 So, without further ado now, I have a chance to introduce Kiran Mukundar Shah, who will be doing a fireside chat with our next CEO, Gaston, that's Robert Bradway, who Kiran I'll let you introduce. I'll introduce Kiran just briefly. Kiran is the founder and chairperson of Biocon. She is one of the most inspirational and powerful leaders in the world. Once her many honors, Kiran has been anointed to the time magazine, 100 most influential people in the world, the Forbes magazine, 100 most powerful women in the world. And Kiran has a kind soul and she doesn't like the term philanthropist. She prefers the term compassionate capitalist and she's done really amazing things for people and patients across the world with her wealth. So Kiran, thank you for all you've done and now, without further ado, I'll hand it over to you. Well, thanks a lot, Andy, and it's great to have this virtual fireside chat with Bob Bradway, who actually needs no introduction, because he is the big chief of Amgen, which to me is a very inspiring biotech company, a very iconic one. So Bob, without further ado, since we've got very limited time, let me say what a pleasure it is to have a chat with you. I'd love to have had it in person. But as you know, COVID is kind of plunging us into a very difficult time. It's taking the fun out of these summits, but at the same time, I guess you and me haven't had the chance to synchronize our travel calendars many times in the past. So at least this way, we are in the summit, well, maybe not really in Boston, but somehow in Boston with Andy and Karun. And I must say that Karun and Andy, you've done a tremendous job of raising the profile of this summit. And I must congratulate you on your untiring efforts over the years, so congratulations. So let me start, Bob, by giving my huge congratulations to you and Amgen for Lumacras. I think it's a phenomenal breakthrough, especially given that the Keras G12C target was considered to be undruggable. And of course, in my own small way, I feel quite connected to that program because our scientists were a part of the bigger team from Syngene, Amgen Research Center in Bangalore. So I think we all feel so thrilled that you brought such a fantastic drug to the market. And I guess my question to you is, how do you take decisions like this to invest in such programs that have such enormous scientific challenges? I mean, you expect this to happen in small, tiny biotechs, but how do you do it at Amgen? Well, first, Kiran, let me say it's a pleasure to be here with you today. So wonderful to see you, even if only virtually. What I would say first is that we still feel like a small, tiny biotechnology company, I guess in some ways, even though we invest $4 billion a year now in research and development. And really, all of that research and development investment has channeled that novel innovative medicines. We're trying to push the boundaries of biotechnology to develop breakthroughs for patients that are suffering from serious disease. You mentioned lumicrafts, which is the drug that the FDA just recently approved for patients suffering from non-small cell lung cancer with a G12C mutation. And as you say, that was a pretty daunting challenge, one that for 40 years, scientists have been trying to address. And we were fortunate to find a way to drug what was once considered an undruggable target and in less than 28 months from the time we dosed the first patient to when we filed the application with regulators, we were able to generate data to show that this was a safe and effective way to address this mutation. And so we're excited about what it represents for patients. I must say I've been amazed by the outpouring of reaction to the approval globally from people who recognize that this really is a breakthrough in the field. And I hope it's encouraging about what we should expect from further developments across the oncology landscape. We're living in the biosensory and the pace of change is extraordinary. And this is just yet another example of that. So Bob, maybe leading on from that question, I'd like to ask you about some of the unmet challenges that we have in cancer in the developing world. For example, gastric cancers, that this is a huge unmet need. At least I know in our part of the world. And I wonder if Amgen is planning to look at some of these kind of developing word cancers as well. Yes, we are here. And we're also very active in looking at gastric cancer, which as you point out is a very prevalent form of cancer, particularly in the Asian part of our world. And we have recently acquired a molecule, which we expect to move quickly into phase three clinical development, an antibody called Bemer-Tuzumab, which is directed at the FGFR2B receptor. So again, first in class novel way to try to bring help to patients who are suffering from gastric cancer. In addition, we have two bispecific T cell engaging therapies that are directed at specific targets that we think may be relevant in gastric cancer. So we see the potential for this field to be rapidly advancing. And I hope we'll find ourselves right in the middle of it. Certainly excited about our late stage clinical asset, the Bemer-Tuzumab. So would you be even considering doing some of these trials in India? We're certainly looking at global registration of global trials and seeking to register these medicines globally. And so we will enroll patients where the prevalence of the disease enables us to do that. We'll look in India and look at other countries, obviously in Asia, expect that we'll have a very healthy global development plan for these molecules. So let me get on to my second question, which is really about operation warp speed. You know, we saw vaccines go from the lab to the market in just about 321 days. And I just thought I'd ask you what your questions are about emergency use, authorization for vaccines and whether we should be using that for drugs as well. I mean, basically we addressed an unmet emergency need when it came to vaccines. And I guess you could almost talk about the same when it comes to certain unmet needs where you need to get drugs faster to patients. And I for one feel, for instance, that all this controversy that we've had around biogens, Alzheimer's drug, could it have actually been solved by saying, could it have been addressed by saying that, OK, let's give it an EUA and then back it with real world evidence. So is this something that you think we should be thinking about for drugs? And, you know, I'd just like to hear your thoughts about what you would think about this kind of a model, you know, it does mean it gets us, gets drugs faster to patients and the investment costs would be lower, I would imagine. Yeah, I think it's an interesting question, Kieran, but let me try and answer it at a higher altitude. First, I'd be remiss if I didn't just take a moment to observe that what we've seen in the development of the vaccines is extraordinary. And I hope everybody outside of our industry recognizes what an amazing feat it is that, as you said, in less than a year, we have not just one, not just two, but several vaccines that have proven to be safe and effective to address the challenge of COVID-19. So in a very short period of time, the world rallied around the scientific challenge of identifying this virus and then ways to wrestle it to ground, and we've proven to be very successful so far in that effort, and that we were able to do it that quickly and that effectively is really an extraordinary accomplishment. So again, I think for those who don't live in this industry every day, I hope they appreciate the scale of what was achieved here. It was really a landmark moment in science and medicine. And I think there's a lot that we can learn from how that was possible. A lot we can learn from the way in which industry regulators, government, academia came together to try to break and solve a global problem. And I think we demonstrated that the power of biotechnology is extraordinary when the ecosystem is working together to try to make a difference. And so is there an opportunity to increase the tempo of drug discovery and drug development? Absolutely. Are some of the things that we learned over the past 18 months applicable to diseases going forward or to the drug discovery development process? I think absolutely. And I think that will be one of the important challenges for innovators and for regulators is to figure out of the many things that we did differently for COVID, which of those should we continue to do? And which of those should we apply to the kinds of drug development and discovery that we routinely do in our industry? So I think there are opportunities. I hope we will seize them, whether it turns out to be in the form of emergency use authorization or some other method. I don't know that I want to speak to that specifically, Kiran, but I simply would like to shine the light on the fact that there are pathways that would enable us to move more quickly than we have in the past. Yeah. I think with all the technology and things, I'm sure accelerated pathways are going to happen sooner than later, I hope. So maybe I should also ask you a question about the fact that the world attention has really been focused on all things COVID. Let me put it that way. But I do think we need to really now start getting back to other areas. And I just wanted to ask you, what are the real disease areas that you think need urgent attention and innovative solutions? Well, there's no more urgent disease than heart disease. No disease kills more people on our planet than heart disease. If I just focus for a moment, Kiran, in the United States, where hundreds of thousands of people lost their battle against COVID over the past 18 months, we will have many more people lose their battle against heart disease over the next 18 months than did to COVID-19. And so we ought to ask ourselves about chronic diseases like heart disease. Are there things that we could do differently? And if there are things we could do differently, why don't we do them? And unfortunately, when we look at that question and the answer in heart disease, it leaves us wanting. So are there ways for us to predict those who are at most greatest risk of succumbing to heart disease? Absolutely. We can predict which of our fellow citizens are greatest risk of heart attack or stroke. And then we have to ask ourselves, well, if we can predict who they are, can we help prevent those events from occurring in the first place? And here again, the answer is very clear. Yes, we can. We and others have medicines. In our case, medicine called rapatha, which profoundly lowers LDL cholesterol. And that's an important way to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. So if we went after some of these chronic diseases, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, and heart disease, as I've already mentioned, with the kind of intensity that we went after COVID-19, I think we could make a big difference in the world. So I think it would be a pity if we succeed as we are on track to do against COVID-19 and then reenter a status quo anti-world without asking ourselves, you know, what are the next big challenges for us as a society? Clearly, heart disease is one of those big challenges. And we have the tools to do something about it. So I'm hoping that when we get through COVID-19, we'll find new ways to energize the battle, the fight, to make patients and regulators and payers and physicians aware that there are alternatives. And we don't simply have to accept that 800,000 people will have a heart attack in the United States over the next 12 months. Or 825,000 will have a stroke where that hundreds of thousands of women will fracture in the setting of postmenopausal osteoporosis when we can predict which of those people are most likely and in many cases, prevent those events from occurring in the first place. So I think chronic disease really, Kieran, is the next frontier for us. And we see it around us, all of us see it around us every day. And I think the question for us will be, are we ready to tackle that public health challenge? Yeah, in fact, COVID itself seems to be having a post-COVID or a long haul COVID problem, which some of it is cardiac related, you know. So it'll be interesting to see what that turns out to be in terms of a chronic disease. So, you know, maybe I'll sort of let our focus on a conversation we had a long time ago when we last met Bob, and that was about Amgen's digital strategy. You know, I'm sure many of the digital platforms that you have in house have helped you with either remote working or keeping you connected globally. But I remember, you know, you describing how you are going to use digital technologies in drug innovation, clinical development and digital therapeutics as a whole. Would you like to share some of the, you know, things that you've been doing in terms of using and leveraging digital technologies at Amgen? Well, thanks, Kieran. You know, the last 18 months have been extraordinary for all of us when it comes to accelerating our use of digital technologies. Like the one that we find ourselves on here today. And, you know, you've heard the phrases that in 10 months, we probably accelerated 10 years in terms of our adoption of digital tools and technologies. And, you know, that may well be true. So virtually across all of our business, we see opportunities to improve our use of digital to use ways of reaching more patients more effectively by deploying some of the new and quickly emerging technologies. So I would start when you think about Amgen, I would start with our commitment to human genetics. We are the world's largest player when it comes to using human genetics for drug discovery and development. We have a very considerable effort in that regard based in our subsidiary in Iceland. And so that is, at its core, a data business. And so trying to extract insight from that large repository of genetic information is a digital challenge. In addition to the human genetic data, we of course have other OMIC data. So we have massive proteomic experiments running and lots of other OMIC data that we're combining with our genetic information. Try to understand what causes disease and try to understand what we can do to compete against the disease processes. So it starts there for us. But like everybody else in the industry, we're also looking at digital as a way to think better about the kind of molecules that we discover. And we're really encouraged about rapidly the field of protein structure and function is evolving and how machine learning might be able to break some of the important roadblocks that exist in that area. And then in development, in manufacturing, in sales and marketing, really across everything we do, we see opportunities to deploy new digital technologies. So clearly that is an area that we expect to see rapid development in. And I think it's going to be, again, another exciting several years for us in the industry. I know we are running out of time, but maybe I'll turn this over to Arti Shah, former senior vice president from Eli Lilly, who I think wants to ask you a question, Bob. We have an expert in digital technology on our panel. So Arti, feel free to elaborate on anything you just heard me say. No, I second what you say, Bob. But I want to first just echo what Kiran said, means what an amazing event, rich in content and an awesome lineup with great leaders and speakers. So Karun and team hats off to you. So Bob, if you could elaborate on the two questions that Kiran asked. You know, we saw this unprecedented collaboration and partnerships across pharma, big pharma, biotech in terms of the COVID research, supply chain manufacturing. What are some key lessons learned? And what do you say are areas that pharma can continue to collaborate to even make a bigger impact to mankind? That's one. And the second, I think, on the digital transformation, I agree we are all doing that. What is the ecosystem? You know, means from a technology perspective with our tech partners and pharma to truly unleash this power of data advanced analytics and the compute speed that's now available. What would your message be to all the folks who are listening, both pharma and the tech giants? Yeah, that's great. Thanks, Arti, for those two questions. First, let me just observe that I think the industry historically has done a great job of collaborating. I think big companies with small publicly financed with venture capital finance. So I think if you look at the history of biotechnology over the last 40 years, you can find many great examples of therapies emerging that were the product of companies coming together and collaborating at key moments in the life cycle of medicine. And so that's something our industry has done pretty well through time. But I think we took it even to another level in the case of COVID-19. And if I may, Arti, just invoke your former firm, Lily. Lily and Amgen, for example, came together very rapidly in the partnership to make antibodies to try to neutralize COVID-19. And the speed at which we agreed to collaborate and the extent to which we threw in together, I think, reflected the urgency of the pandemic. But that kind of collaboration, that kind of cooperation I think points the way forward when it comes to some of the big challenges that we still face as an industry. So I'm hopeful that we'll see even more collaboration, even more of companies bringing together the best of their respective capabilities to address serious needs. And to do it with a minimum of friction and a maximum of efficiency in the way. I think we and Lily were able to do together in the manufacturing collaboration that we entered into. But I also think it's important to highlight that our success, even in that venture that I've just referred to, wouldn't have been possible without cooperation from regulators. And the question will be, how can we and regulators work together in the future in the way that we were able to for COVID-19 and capture some of the benefits of speed and efficiency that come from collaborations, especially when the regulators are engaged. So again, I think there are some things we can do and I think we should all feel pretty encouraged about the lessons that we learned from COVID-19 in that regard. And then as regards the big picture, I think you shine the light directly on it already. I think there's a huge opportunity for the tools of digital technology and biotechnology to be brought together. There are some really exciting things happening at some of the world's leading academic institutions trying to bring computational biology to life. The tools of machine learning or other forms of artificial intelligence to some of the questions that we still have about biology. So we're just scratching the surface of our understanding of biology. And I think digital technologies and the computational capabilities that exist in the digital world can help make a big difference. And again, I fully expect that over the next decade, some of the really exciting progress that we see will be as a result of people trained in technology coming together with people trained in biology. So thank you, Artie, for that question and giving me the opportunity to address that. So, Bob, I know you said you wanted a hard stop at 10.55, but Sujay has been waiting here. So if he can ask you that last question. Sujay from PricewaterhouseCoop or PWC. So why don't you ask him? Thank you, Karen. And again, congratulations to Karun and his team for a superb event. Robert, very quickly, given the challenges and the really high cost of drug development, how are you thinking? You actually said this a little bit in the earlier question, but how are you thinking about potential partnerships or alliances, whether they are public or private, to further the R&D challenge or to bring drugs to market? Where could they add value in the way you're thinking today? Well, again, Sujay, what I would say is that if you look at Anjan through our 41-year history, at any moment in time, a significant fraction of our medicines have been the result of either in-licensing or acquisition activity. And I think that's true really across all the leading innovators in our industry. So I would expect that that will continue to apply to the future just as it has passed. And we will continue to look for innovative opportunities for in-licensing. For example, we just completed the in-licensing of a very novel molecule, an anti-Ox40 molecule, with our friends at Keohokiran, which we think is irrelevant for the field of etopic dermatitis and potentially other inflammatory diseases. And we'll look forward to bringing our skills to bear on collaboration with them and hopefully develop a medicine that can make a big difference for patients. So I think it will continue to be a feature. For Anjan, it'll likely be in the areas where we're most heavily concentrated. That includes oncology, autoimmune disorders, and cardiology. So those are three areas where we're most active right now in looking for innovative business development opportunities. But Kieran, I want to again, I want to thank you for including me in your events morning. And Andy, I congratulate you in the room for the success of the event. Thank you. Thank you, Bob. It was great to speak to you. Thank you. Thank you, Bob. Thank you, Kieran. The poll starts now, and I won't talk because there'll be music after this. So please start polling. It's open for the next one minute. Go ahead. Poll is closing, and our back end didn't put the music. I wish I was a singer. I would have done something. So in the upcoming panel after we had the investment panel, we have Rajiv Kall. He's a good, besides being a fund manager, he also is a great musician and a rapper. Welcome back, everybody, and thank you very much to Kieran and Bob for a really terrific fireside chat. And before we move into our next panel, let's put up the polling results for the last question. Thank you very much to everybody who participated in the polling. And actually, for the first time today, we've got actually a neck and neck results. So let's see. The question was, what is the most crucial step to building resilience against the next pandemic? And by a slight margin, the Choice B won out. Development of more patient-reported outcomes. Oops, sorry. That was not... I have trouble reading on the screen, so I went to my notes and I went to the wrong note. So it was B, established infrastructure for more efficient research, collaboration, and data sharing. And that was neck and neck with BuildUp Global Diverse Surveillance Infrastructure. So thank you very much again for participating in the poll.