think this, uh, the the the human rights city's approach is the only thing going to work in the united states We tried And and robin, I know you were during obama's administration We tried to because one of the things third requires is for the national government to, uh Educated citizens about the human rights treaties and and responsibility Which of course they don't do at all And we tried to get obama to change the office of civil rights to the office of civil rights and human rights And he wouldn't do it. He didn't participate in So there's been a long-standing human approach to human rights Which every administration has done and part of I think To get back to the equitable versus the uh, um Uh, compensatory rep or reparations I think that I think third I think People who are advocating for serves should advocate for reparations as a part of third But i'm not sure that I want to Messy up discussion of reparations with third That is people who are advocating for reparations Having to put in the third Discussion until we get down to making a specific plan And then we say in order to implement this plan You're going to have to eliminate all forms of racial discrimination Which means that you're going to have to ratify third and and make it the law of the land But I think it's too early to bring that discussion in So what would you do? Ivanka, Ivanka So what would you start off with first? So like we were just talking about like crafting Some type of legislation that we could use and share Well, I think that's fine. I think you should draft legislation You can put in reparations. You can put in third on the city level But i'm saying Yeah, no, I'm not suggesting that you need to separate it out when you go to work on it I want a one-on-one basis, but I think I'm I guess I'm thinking back to the discussion we were having about educating people about the difference the contents of compensatory regulation and and and Equitable reparations my concern about putting third in Is is if people don't understand reparations serve just confused with it even more Continue as part of the listening tour actually have the legislative piece Um there and then have the definitions Exactly available and then say like these are the definitions of it, but this is the legislation that we crafted That um, we'll help meet the goal that we need in order for us And part of Part of the thing that we need crafted is sir. Don't get me wrong. I am not suggesting not advocating for third I am I I don't advocate for third and and I believe it is but I also realize that if you that when you're trying to Your audience if your audience is here about reparations and you bring in surge you confuse the issue If your audience is about served and you bring in reparations you confuse the issue You have to understand what your audience is there to understand and then Once you get them to understand that component You move into the second part Uh around those are parents. I don't think they have to be linked up in a way that they're always discussed together There they're parallel tracks, perhaps But there's a legal track as well as a political track on this and the legal track needs to be brought up because there was a national plan for In the national plan remember we had that uh, uh, the opportunity to get a national plan and then we just walked away from the you know, right There's a national plan that Yeah, I I I understand I just I and and I think that we're having a higher level of discussion here because the people here have A really good understanding and move it but if we're talking about getting people to understand reparations Then we have to Not get that confused with understanding surge. There are two different things and and and and the same advice versa but When you're trying to work with people on surge If you introduce a discussion of reparations, you'll pull them off of the discussion of surge because they will be trying to figure out Well, what does this have to do with this and I don't understand and you will have lost them So too parallel tracks to the point when you get to starting talking about making policies and stuff Uh, and then you start. Yeah, we need Third as we need to eliminate all forms of racial discrimination And that's a part of the equitable Anyone else so we've got a human right Go ahead I wanted to mention dr Right now we're under a time period to For all cities to put forward a universal periodic review We're doing webinars on how your local age your local agency cause Or whatever can run To united nations as a ready to Or or reparations or any violations that are going on in the country So we're in a period. I wonder if reparations should be part of that us in the right city Organizing apparatus Absolutely. I think that that anyone who's writing on The third requires a periodic review, which is coming up in 2020 Reports are due in september and in fact, I've been thinking of redoing one idea on health Uh reports to do uh in september any ngo Well, uh vanka Any ngo can write a report and submit it A non-governmental organization can write a report and they like reports that are locally based Uh that are kind of Stories and stuff like that So you can write a report and the purpose of the periodically review is to say, okay How is the united states meeting its human rights obligations? under its Treaty convention on elimination form all forms of racial discrimination Uh, it happens what every two years ramen Or is it three years? Every four and a half years So so yeah Your cities can do it organizations can do it Any non-governmental organization can do a uh a report on What they the status is and they wouldn't and they just Statistics is important to them. I do a lot of statistics, but stories are awesome Uh, and so they kind of want to do that. So yeah, you that that would be a place to combine You're right robin that would be a place to combine both a discussion of of the lack of compliance with third And the lack of compliance uh and the lack of reparations So dr. Randall we're going to do anybody everybody how do Wenders report by september and the human rights network as they pay for the for the city's alliance human rights city's alliance And we are laying out webinars on how to produce this report by september Anybody that wants to walk the end with policy? So we've been almost an hour I want to turn this back because I said 30 minutes, but I knew we would have a good discussion So I want to turn this back to uh, I would I would just quickly go through because I know some people came on late And I want to just quickly refresh people what I said that uh Oh, where am I Okay Compensatory reparation is about just getting money. You hear a lot of young people say I want my check. I want my check So They calculate the damages and in one's pay. There's no further obligation Uh Even if what you get is inadequate Uh, which I guarantee you it will be horribly inadequate equitable Based on past history of reparations based on past history of reparations to japanese German all of these people we identify Again, they got inadequate reparations if we go for compensatory reparations, we're likely to get inadequate reparations as well Equitable reparations is about what hey, we want you to fix the harm We have identified a harm and we want you to fix it And you don't get off the hook until the harm is fixed And I'm suggesting that that harm should be Health disparities because there's plenty of research that shows That health disparities is connected to slavery and segregation. There's there's health people except without question that there's an intergenerational impact of On health and intergenerational Impact of stress So this would be hard for people to argue. Well, how can you prove that it's not connected to slavery and segregation? I'm like, hey the white health people have done it Uh, and then once you do that every area because health people have always already accepted social determinants of health that you can't improve Uh, you can't eliminate health disparities without addressing the health uh social determinants of health So I thank you all for coming My slides are available for patreon my the slides are available for patreons, uh, which is uh, you go to patreon.com and put in prof v rando and Sign up to be a patreon and I will be posting the slides up there anyone who's already a patreon h1 would will get a copy Through the subscription Uh, I will be turning this uh presentation into a youtube which general with link uh, and if um If there's any other discussion to comment Thank you so much. Thank you everybody. Bye. Thank you Thank you. Thank you. Uh-huh. Bye. Bye