 Like I told you last time we started looking at a phenomena which gives us an opportunity to see how what we know or what we have learnt as theoretical apparatus to understand language helps us understand our languages. I gave you some examples from Hindi and then I want you to evaluate this phenomena with reference to languages that you speak to. We looked at then we talked about negation, negation words we discussed what negation is whether negation is a lexical item or a functional category and then we looked at how is it represented in the clause structure of a sentence that is what is its exact location in the functional domain of the conceptual representation of a sentence. Now we want to extend that and see little bit more about negation and how it intersects with other lexical categories. Now that we know negation is part of functional domain and then how it works in the language with other lexical categories. There is a particular thing in natural language which is called negative polarity item. Like we talked about negation that negation is a universal phenomena in natural language. Negation may be a matter of discussion in linguistic theory in the following way. Whether negation is a word or a suffix or a prefix whether negation conceptually belongs to functional domain or lexical domain these are the questions that one can discuss while talking about linguistic theory. However, the presence of negation in natural language is a universal phenomena. Similarly the presence of negative polarity item in natural language is a universal phenomena. I am going to show you some examples and then you will be able to evaluate whether or not we find such elements in other languages or not that is other languages that you speak. I can substantiate that it is available not only in the languages that you speak but in all the languages of the world. So as you can see the word indicates negative polarity item. So it is going to be a word which is sensitive to negation that is all negative polarity item means it is a word in a language it is sensitive to a negative element. That is all is the point what exactly it means we are we are going to look at this. So we you have seen three negation markers in Hindi how many negation markers are there in Telugu you have not thought about that more than three there are definitely three of them for sure can you tell me. So give an example of kothu penne ikada petoddu which means loudly speak loudly penne ikada petoddu which means do not put the pen here alright the second one adi phone kaadu that is not a phone. So these are the two negation markers like mat and nahi mat and nahi right what is the third one which means. Usually used in a meaning like it is not there but it is also sometimes used as a replacement for it is more like na used as a replacement for kaadu sometimes. So the first one that you said is that only restricted to imperative sentences like do not speak sit down things like that right. So without looking at more data one can also say at least for South Asian languages we have a distinction between two negative markers at least where every language is going to have a specific negation for imperative sentences which can be used in negation which can be used to negate an imperative sentence which is a tense less sentence right and then the other negation marker can be used in both types of sentences right that is true in Telugu as well. Now see the structure of language around these phenomena right there may be hundreds of differences between Hindi and Telugu right so much so that the two languages are not intelligible but when it comes to classification of a negation word it works exactly the way Hindi works see that right okay so likewise I want you to think about other languages if you happen to speak them okay now we saw this the phenomena that just we discussed with reference to Telugu how it works in Hindi then we have questioned the presence of negation in the structure of a sentence and we saw with examples last time that negation happens to occur in the functional domain and specifically below tense and above aspect phrase okay so that is so which now also pay attention to the following that it is not just a matter of a specific location negation it is also a matter of breaking the adjacency requirement between negate between tense and aspect okay and what is the implication of this breaking adjacency between tense and aspect the implication for that is these are categorically two different phenomena okay two different things and there is no strict adjacency requirement between tense and aspect so when someone says things like mai pizza khatam so ta part of the verb khata and whom which is a tense marker they do not have to be together they happen to be together true but they do not have to be together they they that adjacency could be broken okay so a look at negation and the evidence that we saw last time tells us way more than what we saw but we are not getting into too many details of that all right then let us see examples of negative polarity items okay I want you to I want to come to this one in a moment I want you to look at these two sentences the sentence in Hindi reads as Rajiv Hargij nahi bolega okay Rajiv Hargij nahi bolega it means Rajiv will not speak at all under any circumstances okay now what I am what I am trying to show you here is the word Hargij is called a negative polarity item okay this word cannot occur in in this type of a sentence if there is no nahi if we do not use nahi then we cannot use Hargij see the point therefore the second sentence the next sentence is marked with a star and ungrammatical Rajiv Hargij bolega is not a good sentence in Hindi okay and the only reason why it is not good is because there is no negative marker you put a negative marker the sentence becomes good see the point the fact that the presence of Hargij is only allowed is only warranted in the presence of negation is the reason why we call this thing a negative polarity item okay this can only be present in a sentence when there is a negative marker this is what these two sentences show you you get this point this happens in all the languages and since I was going to draw your attention to South Asian languages does it happen in Telugu it does not have to be Hargij the word could be anything else does it happen in Tamil Malayalam at this time I don't want to because I want you to look at or I want you to be able to look at your language with examples from our own languages so what you are saying is this doesn't help so far right is there a familiar word sir is there a familiar word as in Hargij is not very familiar that's fine you don't have to be familiar with Hargij look at the sentence Rajiv will not speak at all how do you say that in Telugu Rajiv asal marteladu okay now the negation remove the negation word from here is the sentence good not good there is no negation word as such there is just a morphological whatever that is remove that is the sentence good so definitely some word in this sentence is a negative polarity item whatever yeah yeah it it may not be a full word true it may be a small element somewhere so like negation the negative polarity item also does not have to be a word but there is an element of negative polarity item in this sentence because of which when you remove negation the sentence in Telugu that you just said is ungrammatical and it becomes clearer when you write the sentence properly if I knew Telugu and if we had more time I would ask one of you to do this on the board and can show you which one is negation and which one is negative polarity item understand this right in that sense the word at all also has some negative polarity meaning in it because in English also we cannot say Rajiv will speak at all can we say the sentence Rajiv will speak at all what does not mean much it means properly it means it receives an appropriate interpretation in the presence of a negative word not when we say Rajiv will not speak at all that word also is a negative polarity item to some extent I will give you more examples of negative polarity items in English too but right now take a look at this let's look at these two sentences what does this sentence mean I did not eat anything right we cannot say now please pay attention to these sentences very carefully on the on the screen on the next sentence I haven't put the star mark okay unlike the previous one do you see here on the second one there is a star mark what the star mark means is this sentence is not possible at all no star means that this sentence is possible okay but does not have the meaning that we want meaning it manekuch bikhaya it doesn't mean I did not eat anything this sentence is good with some other meaning if you raise the intonation remember we have talked about questions and intonation manekuch bikhaya right we two of us or some of us went together to some party food was not good on our way back we are we are discussing something manekuch bikhaya means I did not eat anything right it definitely means something else many it mean it could mean I eat just something randomly true it's ambiguous but ambiguity is not what we want to focus on you're right it's ambiguous but what it does not mean is I did not eat anything the word kuch bhi which you see in the bold okay does not have the meaning of anything this word receives the meaning of anything only when you have a negative item in this sentence read the first sentence carefully manekuch bhi nahi kaya right that sentence doesn't mean I ate something randomly seriously so the the negation word and this kuch bhi has some sort of dependency on one another for giving a particular kind of meaning is this is this making sense to you right yeah emphatic mark it means that we give the intonation on that no no it means the bhi that you see bhi is an emphatic marker in hindi say we it's it can be used with many other words like ek bhi when we say ek bhi right tum bhi means you too okay so bhi is an emphatic marker and when we look at the details of this composition then people say and people claim that what gives negative polarity interpretation to kuch bhi is actually bhi because kuch as a word is a quantifier kuch means something sum in the presence of negation the same word sum becomes nothing kuch means something kuch nahi nothing but with bhi it becomes anything manekuch bhi nahi kaya means I did not eat anything get get the point so in both in these four examples I am trying to show you that there are some elements like hargis and kuch bhi which are categorically dependent on negation for their interpretations for their appropriate interpretations makes make sense if we remove the negation word ek kuch bhi kata hai it becomes both make sense and both are opposite that's right so so therefore I am not putting a star mark there so the second sentence that you are giving we cannot say that this sentence is wrong this sentence is not possible the sentence is definitely possible but not possible with the intended interpretation in other words we can say without negation it has a different meaning with negation it has a different kind of meaning so if we focus on the meaning with negation that meaning is negative polarity meaning with negation it seems like there is a dependency between these two words get the get the point now to elaborate this point a little bit more I didn't mean to bring in at this point at this stage I was going to discuss this little later but since you are bringing in let me talk about this do you see I have mentioned on the top type 1 and type 2 do you see that what that means is this distinction that you see right that in one case we can put a star that is in the case of type 1 right and in the case of type 2 2 we are not able to put a star what does this mean it means that there could be two types of negative polarity item okay in one type of negative polarity items the negative polarity item is strictly dependent on negation without negation no interpretation the sentence is out in the second type which is the one that that on the screen right now it's possible a sentence is possible without negation but not the right interpretation okay so this we can say this is not very strict kind of situation whereas the first type is very strict situation you remove negation and everything is out the meaning is out okay so this is the these are the two first two points that we are making here first point there are some words some elements in all the languages which are sensitive to the presence or absence of negative elements in a sentence okay and the second point is among the elements that are sensitive to negative marker in a sentence some are strictly dependent on negation and some are not get the point so these are this is the classification introduction and classification of negative polarity item okay now I want to take you to this place do you see that the list in the one in one and two you see that the first list in one there is a set of three three things there right all three of them are elements which are strictly dependent on negation okay now I want an example from you I have already given you an example of Hargis right have you heard this phrase in English in Hindi egg foodie curry no can you give me a sentence with that can you use this egg foodie curry it means a broken penny literally it means foodie you know food now means break foodie curry is the word for a colloquial word for penny right which which together means a broken penny literally it means a broken egg a foodie broken curry has anyone seen a curry it is it is like a shell it is it is a sea animal small sea insect which is have you seen a sea shell right so it is a smallest part of that and when it is broken it is of no use so the same metaphor is used for no money not even a broken penny egg foodie curry now can you with with this much of explanation can you use this in a sentence you see you hear this sentence do you understand this sentence now what does he want to say right right he says let let me repeat this sentence again it could mean if my father did not give me a broken penny it also means my father didn't give me any money it means my father didn't give me anything right whichever meaning you like you keep that meaning but the point is we cannot say we cannot say that if you want to say that then it means the literal broken penny it doesn't mean anything or it doesn't mean any money it means a real example if this is something like a broken penny broken cell then he did not give me that broken cell get the get the point is that true sit down it I am asking him because he is he he speaks in the and it should make sense to I think I think everybody right making sense you have already seen the example of Hargis now you have the third example which means which is Moog Holna right Moog Holna literally means this one this one everyone should know Moog Holna means opening the mouth it literally means Moog Holna but it means in the in the sense in the context of language it is generally assumed that when we open mouth we say something right it means speaking about something can you use this thing in a sentence again do you see this thing or we can say which means he couldn't say anything he could not say anything again we can never say he opened his mouth I opened his mouth in front of the teacher right we cannot say these things with the meaning that I said something okay if you say I opened my mouth that means literally opening your mouth it doesn't have the meaning of saying anything or saying something the point is the first thing that you see must strictly be used with negation in Hindi to give the meaning that we want from them yeah we can we can add but it still cannot it still doesn't change much it still retains its polarity meaning negation no no ask ask Hindi speakers it cannot be get the point first of all these expressions will not be in other languages there is going to be an equivalent expression if that equivalent expression can be used without negation then they don't belong to this category then they belong to the second category I'm coming to the second category in a moment so there is a there is a strict classification one type which is going to be used only with negation and the other type which can be used without negation I have already shown you examples right so see any one of the examples in the second thing which is koi bhi kisi bhi kuch bhi ek bhi right these things will not can be used without negation and must be used with negation to give you appropriate negative polarity reading in other words again when you use the second the anyone from the list of the second item on the screen then the sentence is not ungrammatical but it may not give you negative polarity reading for the first list we just cannot use them without negation get this one more point it's not just three of them I'm just giving you three examples there could be hundreds of examples in any language so which answers your question that we do not have to have just these three or equivalent of these three what's important for us to see and understand that there is a set of these two available in all the languages if one does not and it's up to you to figure out can it be used without negation if it can be used then it belongs to the second category if it cannot be used it belongs to first category that's an important point okay that's just an observation okay now is this much clear to everybody since your friend Sandeep asked a question about questions right so let me very briefly talk about this thing and if you have a question raise your hands and I'll answer this from the board I don't have it listed here these things but look at the second second set when these or for that matter first set also when these things are allowed with negation right technically that is called licensing okay which means a negative polarity item is licensed meaning it is allowed the word licensing is just a fancy word doesn't mean much it simply means allowed and what does allow mean allowed means the sentence is good grammatical that's all if this if the sentence is not grammatical we mean not allowed not licensed so so please don't get lost in terminology it's it's very simple so we are saying a negation licenses a negative polarity item okay the first set for the first set we strictly need a negative item to license them for the second set we may not strictly need them right but what have you seen so far anything from the second set right when it is used without negation it doesn't give us negative polarity reading without negation that may be okay sentence but it doesn't give us negative polarity reading but there is one more distinction between the two categories anything from the second set can also give you negative polarity reading with question words okay the moment you question koi bhi right take koi bhi i can say koi bhi nahi aaya what does it mean nobody came it has a negative meaning nobody right i don't use negation i say koi aaya what does it mean without question koi aaya someone came you see this without negation it gives us the meaning of someone with negation it gives us the meaning of no one hold on hold on hold on slow slow slow what the distinction that we are trying to make is when we get no one reading then it's a negative polarity item okay it can get someone meaning it can get the reading of someone without negation which is all right we don't debate that but it doesn't give the meaning of reading of no one without negation okay however under certain circumstances it can get the reading of no one when you question it how do we question this thing the sentence is let me let me give you the sentence koi aaya what does it mean that's all right reading intonation it's fine but this is a question everybody agrees when i say koi aaya is this question for everybody what's the meaning did anyone come so no one or anyone these are the negative polarity reading so you can get a negative polarity reading with question also get this thing understand now someone can ask you this question when you study these things and someone can ask you just on the basis of one point you cannot make two categories right what is your basis can you give one more example one more theoretical point on the basis of which your categorization is okay do you see my question this is the second point that you can use which is you can get a negative polarity reading from the second set with question but you still don't get as negative polarity reading with question from the first set so you question the first set there is no negative polarity reading right so for example take the 40 kori example is that negative polarity reading no reading of negative polarity okay the point is the first set not only requires first the first set okay let me let me let me present to you in the following way the second set can get negative polarity reading under two circumstances one with negative word and the other with question first set can only get negative polarity items with negatives nothing else so that clearly justifies that there are two clear patterns in natural languages for negative polarity items okay and again some language may not give you two sets that may be debatable if a language does not have a clear distinction between these two sets right so in that case the categorization of negative polarity item may be a parametric affair okay but the presence of negative polarity item in natural language is a universal phenomena is a principled matter and now I can say is a the presence of negative polarity item in language is a matter of principle the presence of a negative item in a language is a matter of principle where how are parametric issues get it before we stop I want to make one more one more point with this I have already discussed this part with you where the where do negative item occur in the closet structure right there are different people like Palak Janatini Mahajan Divedi many people have studied these things and people have had different positions about the presence of negative item in the closet structure what sounds very convincing is a combination of all that not any in particular so this is the this is the point that I want to make to you so how do we we can say that a negative polarity item needs a negation right needs a negation that is true but where does it need a negation right does all negation marker license negative polarity items okay that is not that does not happen and again we do not have enough time to give you give you every single example to show you that but this will make sense to you because you have gone through that the negation marker which licenses negative polarity item must be in the C commanding position if the if the negative marker C commands the negative polarity item then it is licensing the negative if it is unable to C command then it will not license do you remember last time I gave you two types of negations what were the two types of negation anybody one was when the negation negates the entire sentence constituent negation and sentential negation sentential negation is when negation negates the whole sentence and constituent negation is when the negation negates only a particular constituent from a constituent negative position or negative polarity item cannot be licensed which is which means in that case negative polarity item is not in the C commanding domain of the negative okay therefore the NPI must be in the C commanding domain of negative polarity item as long as the negative C commands the negative polarity item the sentence is okay the interpretation of that item in an appropriate way is allowed get the point so I do not have the list I just wanted to tell you this thing and this is the issue how does it license the answer is it must be in the C commanding domain to understand the C commanding domain let us look at the structure once again negation okay the C commanding condition for licensing of negative polarity item also becomes a motivating factor for negation being located in the functional domain only when negation is high enough in this structure it can C command the elements downward see my point so if the negation is located in the functional domain it can C command all the positions that is subject position and object position both so if the negation is negation occurs in the subject position still it is C commanding remember this thing how did C command because in that case we are assuming that the subject and NP originates at the specifier position of VP okay the subject NP originates at the specifier position of VP under that situation it is in the C commanding configuration okay under that situation it is in the C commanding configuration can you can you see this from this structure if if if we have a VP V bar V if you have the subject here and object here right negation from here can C command this position okay can C command this position it can also C command this position all right therefore negation being in the functional domain helps licensing configurations right but there is a problem here we know that this subject from the negation from the specifier of VP what happens to this it moves up for understanding this thing now do you see any implication of that the subject becomes higher right so if someone asks you at this point which one takes place first licensing of negative polarity item or movement of subject licensing of negative polarity item okay licensing of negative polarity item therefore becomes an evidence for ordering of movement operations that only after licensing the element or only after being licensed by negation if the need happens to be that way subjects can move see movement of subject is for every sentence but licensing is not related to every sentence licensing is related only in the sentence where you have a negative polarity item and a negative negative word when you have a negative word and a negative polarity item then the licensing takes place first and then the movement of subject takes place okay therefore C commanding domain is the licensing condition for this and the whole licensing condition itself is another evidence for allowing movement under certain circumstances get this point when negative polarity item when the element does not need to move then there is no problem for example imagine you have a negative polarity item here instead of subject we have it an object position then this one doesn't need to move right away right however if it is in the subject position like ek bhi larka ek bhi ek bhi larka nahi aaya right ek bhi larka is in the subject position so in a way on the surfaces level you have you have ek bhi here ek bhi larka here on the surface position nahi here and aaya here then if we allow subject to be here under speck of tp then we know that speck of tp is not in the C commanding domain of negation then we need to say something else but if we allow subjects originating here then it's in the C commanding domain and we have a convincing logic to say that before it moves for anything the licensing has already taken place so to conclude this thing can I say that the licensing takes place at a conceptual level not at the surface level this this point making sense the licensing that we are talking about for which we said C commanding domain is a requirement this requirement of negative polarity item being in the C commanding domain of negation is a condition at a conceptual level alright thus I wanted you to see negation negative polarity items licensing condition with examples from our languages however it works the same way in all the languages I have shown you with negation also how and how an element is a principle thing how the same thing could be a parametric issue how licensing is a principle and also at what level of abstraction does this licensing work I do not think we can we can bring a microscope to see that level of abstraction the ones that I have been trying to show you through the examples of languages making sense alright so we we stop here with negation and negative polarity items which are examples of South Asian languages from our languages think about Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Punjabi and other languages and for that matter English to conclude with your question things like anybody anything or negative polarity items in English which are of the second category the first category will be something like at all a word like we can say in English he didn't say word right a word has a negative polarity meaning because it doesn't mean literally one word when someone says he didn't say word what does he mean right didn't say word you can say the same thing without negation he said a word but it doesn't mean not saying anything so such elements are negative strict type of negative polarity items in English anybody anything anywhere are the second category of negative polarity items licensing works exactly the same way it works in Hindi so you saw the examples of Telugu and Hindi that two way negation negation classification works in Telugu and Hindi right licensing works the same way now English is a different type of language SVO still the licensing works the same way you know why licensing why the same condition of C commanding domain is applicable on English too because the conceptual level that we are talking about at that level all the languages are same which is i language the the conceptual level of i language and e language underlying a structure and surface structure are the differences so we see the differences between Hindi and Telugu Hindi and English Telugu and English at surface level at the abstract level the universal principle work exactly the same way for all languages this is licensing of negative polarity item is one such universal principle which does which no language violates get it so with this i have stopped