 Good morning sirs. Curse from Hazari Park. That is the legs sir. Yes sir. How are you? I am doing very well sir, thank you. You have been in Delhi or coming from Hazari Park? Sir, I was in the Hazari Park till now. I came here a couple of weeks back to the preparation. You worked in Goldman Sachs department? Yes sir. What's your father? Sir, he is a junior engineer in the Public Works department in Sharpen. Tell me something about the Holy Works department in Sharpen. How it is working? What are the issues? And any good experience your father would have made? The Public Works department is historically set up in 1850s by Mr. Dalhousie. It's involved in a lot of public assets creation, such as lids, loads, bridges, etc. My father goes through and approves the estimates for such projects. He has reported a few cases where... Estimates at all? Sir, I understand he approves the estimates first and oversees the construction data. Coming to the issues, there are funding crunches. Often there are projects that need to be approved for a greater amount. But the funds get delayed. There are also some reports of the delays and the overrunning of funds. And some reports of corruption as well. Sir, coming to a few... I can think of one good incident where the project was quite essential. It was an irrigation project for the farms. And that had been pending for a long time. Yes, and also it's part of the WTO? So it was a point construction for general purposes. I think it would have led to irrigation as well. So that was pending for a long time. My father was quite instrumental in getting it approved at an earlier age. So people were quite happy. Do you have any idea about the last action proceedings? Sir, that means... Since I'm 11, I cannot take over at this time. No, sir, I cannot take over at this time. A lot of cases and reports. Sir, I'm not aware of the specific category of cases. I'm sorry, I'll look at them. You'd have read the papers that came yesterday and the papers that came today. Monetisation of 6-5 crore. Yes, sir. So the project is meant to monetise our existing assets across diverse sectors. We need railways, we need energy, we need electricity, and so forth. The idea is to not lose ownership of these projects. I don't know what that is. We have roads. Highway is there. Highway number 8. Yes, sir. So a private sector could be given operational control over it. They will be responsible for maintenance, etc. And at the same time, they will benefit from the toll that has been provided there, sir. So... So it will be burdened with extra toll. We are the consumer. So it will be burdened with toll. Sir, that is the meaning of monetisation? Sir, the project has to be something that is monetisable. This means it has some income source associated with it. So it has some roads, I think, on that road or something. There will be a small amount of toll method to ensure it is maintained and a good quality road is provided to the consumers. Airports? So in the airports again, it will be leased out to private sectors. They will be giving a monthly or yearly payment for it. Airports are only private sector for their managing? Some of them, yes. There are two or three of them which are currently being managed by private sector. But the others can also... Sort of, what's the basic of today? Indeed, sir. Yes, sir. You understood? I couldn't understand. So in this specific case of airports, I don't fully understand you. In the case of roadways, it's easier to visualise how it will be monetised, how the cash flows will go. I'll look up about the airports. Okay. Our computer has some in the country. I think in the last year, there has been good growth in the computer sector. Personal PC. So have I any idea about that? Yes, sir. The internet penetration data has gone up quite dramatically. Around 35% a year before. 45% in one year. Oving to the COVID pandemic and the technology adoption. Can you tell me about the good markets in the country? Sir, I can take a guess, but I'm not aware. Sir, I would believe Lenovo has a good cap along with that Dell. HB. Yes, sir. Even Acer to some extent. Okay. You would have heard CSS. You heard CSS? Indicates. Yes, there are central response schemes. There are another two CSS. One is central response scheme. One is central secretary service. That is central staffing scheme. Sir, I'm not aware of the latter two. Going to the government, they're not heard of this scheme. I'll go and read to you about this. Okay. Where do we have jabras and kirabs in our country? Sir, as far as I'm aware, kirabs do not occur in the country. They don't use address. They don't occur naturally in the country. Do not happen. So we can import them and have them artificially introduced. They haven't approved like this? Yes, sir. Okay, if you did a couple of things generally, and you're optional is mother marriage. And your hobby is your static games. Yes, sir. I'm going to ask you about game theory. Are you comfortable with game theory? Sir, I understand the basics of game theory. Okay, very simple thing in game theory. What is known as prisoner's dilemma? What is prisoner's dilemma? Yes, sir. So it's a situation where there are two prisoners and it is not clear who has committed a crime. So they are asked to compress. Then based on the compressions, actions will be taken. So if neither of them confesses, they get a small amount of penalty, let's say one year of imprisonment. If one of them confesses, the other does not confess. That person gets two years of imprisonment. The other person is let off. In the final case, if both the person can press, sir, I think I'm missing this one. It's the other way around. Both the person can press, they get one year each. If one person can press, he gets two years. If nobody can press, both of them get three years. So what is likely to be the outcome? Sir, the likelihood will end up being, basically the decision will not be in the favor of either of them because for both of them, it is more beneficiary to not confess, regardless of what the other person is taking. This is like a strategic guess as you have put it. I don't know what you mean by strategic guess. In game theory, this is the sort of strategy you should follow. But now coming to civil service and game theory, what will be the outcome? Suppose you have a social policy. Now, you know what is isolation paradox? Sir, I am not going to talk about that. See, what is good for individual may not be good for the society. For example, I can preach, save, save, save. I myself may not save. You follow. This is called isolation paradox. In administration also, you may come on the situation that individually you feel something should be, I mean you don't do it yourself, but you just do it. So we apply this game theory there. Now, do you know what is the Karna solution in a game theory? I am not aware. Okay, something more simple, let me ask you on mathematics. What is the value of zero? So zero is a symbol you shouldn't invert or nothing. It has a null value. Basically, the value of zero is more as a prefix to a number or as a suffix to a number. So zero adds more value as a suffix to a number. So a suffix to a number. Now, a simple thing. What is the harmonic mean? So the harmonic mean is the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal. So if there is x1 and x2, the geometric mean will be, I am sorry, the harmonic mean will end up being 2x and x2 upon x1 is x2. Is there any relative between harmonium and harmonic mean? The instrument harmonium is 8. Sir, I mean how? Is there a symbol in the harmonium? No, no, sir. Or that means most of the musical instrument. Okay, now we were talking about monetization. Yes, sir. Now, you see to me the whole idea of monetization is here. The problem that is announced is basically the user charges. Can I say that? Whether it is road or power sector, any sector. And to minimize losses, is that the idea? What do you think? Sir, the idea is to have a revenue stream coming out of assets which are currently either lying without a revenue stream or to improve the revenue stream. The government has more revenue out of the existing assets without transferring monetization. Is there some sort of rent seeking? Sir, it is definitely renting. Although rent seeking has a negative connotation. Sir, I will not use that. Why? In what sense? How can rent seeking be negative? Sir, we know. That tells me how? Sir, normally rent about that in the context of corruption where people ask for bribes. So, I thought this would have a negative connotation, Okay, good. Now, one more simple question. What is FRBM? Sir, FRBM act, the fiscal regulation and budgetary monitoring. Fiscal? As regulation, responsibility. Responsibility and budget management. It is basically an act that provides a roadmap for fiscal consolidation that is bringing down a fiscal deficit and keeping a sort of, encouraging government to cut down on excess expenditure. Recently, there was a review committee on the increasing resource center and that provided a roadmap in 2022 for 0.8% revenue GDP and 2.5% overall fiscal deficit. 2.5 overall fiscal deficit. How do you define a fiscal deficit? The fiscal deficit is the excess amount that is spent apart from excess of the income of the government. This does not include the budgetary borrowing, sir. So, it is essentially the borrowings that we have to meet to ensure the budget balances. Is the problem a bad thing? Sir, a deficit means that we end up having to borrow to meet it. So what? Borrow for a good cost. So, economists say that as long as our interest rate for borrowing is less than the expected GDP growth rate, it means we can recover it in the future and we are gaining net profit. So, a small amount of deficit, especially in a faster growing economy like India, is not a very bad thing, sir. Last question. What is the difference between a consumption expenditure and a capital expenditure? Sir, consumption expenditure is made on asset or something which is consumed immediately. So, if a consumer makes an expenditure on food items, that really comes up in expenditure. What is the capital expenditure? Capital expenditure is made on asset for a longer time period. For example, this could be the acquisition of land, this could be the acquisition of shares in the stock market, etc. So, don't we think we should look at the, why the deficit has come up? We should condemn the expenditure or capital expenditure. So, you can't just pass a judgment saying the deficit should have that. You know, it is all different. Thank you, sir. Can you tell us something about Hazaribat? Any famous personality, qualification is important? Sir, personality wise, I can think of, I would say Yashwant Srinu, who was in a minute civil servant and later went on to serve the government as minister as well. I can also think of a few places which are famous in Hazaribat. Okay. Now, in Jharkhand, this next slide problem is spending since long. What are the reasons why several governments they came but could not handle it so effectively? How do you analyze the whole situation? What are the problems behind the actual crisis line? Sir, the fundamental problem is the development deficit. Prior to bifurcation, the freight equalization policy posed bifurcation, a mix of problems including political instability and infrastructure, et cetera. So, whenever we have a development deficit that leads to dissatisfaction among the people and promotes radical activities against the region. Secondly, also, sir, the geography of the region, which is highs and lows of the platter and dense forests, they enable nationalism to exist, sir. Also, in countries with the Red Polydor, where even when the state takes action, they take refuge in another state, such as for Telangana, et cetera. Interstate coordination, sir, there is slightly lacking. All of these reasons come together to make mixillism a threat that is relevant even today, sir. But one good approach would have been to stop their funding, because they are getting funding from some internal sources. So, what are your observations of that? So, indeed, any strategy to counter mixillism needs to be multi-planned. One of the problems needs to be funding the funding as you pointed out, sir. The other problems will be development and security capacity, sir. Have you heard about the NEP 2020? Yes, sir. So, what are the salient features of this and how it will affect the future of its students in higher education? So, national education policy, the recommendation of the customer and then committee, set our road map for education in the hall, over one by 28, 30, 35 years. It has a lot of prominent features both in school and higher level education. In school education, it set a target of 100% enrollment by 2025. We are providing for vocational and internships right from Class 6. It's shifting our focus from road learning to testing code learning competencies. We are equally focusing on teacher training. All of this makes it quite a complete overhaul in the schools in the schooling. Coming to higher education, sir, we have targeted 50% enrollment by 2035. We are targeted of 6% GDP expenditure in this. Trying to give us a maximum, shortest possible form. What do you mean? So, apart from this, we are setting up the National Research Foundation to foster research across the country. Setting up mayor's, modern education research universities. They will act as a beacon of inspiration for other institutions to progress. So, apart from this is data flexibility to students in the form of academic credit grants multiple points of entry and exit into the courses. And data-proposal process can be used for studies and research. Our students, research professors, they are of high quality because when they go abroad, in Oxford, Harvard, they are doing wonderful job. Why not our IITs and IIMs? They are opening up their, you know, campuses in USA and UK and Europe. And they can come and establish their campuses in India. So, what is the hard way there? This is indeed a proposal in the National Education Policy, as well, in these prominent universities and open campuses abroad, and enable collaboration. Currently, I understand there was some popular opposition until now because it was feared that foreign universities open campuses here. And they are making money from India. Our money is going to them. So, why we should not get their money after establishing our campuses there? Yes, sir. So, that is something we definitely are exploring and we should be looking at it. I think there also is something, some significant expenditure involved. That could have been one hurdle here. So, we are now looking at it. Okay, India is prone to several natural disasters which is causing a lot of loss. A lot of you can say loss in economy. So, can you tell us what are the natural disasters, how we can minimize them? There is no concrete approach. Yes, sir. Sir, due to a geographic diversity, India is indeed prone to multiple disasters. Be it cyclones on the eastern and increasingly the western coast. Be it animal floods in Bihar and Assam and now in some urban areas as well. Be it avalanches and flash floods that we have seen in the Himalayas also in landslides. All of these are the common natural disasters in India. So, our approach so far has been on adaptation here. I think one important thing we can do is mitigation. That is preparedness against it. In terms of disasters like avalanches and landslides better land management strategies needed which includes afforestation and land identification. Secondly, sir, there also needs to be a focus on disaster resilient infrastructure so that even when the disasters occur the impact on human lives and property is quite minimal. They can recover faster. Okay, now there is another very important issue that is climate change and a lot of you know countries they are putting pressure on India to stop carbon emission. Is it possible for us that we can stop our carbon source or emission by stopping the burning of the coal because coal is mainly used in thermal power plants and we need energy. So, if we stop you know burning of the coal what are the other options of living with us? So, coal indeed contributes 55% of our electricity. So, it is very important. Despite the need for climate, for net carbon neutrality that I guess set by 2050 for EPCC report sir, India has traditionally not used the carbon emissions. Our emissions is very, very low on per capita basis. All developed countries have used it to lease the levels of prosperity. Secondly, sir, India also needs substantial commitments under a Paris climate deal. The iron disease. They have also upgraded their commitments earlier under Kyoto too. So, these are something in that India is the only G20 country to be on track to achieve the iron disease. So, I understand India is already doing a lot and given our socio-economic conditions India needs to use the fossil fuels to bring more people out of poverty and provide them better living conditions. So, I don't think India should be pressurized into an early commitment. However, we could strengthen our commitments in coordination with the other developed countries especially through their commitment of the 100 million dollars per year under the Green Climate Council. You know, one UN conference, one expert from Harvard said that in India the rural women can play important role in mitigating climate change. Can you suggest any idea of what he was referring to? Rural women in rural area, how they are producing carbon dioxide, what activities they are doing? The major thing I can think of is the domestic fuels which are often coal or oil. Burning of the wood, cow dung. So, they have to use for cooking food even for boiling water during winter. So, 80% people are residing in villages in India. So, what are the options of living with us that we can really stop such activities in rural areas? Sir, the first thing I can think of is the LPG usage. Something common is already promoting under the Ujjvala scheme. Equally, we can focus on higher gas. That is not only a country-based management issue but also enabling to use the same waste for gas which is far cleaner. It will also be an example of circular economies because the plant waste or the cow dung is being resettled into gases. So, the net carbon emission is not there, sir. Okay, you have done your bitter computer science from IIT Bombay. You know, this advancement in computer science is that really we are getting benefit of that but at the same time this has decreased the employment revenues for the youth as well as increased in the cyber crimes. So, how these two issues can be tackled? What are your observations of that? Sir, with the IIT Bombay, we have reduced computer science for our growth as well as export boosting. As you rightly pointed out, sir, there have been concerns of job losses especially with automation coming up in IIT 4.0. So, for this, I think we need to reorient our scaling programs accordingly. Currently, sir, the focus has been on labor and denser industries. That needs to continue but that also needs to be in line with the coming up automation. We shouldn't be training people to do tasks which will be automated in the next 5 or 10 years. Secondly, sir, we also need to create a greater pool of professionals in the upcoming technologies through dedicated academy programs, through academy industrial increases so that these two automation tools are available to everybody because what I eventually see is automation being a tool to increase the value of human decisions. When a person, sir, for example, earlier we had the iron tools that boosted the output that one person could produce. Similarly, here when somebody in the industry has access to automation. Thank you, sir. So, you also have a hobby of mountaineering. Where have you been? Sir, for my late hours of Mumbai so I went to 9 or 10 4 tracks in the western parts. While I was at Bangalore for a year I went to Kumar Bangalore which is the second highest peak there and to Mulyangri. And in Paila Delhi, sir, I went to the basic mountaineering course of Manali and a 300 track invention. So, any hardcore mountaineering sites, right? Maybe Mount Everest or something? Have you thought of it or have you planned anything? Sir, those are definitely the future. But as of now the most hardcore I have been to is the Chitidhar Peak. It's in the Himalayas until a height of around 16,000 per minute feet is a part of my course. How has it changed you mountaineering? And I think what you do is hiking. What is the difference between hiking and mountaineering? Sir, hiking would be walking through any natural terrain. It could be a forest, it could be a mountain commonly driven by walking. Mountaineering includes trekking or some hiking. For example, hiking through forests would not come under this. Mountaineering also includes dedicated claims through equipment like ice axes etc. So, our climb in the poles was mountaineering. The rest of it was more appropriate for trekking. And how has it shaped you or appropriate you? Sir, apart from an appreciation for fitness, it has also helped build mental resilience. Because a lot of times when I'm doing something difficult, for example as preparing here, the mindset that I got into was similar to that where I could see a peak and I had to raise that. Also, sir, I think it helps me help me appreciate nature as a whole and so when we're in the mountains at that point it's hard not to accept that nature is so primordial and supreme and our actions cannot overpower it. Sir, a close relation I see with the climate change that our actions are triggering nature's wrath. What are the strategic games that you play or what is exactly this hobby? Sir, I played a few board games such as Settlers of Patan, Dominion etc. These are games, these are team-based games that we compete with each other on the board. You make strategies and implement them while competing. They also involve negotiations. If you permit, I can tell you about one of those games. The game is for Settlers of Patan under which we have, all of us have a lot of settlements which produce some of the resources. For the other resources we have to trade with the other party. Okay, I'll give you two boards, why don't you give me two matters and so on. That's how it prevents. Got your point. Can you tell me something about these semi-conductor shortages that we are seeing? So we are indeed seeing a global chip shortage, primarily due to the lockdown which has led to a spike in demand for electronics but also due to the supply chain that are getting disrupted globally. Apart from these are third reasons. The automobile industry has seen a contraction. That led to automobile chips being less in demand. This led to the supply being shortened. Now when the demand has come up again, the supply is monthly. It takes time to build up the supply. In India, is there any semi-conductor manufacturing facility? And what are the challenges of it? So there is one dedicated manufacturing facility in Chandigarh by itself. There are multiple institutions having manufacturing. IIT Bombay has also built a jeep chip store. Coming to the challenges, firstly is about the raw materials. Our semi-conductor and rare earth metal production is almost zero. So we are dependent on the imports. Secondly says the costs. Every such facility requires 1 billion dollars. Thirdly is also the amount requirement of clean water and dedicated professionals. And a good manufacturing base. All of these are still in recent stages in India. What is the PLI scheme on electronics? PLI scheme is to incentivize production of different components. Even in electronics, we need to produce more electronics. This links up with this is a part of the national electronics policy as well. Targeting 1 billion from manufacturing. 600 million for export. Why civil services? I think you could have done very well in private sector. Computer science in IIT Bombay, I think it's the best in India. Why not opt for Google, Amazon and all those companies and why civil services? Indeed there are a lot of opportunities. But I felt one of these was slightly narrowing the scope. Compared to that when I look at civil services it offers me opportunities to work on a diverse sector and in a very deep role. At a very young age one can be working in a district. That sort of leadership opportunities as well. And not afforded by the private sector. So these motivated me. Okay need one economic deal.