 Now, we'd look at some interesting dynamics of the NGN based marketplace, how it is affect the rules and regulations and the overall landscape of policies in a certain country. So, we'll start off with a quick recap of current marketplace and we'll see how NGN has affected the regulations themselves rather than the regulations impacting the evolution of NGN and we take examples from WIP and IP television. As far as the current marketplace is concerned, we can think about Pakistan Telecom Authority and PEMRA which govern the regulations for traditional services for telephony and television. But now, the telecom providers are now becoming NGN providers offering a suite of services in addition to typical connectivity. So, the existing regulations of the PST and PLMN environment is now going to be applied straight forward for QS-enabled WIP as far as the data plane is concerned. But for the control plane, certain regulations have to be thought about. Why did I assume so or why did I say that we need to look at the control plane and the signaling plane with regards to regulations? If the former is not affected by the evolution of NGN, the latter is indeed affected because NGNs have transformed the dynamics of the marketplace. It allows new market players or entrants to have a more participatory and emerging role. NGN does not totally eliminate the traditional market powers but only changes the way the market powers use to monopolize the environment. So, it means we can think about dominant market powers to be still relevant but now they do not have a court-on-court to eat the cake and have it because the entire value chain is now quite specific. So, the variety of business players as in device, network, platform, application and content are all now going to be provided with specific requirements. So, one size fits all is no more possible. So, it means we will have some experts or niche market players which would be good in one but not so good in the other. So, this overall offsets the market powers and realigns them. Also creates an opportunity for third-party service providers which could be providing devices, content and so forth. So, this allows us to move away from traditional highly regimented controlled regime. And allow us to move to more deregulated environment. So, this means that if we assume that we are going to deregulate everything then the Achilles heel of all the NGN services which is the broadband access could also become vulnerable. But the countries ensure that the most important element of NGN that is the broadband access is not deregulated. Let's take some useful and interesting insights from Voice Over IP. At the moment, Voice Over IP which is best effort is deregulated of as I said earlier when we talk about Skype, FaceTime, etc., these are pretty much deregulated because these are considered as over the top. But if quality of service enabled VoIP is offered in a certain NGN environment where the network provider and the service provider are working in conjunction. So, more fundamental issues like traditional telephony are going to emerge like caller line identification has to be provided, call forwarding, call blocking, etc. And the traditional role of the telecom provider as in PSTNs to have the utility power supply. If you remember the PTCL telephone having that dial tone was the responsibility of the PTCL itself. So, 911 emergency calls and certain lawful interception. Now, these are going to become important issues. The regulation of IPTV services in NGN market is also going to be similar. We know that we've lived with cable television and terrestrial broadcast and digital video broadcast for a very long time. The content of IPTV is now going to be following similar constraints which depend upon the quality and the culture, the language and the government. So, the overall political, socio-political environment is going to determine the impact on the provisioning of IPTV. In IPTV, if we look at Netflix and iFlex, for instance, and the Amazon TV, we understand that the video on demand is what they provide. They create a lot of content and the best effort IPTV, like YouTube, because it's the responsibility of YouTube servers as such, not the network provider. So, it means these are largely unregulated. Whatever content is hosted is beyond the jurisdiction of a certain nation state. Each country applies its own regulations for accessing the content, however. So, the caveat now is that earlier we used to have one clause or one obligation which was applicable to the network and service providers. But since now they've become separable, so it is very hard to ensure compliance to a certain clause by all the players. And very important, all these players or the market forces are now investing on economizing their profits or their profit margins by economies of scope. That is, they are diversifying their portfolios. That makes the regulation landscape even more challenging.