 I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashfi Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Education, Assistant Kharna Ghazri College, University of Allahabad and it is my email ID. The lecture will be in bilingual mode and we are discussing the theories of personality nowadays and today I am going to take a very important theory of personality that is Erick Erickson's theory of personality and this lecture will be useful for various teaching examinations because there are many many questions on personality which has to be asked in certain examinations. Okay and do subscribe my channel so that you can get my all videos and stay connected, stay tuned. So let's start. First of all something about Erickson. Erick Erickson extended fried stages by discussing the cultural implications of development. Certain cultures, they need to resolve these stages in different ways based upon their cultural and survival needs. When we were reading fried, we read Neo-Fridians. In Neo-Fridians, those people who made the theory of personality, they left that thing which is criticized as a point of sexuality. So Erickson's basic theory of fry is that he has developed a socio-sexual and socio-sexual development of personality. He has said that social, cultural, society, culture, all these things impact the individual's personality more than a narrow thing. Narrow, you can say, it impacts many things, it only impacts sexuality as fried was saying. So he has extended fried stages. Then Erickson maintained that personality develops in a pre-determined order. He is saying that it is a pre-determined order, that pre-determination has already happened that our personality will pass through 8 stages. These are 8 stages which are socio-social development. This is the individual and the society. The interaction is going on and our personality is getting united in accordance to Erickson. From infancy to adult. Generally, the psychologists have not talked about personality development after 12-18 years. But Erickson has gone up to death. He has covered up to 8 stages. So this is a very clear classification of stages. Then Erickson was interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings. How does social interaction play a role in the development and growth of the person? How is social interaction and relationships being made? How is it impacting the personality? This is what he tried to explain to Rishi. What will be the theory of personality? During each stage, the personality will be divided into three groups. What will be the theory of personality? During each stage, there are 8 stages of socio-social development. Then he says that during each stage, the person experiences a socio-social crisis. He says that every person experiences a social crisis. Which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development. He says that there is a crisis every time. If you cover it smoothly, if you go to the transition phase, if you go to the next stage, then you will have a good personality. If you are not able to do it, then the personality will disintegrate. Then for Erickson, this crisis is due to a socio-social nature. Why is this crisis not happening? Because it is a socio-social nature. What will be the socio-social needs of the individual? What is the need of the individual? What is the need of the society? What is the need of conflict? If both the needs are going to one side, whether the individual wants something, the society wants something. If there is a conflict or a crisis, then there is a problem. Then according to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. He says that if we successfully complete each stage, if we resolve the crisis in a good way and go to the next stage, then what will happen? We will be able to develop a healthy personality and we will be able to take basic virtues. We will be able to develop basic virtues. They will become a physician. Then stages. Since these are hierarchical stages, and this is exactly how we should remember in this crime. We cannot make any fair in this. So you have to remember that in the first stage, there is trust versus mistrust. Now it will be explained later. But for now, you remember this crime. Trust versus mistrust. Either we can believe it or we cannot believe it. Then autonomy versus shame. That is, freedom or we are not able to do that work, then there will be some shame, some doubt created. Then initiative versus guilt. That is, to do something, you will have the initiative to do something new and if you are not able to do it, then what will happen? Then industry versus inferiority. Industry means that we want to do something. We want to do something. We want to do something. But if we are not able to do it, then inferiority will be complex. Identity versus confusion. Who are we? We want to decide this. And if we decide, then it is good. If we cannot decide, then the identity crisis will happen. It will become a state of confusion. Intimacy versus isolation. On the next stage, they are saying that either we want to keep an intimate relationship and we will keep an intimate relationship. If we are not able to keep it, then we will isolate it. That is, it will become vulgar. It will become different. Then generativity versus stagnation. Integrity versus despair. These are the last mature adulthood and these are the stages of late adulthood that will clear you from the picture ahead. So this is why I remember. At least remember it first. Then you will understand. See, the beginning was here. Trust versus mistrust. That is, when a child is an infant in a state of depression, then what is the crisis for him? Trust versus mistrust. So trust will develop towards your caregiver and it will not happen. What will happen in early childhood? Here it is said that this is another summary. You will be able to understand it better. What is the next stage? You will know the year. From birth to 18 months. Then it will be 2 to 3 years like this. What is in early childhood? Autonomy. Either we have to do something. It will be autonomy that we can do this by ourselves. Personal independence. Personal independence. If we cannot do it, then shame and doubt. Like we teach toilet training here. If the child has delayed gratification, he has stopped it, he has told it from time, then it is good. And if not, then you feel ashamed that you have grown up so much and you have toilet in your pants. Like this. Then in preschool, initiative versus guilt. The child is going to school. In the state of being able to go to school, he takes initiative for many things. And if he takes initiative, he does the work well and good. If he is not able to do it, then it is a crime. Similarly, school age. If the child goes to school, he will do many things. He will do many things. If he wants to do it, he will be given some tasks. He feels in pride that if he has achieved this accomplishment, and if he is not able to do it, then he will do it. It is inferiority complex. Then in adolescent age. Look at this. You should know that Erikson is not the concept of identity crisis. And they have told many stages by doing moratoriums on it. We are not detailing it here. But to understand each stage in yourself, you need each lecture. Adolescent stage is saying that we want to know who am I? Who am I? What roles do I need to adopt? What are the norms that need to be fulfilled? What is the gender concept that comes here to the person? So identity. Or we should know what is our situation and if identity does not come, then what will be the identity crisis? What is the stage of your role confusion? What do we have to do? Then what happens in young adulthood? Intimacy versus isolation. You can say that romantic relationships are made. Intimacy happens. And if you are fulfilled in it, then it is good. And if you are not, then you feel different yourself. Then your personality gets disturbed. Then in middle adulthood, generativity versus stagnation. We see that we are giving something to society. Productive. Our children have been born. And the children have started giving to society. They have grown up well. Everything is going well. Children are settling. So in middle adulthood, people see all this. And what happens in maturity? It is a reflection. Like a house has been built. It has been settled. Everything has been settled. All these things are in it. All this has been given as a diagrammatic representation. See here, love-intimate relationship is like this. Like this. See here, mirror type is given. What is reflection? At this stage, we see our whole life again. What we have achieved and what we have lost. If you have lived a very good life, if your children are settled well, if they are in good places, if there is no mis-happening in the way of God, then what will happen? There will be a feeling of integrity. We have lived a good life. And if this does not happen, then you will also be unhappy at that time. In middle adulthood, and ultimately death is there. So these are the stages, psycho-social stages, of psyche, that is, of individuality. Social is coming from society. There is conflict between the two. Conflict, they have told us all. Autonomy versus shape. Initiative versus guilt. What is all this? There is conflict. So if you cross the situation of this conflict well, then on the next stage, your transition will be good. And overall, when you go to the last maturity stage, then you will come to the integrity stage. If you have crossed all the stages correctly, then this is also a summary. You can understand this better. Infancy, 18 months from birth, conflict is happening, trust is happening, or mis-trust. I mean, if there is a child, then his caregiver goes to him. He is hungry. His mother immediately gives him milk. So this trust develops in him, that whenever he is in a state of pain, then his caregiver will support him. And what is the important event? What is the feeling? And what is the outcome? Hope is coming out. There is hope. The hope is also happening, that whenever he is in a state of pain, then he will be with someone. Similarly, early childhood, you have some time, two to three years, autonomy versus shame and doubt. Toilet training is an important event here. And what is the outcome? Will. Good will. Okay, we can do this. Similarly, there is a purpose of exploration. There is confidence coming out of school. You can develop fidelity in adolescence. There is love in young adulthood, there is an outcome. There is care in middle adulthood, and wisdom in maturity. I mean, I see intelligence in a very, very pure form, in the form of wisdom. How is it going? Reflection on life. Reflection is going on in your life. And it is very important that you are at the stage of integrity. So, he covered the entire lifespan. No one had covered it before. Generally, we read that after the adolescence stage, all these development things are left behind. Critical evaluation. If we want to take care of them, what will we get? By extending the notion of personality development across the lifespan, ricks and outlines a more realistic perspective of personality development. What has he done? He has done it for the development of people. He has done it for the development of people. I mean, you can say, yes, this is what happens. Then, based on Erikson's idea, psychology has reconceptualized the way the later periods of life are viewed. I would say, the first time we saw that the last time, the time of the past, the time of life, which was not given importance in personality development, they are also considering that middle, late adulthood can also be disintegrated in your personality development. So, middle and late adulthood are no longer viewed as irrelevant. They are not irrelevant. They are also relevant to them. Because of Erikson, they are now considered active and significant times of personal growth. They are also a part of your personality development. They should be considered. Then, while this theory was impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's work, Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development. I have also told you that Sigmund Freud's work is based on this, but he did not take psychosocial stages with him, and his classification must have been very good. It is also very easy to understand. It is also very important. See, if you do not have anything, you can answer this question by closing your eyes that there are eight stages. But he will say which stage is the middle one. So, you should definitely remember where exactly the middle one will come. The middle one will come on the ninth stage. But he will ask which stage is the fourth stage, which stage is the fifth stage. He will ask which stage is the fifth stage. He will ask what is the right stage. What is the outcome of this stage? What is the conflict? There are many questions on it. So, we will remember it well. Only then we will be able to answer them. Okay? I have completed this theory also for personality and I have covered all personalities of all theories of personality, which is in the course of Emmy first semester. Okay? So, thank you all and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. Join my Telegram group too. Okay? Done from my side.