 The only place that safeguards have been established within the UNFCCC are in the context of REDD Plus. So the establishment of safeguards attached to REDD Plus is quite an advancement in terms of the climate negotiations to begin with. Different people break the safeguards out into different categories. I tend to view them in three categories. So social safeguards, environmental safeguards and governance safeguards. There are seven REDD Plus safeguards. There's a safeguard concerning full and effective participation of stakeholders including Indigenous peoples and local communities. There's a safeguard concerning conservation of biodiversity. There's a safeguard against conversion from forests to plantations, for example. There are safeguards concerning improvements of monitoring systems. So they're broken out into seven categories. Now the discussion at the moment within the UNFCCC is focused on the monitoring and reporting, or perhaps some again. Different people view these things differently, but essentially it's about the way in which the safeguards are monitored and reported on. So in order for there to be a system in place for the implementation of the safeguards to be monitored and reported on, there was an agreement reached in Cancun which established what's known as the Safeguards Information System. Now there was some guidance put in place which is quite broad concerning the Safeguards Information System. And so there's going to be consideration at the conference in Lima as to whether or not that guidance is adequate, whether or not over the past few years, while countries have had an opportunity to work with the guidance as it currently exists, whether or not there's a need for additional guidance. And so there's a discussion that's happening in that context and so there's a submissions process throughout September and then there'll be some discussion at the next conference specifically on safeguards and whether or not there should be additional guidance and what type of information should be provided in the context of the Safeguards Information System. My guess is that Red Plus will be a mechanism in the new climate agreement. So a good comparison there or a bad comparison may be the clean development mechanism. So that's a mechanism that exists under the convention in the context of implementation. So my guess is that there is a high possibility that there will be a Red Plus mechanism and the new climate agreement will in effect bring in all of the agreements and sort of the framework that exists, not word for word but there'll be I guess a way of wording it in treaty language which will bring the Red Plus framework perhaps by making reference to the Warsaw framework for example that will bring Red Plus into the new climate agreement as a means of implementation and as a specific mechanism. In terms of financing Red Plus, I think that there has been an overemphasis in the discourse on the necessity for markets to be providing finance to Red Plus. When you look at the numbers and 30, 40 billion per year expected to be required to finance Red Plus when you look at that in comparison to international finance, international public finance going to other things it's not very much money and so it's not so much a question as to whether or not it's possible for public finance to be allocated towards the forest sector and reducing emissions from the forest sector. We call it Red Plus, call it whatever you like. We're talking about reducing emissions from the forest sector with the additional non-carbon, so livelihood, tenure, with all of the other components that come along with it. So when you're talking about whether or not public money exists for this, I think the answer is that it does. The question is why is it not prioritised and allocated to this by the governments or by the countries who have the capacity to be allocating or prioritising their public money to be going to saving forests effectively and reducing emissions from the forest sector. So that's something that I find a bit frustrating in the discourse concerning Red Plus is this overemphasis on markets and I think that it's been counterproductive in that it's created a lot of fear within communities on the ground that Red Plus is going to result in and it may well result in a markets focused process that has the potential to be detrimental to communities.