 We are going to look at a new topic today, we have so far we have been looking at X bar theory. The X an X bar theory is representation of elements and categories within a phrase and then that tells us how one phrase is connected with the other or how one phrase is part of the other phrase and the relationships among them. We are going to come back to X bar theory once again with new topics with new stuff that we want to build on. And this is why we have discussed X bar theory first. Now we are going to look at what is called theta theory. It has very little to do with theta as you may know but then I will show you what it means. Theta refers to theme in the sense that the whole theory talks about how different categories are related to one another in a thematic sense and this is largely about meaning that is semantics of elements in a sentence. It has huge role in syntax but largely it is related to semantics. So, to look at this thing this aspect of the study of sentence we need to answer these two questions. What is a theta role and how does theta role assignment actually work? We come back to these two questions or we are going to build our approach to these two questions in the following sense. I want you to know about these terms now and what these terms refer to. The term endocentricity simply means the following in the sense that an X p can only have X as its head. I have mentioned this thing before but an X p endocentricity stops at Y becoming head of an X p and Y is a versa. We have also when we were looking at a phrase we discussed how does it happen? How do we decide what all is part of a phrase? How many elements are part of one phrase? This is also somehow related to the concept of endocentricity that everything related to a phrase in other words every part of a phrase is contained within that phrase. So, and in a phrase we will have a specifier head and its complement. If there are additional stuff we have seen an X p what I mean by additional stuff is the following. We have seen an N p which has a specifier which has a head and which has its complement. That kind of N p is student of physics or student of physics or the student of physics. Then you saw yesterday we have a phrase which is an N p and it has an adjunct to a student of physics with long hair. Following endocentricity we know that with long hair in this phrase belongs to the whole N p. That is to say with long hair is talking about the head of this phrase which is a student endocentricity guarantees that, but according to the spaces available in the phrase there is no space for it. Still we need to accommodate it only in this phrase. We have discussed these things I am just putting a name for this. This is called endocentricity. Clear? Is the example that I gave you making sense to you? Yes? Yes? Okay. Next, I remember mentioning selectional restriction to you. I just want to make it a little bit broader and then bring selectional restriction inside that. Selectional restriction is part of what we know as categorical selection and that in short is called C selection. In simple terms it simply means certain heads specifically require only certain things. In totally non-technical term it means a certain head requires only certain things and they do not want anything else. I want to show you some examples of that and that is called sub-categorization. The requirement that a particular head will need only something certain type of thing it is called sub-categorization. For example, when we say that we have a let us say let me put it in a systematic way. We have been looking at these things that we need a subject and a predicate for a sentence. Then we know that in a predicate we have VP NP or a PP. This could be a potential predicate. Then we know that this NP could be required that is it could be object of this world and then we also know that in the same sense this PP may not be required. So, what we are saying here with the idea of sub-categorization is this NP is a sub-categorized element whereas this PP is not a sub-categorized element. Not a difficult thing. We have talked about this thing again without the name of this thing. If I tell you this is an object and this is a required element in other words this is a sub-categorized NP of this VP. I assume you to understand that inside the VP what sub-categorizes inside a VP what sub-categorizes this NP is the head VP. Still with me? No issues so far? Can I really make sure that you it is okay? Right? If there is any question if there is any difficulty you can still raise your hands talk about this and then we can move together sure okay. The sub-categorized NP the NP that we are referring to as sub-categorized element is actually done by the head that that is the point I am trying to make. When we say this this NP is a required thing inside predicate what we mean is this VP needs this NP. When we say this VP needs an NP in a precise way we are saying the head of this VP that is V sub-categorizes this NP. Why do we need to be that specific? Because we want to make sure that other parts of the of predicate or other parts of sentence should not have anything to do with this sub-categorization that is all why we need to be really specific about it and if if these things are true then what is the nature of this V this head? Transitive this is a transitive word right that is all is the meaning of sub-categorization and then we say that this V has a C selects this NP okay this V C selects this NP that is all. We can say these things I do want you to keep this thing also in mind we can also say these things without these terms and we are still good right I am only telling you these terms so that when you are looking at books or if you happen to interact with someone else they should get an idea or you should know what these terms mean basically they should get an idea that you not only know sorry this is the example of sub-categorization the good old sentences that we have been looking at what was the sentence like as a verb like as the head of this VP sub-categorizes for an NP pizza so this is an object of this verb this is an is an NP of this head V this is a compliment of this head V and this head V sub-categorizes for an NP which is its object that's all go ahead speak up loudly if we want this is called it's bound to have an object which is true so this is what I am saying we can say the same thing that this verb has an NP pizza which is the object of this verb same thing can be said that the head this head V sub-categorizes for an NP and sometimes this sub-categorization is little bit too rigid okay and I am going to give you more examples of that rigidity also we are saying this V sub-categorizes for an NP that is this head sub-categorizes for an NP there could be some other heads which can sub-categorize for other kinds of element and in in as a whole that is called C-selection that is certain heads specifically selects certain types of category and the whole process is called categorical selection or C-selection these are just names I am again repeating myself that we can say these these things with simpler terms also we don't need to really know sub-categorization it it sounds like a big name and when you say these names when you when you know these names you sound a little bit fancy you can scare other people that I know something called sub-categorization right you ask somebody anyone who could be a great English teacher great language teacher asking do you know about sub-categorization to that person it sounds like name of a disease the person can tell you look how do we know what that is right but the the reason why I am telling you this thing is not that you should know some big heavy terms you should not be deprived of these terms and therefore I am adding the rider also that we can do these things without these terms terms also and I am I am sure you are familiar that we can do many complicated things with simple terms right anyway let me move ahead with this look at I want you to spend couple of minutes on this this thing that is on your screen look at the verbs now you know about predicate objects verbs transitive in transitive and all that when we have a verb like no what are the things that it looks for it can only have these three things right if you look at this it carefully it's not not really scary what it needs is that is as its complement it can sub-categorize foreign NP right and in that case in that case the sentence will be something like John knows the time okay it's like a question what time is it do you know what time it is it's that kind of a question we can say John knows the time in this sentence the verb no is looking for an NP and that NP is the time clear it can also take a full sentence as its complement it can take a full compliment full sentence as its complement that is it can have an IP as its object are you are you still with me and the IP is you can see John knows that the world is full of noises I changed this sentence earlier it was nonsense John knows the world is full of nonsense but I have changed the sentence that's not important what is important is that the world is full of noises why is that what why is this not a sentence that okay remove that part remove that then it becomes a sentence then it becomes a sentence so if if without that it's a sentence with that it can only be sentence plus something I want you to understand this part with that if without that the whole thing is a sentence mathematically speaking with that it can only be sentence plus something it can never be sentence minus something get get my point the the reason why I am talking about sentence plus something or sentence minus something is simply because I haven't discussed that so far with you that is what I have discussed with you so far is NP okay I can I I haven't given you examples but I can take it for granted adjectival phrase PP and VP and in addition I have discussed with you what is called IP right and then I have discussed with you some of the things that are part of IP like AGR AGR P and stuff like that right am I right what I and and while discussing these things what I have told you is all of them are going to retain it's a structure something like this where you have a specifier head and a compliment allow me to repeat one more sentence each one of them may not necessarily have an a specifier each one of them may not necessarily have a compliment but each one of them will definitely have its head only then you have a phrase otherwise you don't have a phrase and this is what we just now discussed that we call it endocentricity all right now what I haven't discussed with you is there are there are more stuff like this right such as this one that the world is full of noises okay sometimes we can drop that part right so so allow me a few more sentences here which is probably required is the following do you know that there are two types of that in English if I ask you what is that how will you answer demonstrated pronoun right so we can say that is a pronoun is type of a pronoun everybody the true that is type of a pronoun pronouns are used for things for referring to things so I can say that this right those these in that sense it's a pronoun and more specifically it's a demonstrative pronoun everybody this that in this sentence is not that one this is not a demonstrative pronoun do you see that this the the element that you see is not a demonstrative pronoun because it is not demonstrating anything right there are several elements in a line in a language as a language specific case in English there are several such types of elements in other languages too we have such things right so if it is not a demonstrative pronoun then what is it conjunction right conjunction we can say conjunction but it's more than conjunction you see conjunction is an element which is needed for example if I want to say John and Mary I cannot say John Mary I need to say John and Mary but this kind of thing sometimes can be dropped right and and I am I am not focusing too much on the grammatical aspect of it but some we can we can also say John knows here we here that is needed John knows that the world is flat right but in some kind of sentences we can drop that that also and still the sentence will be okay so my argument is this element is something more than conjunction now I am I am not telling you that right now I am sorry I am not going into the details of that right now however since we are talking about several terms it will be nice for us to talk about that term at least that term is called can you read this complimentizer you have heard the word compliment and this is a new term it's called complimentizer okay now there is a huge difference between a compliment and a complimentizer compliments you know by now and complimentizer the word refers to this kind of element which is a that right everybody agrees that this is not a demonstrative pronoun so this has got to be something right in a in a description of a language we cannot leave something undescribed so this has got to be something and this is called complimentizer again a big name a heavy heavy term just bear with me even if you know if I am repeating this thing on record if you don't remember this term sky doesn't fall okay what I want you to know for sure though that there are two types of that and one is like a pronoun the other is not like a pronoun which has some additional function some other function even this much is good enough if you can remember this term and if you can describe the same phenomena with these terms then you are a great linguist okay now so with with this kind of thing what happens is some there is something else which is called what is that if I if I just put this thing complimentizer phrase okay complimentizer phrase and I do want to move on with this thing I don't have liberty for digression right now can't take a detour but I do want to give it give it a conclusive shape so that at least you know what this means cp is more than ip cp is more than ip because for a cp how do we get the structure of a cp how do we get the structure of a cp help me what do we get here and here see no problem for anyone so far and this is going to be a specifier right and this is the head and the compliment of a complimentizer compliment of a complimentizer is can anyone guess ip this is the reason why I am saying a cp is more than an ip okay cp is more than an ip you have seen what an ip is right specifier i bar i and vp like vp is the compliment of i the bundle of features is ip itself at times not all the time at times compliment of complimentizer like that this is what I meant when I said it's more than an ip okay it's it's bigger than an ip it's ip plus something which is a sentence plus something not sentence minus something I we are going to use this thing little later also no by little later some other time and we need to describe some other stuff with the help of this thing so I think that will be handy at that point in time for the time being this making sense that the object of a object or the object of a verb like no okay could be an entire sentence which is a sentence and more than a sentence so so object need not to be need not be just an mp okay that's one point the second point is while discussing categorical selection we are saying that a category like no what category no belongs to verb verb right a head like no could need at times a cp as its compliment get this thing and I I I I am positive you can appreciate it at this time that what we mean by recursiveness okay we are saying the whole cp could be compliment of a v right a whole cp could be compliment of a v as you can see on the screen and then I am saying also saying a c can take an ip as a compliment do you see the what we know as in real life chicken and egg story and this is what takes you takes us to infinity that with with these things with these mechanism we can capture the notion that a sentence could be infinitely long that is there is no restriction that we have to begin a sentence with cp only and above cp there is nothing so there is nothing like a god structure okay everything could be attached to anything else I mean depending upon the need right and that is what I am trying to show you here that in order to understand categorical selection a head like no at times take an np as its compliment at times could take an entire cp as its compliment okay and then also it can take an entire interrogative sentence as its compliment I have not discussed with you interrogative sentences so far let me not spend more time on this thing for the time being I can simply say an interrogative sentence is not an ip is not an ip however I can also say with this help with the help of this cp now an interrogative sentence is a cp okay an interrogative sentence is a cp trust me I am not simply throwing words and I am not simply trying to to avoid such discussions hang on to these things when we discuss when we come back to ip cp an interrogative sentence is more we will talk about that right now moving ahead a verb like a head like ask necessarily requires these kinds of element these kinds of compliments what are those compliments it could also need a it needs a an np sometimes it needs an np but it is never going to need a cp okay a verb like ask is never going to need a cp or an ip however it may need I am sorry I am sorry let me let me revise myself when I say it is never going to take a cp I had be in mind okay but when it is going to allow for a question sentence but the question sentences are cp so let me revise myself what I am saying is a head like ask is not going to take that the world was full of noises type of sentence okay which is to say it is not going to take as its compliment a cp with where c subcategorizes for an ip that kind of sentence it is not going to take however it needs interrogative sentences sometimes and likewise a head like wonder this is also verb right had this word before verb before wonder I wonder whatever follows wonder can only be an interrogative sentence we I cannot say I wonder you I wonder the time these are not grammatical strings for English speakers it has to be I wonder what time that was what time it is I wonder where we are headed to these are the these are the grammatical strings which which if we describe or we try to explain simply means that a head like wonder can only take interrogative compliments it is not going to take an mp compliment and it is not going to take a cp like that the world is full of noises I wonder that the world is full of noises is not a grammatical string now the idea for us is not to learn again English the point that I am trying to make through this is very simple if we take three examples like know ask and wonder these could be three different heads in a language like English and they have certain restrictions on what kind of compliment they could select or they may not select these are just three examples we can take another compliment as well we can take a compliment like eat or read and we can say eat can only select an mp it is not going to select as a cp or it is not going to select an interrogative interrogative sentence we cannot say I ate what time what chapati that was we can say these kinds of sentences right the the point is we are discussing restrictions on a particular head could subcategorize the types of elements adjectives it is going to require it may not it may not an adjective may not need something it it may not need anything I can say this computer is black the adjective black doesn't need anything else but if it needs something it may need a pp as its compliment and the examples are given to you look at that we can we can say fond of tall students okay but we can never say fond the tall student understand right I can say I am fond of sweets right I can never say I am fond sweets what does that mean this kind this grammaticality and ungrammaticality can be stated in following terms an adjective needs a pp as its compliment and not np as its compliment is this thing clear making sense at least yes that that's all is the meaning of a in b nouns require pp compliments right some certain when we when we are saying nouns require pp compliments we are not we are not trying to say all nouns will require we are saying certain nominal elements have a requirement that they are going to need a pp so if we need to describe let's say queen or king or student that we have been describing such things such nouns can only take a pp as its compliment if I need to describe a student it can only be described with pp we I can say queen of blue of the blue oils student of physics we can never say queen the blue oils we can never say student physics we you can argue we can say physics a student but that's a different string okay we can never say physics a student I'm sorry student physics we need to say student of physics okay so if at all it's going to require a compliment it can only need a pp as its compliment this is discussed at this is being discussed with you as a sort of requirement that sometimes certain nouns may need a particular type of compliment alone nothing else works yeah this is a black computer black compliment as a noun black is an adjective which has a compliment as noun so what so your question is what is that you need to look at that more carefully I'm glad you are looking at this thing but and this is why I said I may not have discussed ap with you that is adjectival phrase right without discussing it on the board I can tell you black computer could be an adjectival phrase okay when I when we say it's an adjectival phrase what we mean is black is the head that is adjective and it has an np as a compliment which is computer right but it could also be an np where black becomes the specifier of this np that this head noun is this is this making sense to you not not making sense of the tall student fond of the tall student so tall is the adjective no tall is the adjective yes see look at this example we are we are talking about the same thing of the tallest student what type of phrase is that pp right and in that pp off is the head and what's the compliment of this head the tallest student right now what is the tallest student np right in this np no no no fond fond is adjective here fond is adjective fond clearly adjective now the tallest student is then is an np right the tall student is an is this an np tell me now the tall student how because the student is the head in the the tallest student that's what I'm asking you how why is it not an adjectival phrase I don't know it the head is not noun the tall student the is this where what is that tall if it is an adjectival phrase then tall is the head of that and noun is the compliment of that head tall this is how it works let me show you see we are saying off the tall student you know so far this was pp from here the question is what is that right you would want to believe this is an np right because this is what you have seen and that that this is what I was trying to answer you and this is what it meant when I said I haven't discussed ap with you if we did not have this one right then the story was different here we categorically know that this is not this is not an np this is an adjective phrase where we have a specifier a bar a and np as the compliment the is the specifier tall is the head and again student is the head sorry yeah that is because this is the pp off the tall student becomes pp so in this pp p does not have np as a compliment in this pp p has ap as its compliment lost confused what's the confusion the tall as the head of this phrase has np as a compliment no no no no no no no you're you're you're you're mixing two three things together first of all let me let me reduce their confusion when the first thing says adjectives require pp as compliments where do you see that there is no pp as compliment at the no no no hold on I mean see by by tall taking np as a compliment what I am trying to tell you is this does not contradict this one because we are talking about certain types of adjectives require only certain types of compliments we are not saying all all adjectives are going to take only pp as compliments and therefore I am giving you some selective examples like font like in this case you just have font okay we are saying we are talking about I I don't think I need to take you back we are talking about categorical selection in that discussion I am talking about certain categories needs only certain type of compliments and this is called a restriction on them categorical selection is a restriction okay some categories need only certain types of things like like I gave you examples of noun sorry no ask and wonder similarly I am giving you example of font with this example please don't confuse that it means all adjectives are going to take only pp as compliments and probably that is what creating creating confusion with you that here is a pp here is an adjective which is taking np as a compliment true there is no no problem here and this is not in contradiction with that either as long as you are you can see that the compliment of that adjective is a pp do you see that the compliment of that adjective is a pp what we are trying to say if you have an adjective as font if you have font as an adjective it is not going to take np like this one it can only take a pp that is that that is an example of categorical selection and look at the third one should not be a problem there that preposition will require np compliments right on the brown table I have I have talked to you about selectional restriction just give me give me another moment which we can the way I discussed with you so far I want to conclude it with the following remark I have discussed with you no ask and wonder the description that I gave you for the description that I gave you and I called that what did I call that categorical selection that is a syntactic restriction that is a syntactic restriction if I say the same thing with the following words then it becomes semantic restriction what the what is the word no for no compliments must be a question or a proposition then it is a semantic statement okay I I realize that I need to discuss with you proposition right proposition simply means an statement okay so so the examples like that the world is full of noise okay the B example of no is a proposition okay so if I am saying a verb like no a head like no needs a see could take a CP as its compliment this statement is syntactically charged if I say no could take a proposition as its compliment okay that is a semantic statement the the distinction is very subtle very subtle see categorical selection is syntactic notion semi categorical selection is a syntactic notion semantic selection or S selection is semantic notion wide by definition similarly for questions like for the for the heads like ask and wonder we can say compliments must be a question this is a syntactic statement if we say they they they need CP as its compliment then it is going to be syntactic statement we need to we need to discuss couple of more things in terms of restriction and then I will discuss with you thematic relations