 So my talk today will be the subterranean termite measurement in horticulture and in garbage. For termites, we know that in nature, they are recycled. Subterranean termites, it would basically leave in the nature, they recycle the nutrients from dead trees, falling logs. But they eat wood. So when we cut down the trees, destroy the natural habitat, and put on our house, buildings, and especially with urbanization going on. And they will start to attack our house. So this picture showing some of the damage we have experienced over the years, and they may leave inside the wall, they can eat all the wood component, even your floors, and even your instrument, anything that's made of wood. So they can cause millions and millions of dollars damage every year. And also they will attack anything with cellulose. And it doesn't matter if your book, document, your furniture, even your clothes, and your belongings. And so termite damage can be anywhere. So they eat anything with cellulose. And also you have heard the story that termites eat soft, still sit. And also with this picture I took in 2004 from Mississippi, we termite eat through the table, the rubble, and then cause some shortage there. And we have this picture was taken in Auburn, where we have a homeowner, she has a swimming pool. And the swimming pool was leaking over the years, that doesn't know what's the problem. And then after the drain, the swimming pool we saw all the insulations had been titled by termites. What time this happened, basically termite must have moisture. They need water and wood, and they're kind of in the soil. So if anything stops them from getting water or getting food, they will turn us through it. And in the landscape, they will attack anything. And here, this picture was taken to me by one of our county agents, is dug wood, historic dug wood, has been damaged by termite is dying and people couldn't figure out what's the problem. And then you see all the termite tunnels over here. And this one is a country in our plight. It's a very big countries, and you see the mud tubes on the truck. And this is for most in termite. And this one is also from our plight is a purchase tree purchase tree is the most attractive to termites. So if you want to have landscape planting in, don't use per tree, even though they are very pretty. And this is a picture we took on campus. And you see the flowers on the meadows here and they is dying. And we pulled up and this root stop here loaded with termite. Not only that, since we are in a horticulture team here, and it will also damage all our horticulture plants or crops. Doesn't matter if it's in a field or potted plants. And the first picture was sent to me last year by one of our employees. She had a potted tomato. And the tomato was dying during the fruiting period. And she said, what's going on? And then we went over and we saw this here. See the termite also already meet all the skins from the truck. This one is a biopiper. And this one is a squash. And this picture was sent to me by, or took by chips. And that year is a color field garden. And all the color was dying from no one figured out what's the problem is not a disease. So, and then when you pull it up over here, you can see the termite damage is in the ground. So why termite attack our crops, our vegetables. And even in the potted plants, if you look out all the situations, we figure that that's all happened during a drought season. When it is dry, and we have the perfect moisture here. And the termite will travel kind of from far away around in the nature in the wood. And you know, they are attracted by the moisture. If I panel through here, you provide them with all the essentials they need. Food, moisture, and soft soil. Not only above ground, ground, they also eat in ground roots and bulbs. And this one is onion. You will see the onion. This is how termite can attack onion. Yes, you see the termite over here. We pulled out. This is the beet. And this is peanuts. And this one is a sand chalk. And this one people, I read online, there are some people saying that, oh, if you have garlic termite will stay away. No, they don't look what is it damaged over here. So any kind of plants, if it's dry, they need that water, they need that food, they will eat it anyway. So people often ask about of the different groups of termite, subterranean termite, driver's termite, bamboo wood termite. Yes, the damage is done by subterranean termite. However, which disease is only for, some people say that only for most in termite will attack leaving plants. No, actually, doesn't matter is native subterranean termite, or for most subterranean termite, they both can attack plants, died or alive. It's very hard to manage termites. Why? Because termites live in and above ground. They have multiple colonies. In one area, they can have colony here, colony there, colony everywhere, and they have the colonies kind of tunnel together, and you know, very big network, large foraging areas. And they travel, they are mobile, they travel for food, water, and soil. How termite get into a garden, get into a damage over through the trees and vegetables. Why don't they stay where they are, but you invade our horticulture area. Yes, that's the issue. They, you can, they can, for potted plants, sometimes they are bringing from the potted soil. And also, they will, if you move, moat around, they can stay in the moat, and you may bring them there. But the most important is the tree stalks. And if you have tree stalks close nearby your garden, your orchard, that is a dangerous sign. Look at this tree stalk. That's a three-year-old tree stalk. They didn't ground it, they didn't treat it. And look, this is Yongmei between May and June, and the termites swarming out from there. So they will find a nearby garden and very identical environment conditions, where the moat is wet with vegetables and cellulose for them to stay. And then they will establish colony there. Once again, all the damage to horticulture plants often happen in drought seasons. If it's wet in nature, they will go away. They can move away, leave where they are. But if dried, only the garden, the orchard will irrigate, will water them, maintain their moisture, and that termite really provides termite with a favorite habitat. So for control, how do we manage termite in horticulture? Here's some do's. First, remove any of the nesting sites. Doesn't matter if it's a tree stalk, falling log, landscape lumber, or moat. Don't use, avoid using wood moat in garden bed. That's very important. And because they provide conditions favorable to termites. And this is termite baiting. This is we haven't talked much yet. Usually, we will say if you protect a house, you hire, you contract with a termite service, they will ask you, do you want to use liquid termite treatment to create a permitted barrier around your house, or you can use a base. But we haven't talked about use base in horticulture. A couple years ago, we did an experiment project, and to use the base in fruit orchard include peach, kiwi, and we also use as a tea plantation. And the base sedation provides very good control. And of the baiting systems, a central count is not a label for homeowner use. They have to be used by license, past control service, but Trilona, that's also the old name is advanced termite bait sedation. Now is available to homeowner to anyone who don't need any license. The actually in gradient is in insect growth regulator. No one is very safe is will not harm any verticals and will not harm our vegetation and also this stay inside the station will not contaminate soil will not be observed by plants. So it's a very safe to use. You can place them around your perimeter around your garden, where you suspect that the termite may have a population there, or you can install them around the tree stump or inside the mulch and that will attract the termite to it. Or you can directly put them inside the garden. They have two different products. One is the bottom one is annual. Actually you put there you don't have to do anything you just replace that every year. And if you say the termite already consumed all the base, you replace them with new base, new rural. If you don't just keep it in the ground, you don't have to do anything. And the bottom line here is the one that you may expect it every three months or half a year, and the lower part has no active re-engraving termite will eat it, but they will get into the base and be killed. So they have two different, if you can buy it online or smooth some dealers, I believe it's around $20 per station, and the price may change over the years. The third method is you find you can use the nematode products, but when you select to use nematodes, be sure you select the red nematode product because different soil types will request different products. Some nematodes work better in sandy soil, some maybe in clay soil, so you need to read the label and make sure you buy the red product. And when you use apply it and follow the label. Very important, nematode is biological control agents. They are very susceptible to any environmental factors, water, temperature, time of use, sunlight. So read the label. And another way, another method we can use is use traumatic repellent plants. You read online, there are so many different plants, people say that is traumatic repellent, but all these are just kind of a folk word to pass on. And there is some research but no very designed research to really show this, all this, how they repel traumatic, how far they can work, and how, what's the basic, you have a plant, you have put the plant together to establish a barrier that stop traumatic from getting into your outer, getting into your garden. So this need more, really need some research to go out. And people will often see that how about I just spray insecticide. Remember this, for traumatic control spray insecticide will never work. The reason is, again, traumatic, a subterranean traumatic live in the ground and above ground. If you use spray on the surface, traumatic are paneling beneath the soil, maybe five inches, even one feet below that will never touch them. So it's not doesn't work. All you, but there and also they are very limited number of passage aside, labeled for how the country is. Now, spina said is one of it is kind of like a by a organic product, but spray doesn't work. If you use spina said you may consider use powder or granular for soil application, but I read all the labels before this presentation. No, none of the product labeled you can use this for soil publications, but they labeled apply vegetable so that's illegal, but how to how to walk around to use this. And another thing is how effective spina said is against traumatic. Obviously, the efficacy is not that ideal. If you have a plant pause, make sure that elevated plant pause office ground, don't let it touch ground that direct connection for traumatic getting into your part. And also you can replace the soil, however, replace the soil only work for party the plants, not for gardening or orchard, I will talk about in a second. Okay, is in speak of a moat, we did the experiment a couple years ago, we evaluated all the available mulch commonly used by horticulture. And we set up the environment in even Smith station, and we did. We expected the main trauma and activity in moat for from August to the next year, July is a year period. And then the data shows that the trauma is really favorite pine chips, any pine product, especially for pie straw, they don't really like the pie straw much, but they like fine pine pine bark. And also we, we, we, we collected data on trauma and activity in the soil five inch below the surface. Again, traumatic are found in all pine based moat is pine chips and pine bark. So, seems like this would moat pine product is very favorable to try might, but separate and the center, they have some kind of essential oil, they will first show the pilot to try might, but when whether or season, each product, they will last that effectively, something we should not do. First, the insecticide spray, we already talked about that. And as we move or replace top soil that a lot of people will say, I just pick out of the soil and remove it and bring a new soil. Yes, that may work temporarily, but by this spring termite will retreat from the disturbed area, deep into the ground, and reappear to attack it somewhere else. And also, they will reinvent. That's no problem. They will reinvent very frequently. And also, people may say, I kind of use a treated wood for the rest of the gardens. No, that doesn't work at all. Treated wood, it will reach the chemicals that will contaminate the soil and plants. And on top of that, they may create high moisture that may attract the termite and serve as a breathing size. So basically, this is what I'm going to talk about. If you have any questions, I will be more than happy to answer.