 Aphobia is an excessive fear of a seemingly harmless thing and those affected go to great lengths to avoid certain situations. If a situation cannot be avoided, they experience severe distress, panic attacks or even fainting. Phobias are less prevalent among children and older people and more common among teenagers and especially girls. They run in families or can be the result of a traumatic experience early in life. Phobias can be categorized into three types. A social phobia is when we fear others, especially their judgment. Agoraphobia is the fear of a situation we perceive to be unsafe or difficult to escape. Specific phobias include fears of certain things or situations, such as heights or injuries and seeing blood. Some phobias are especially complicated, such as the famous case of the button boy. It was a normal day at kindergarten when a six-year-old boy ran out of buttons to paste on his poster board and was asked to come to the front of the class to get some more. When he reached for the bowl, his hand slipped and all the buttons fell on him. For the boy, this was a deeply traumatic event. Not long after, he didn't want to dress himself anymore. He began to have difficulty concentrating in class due to an excessive preoccupation with not touching his school uniform and eventually he started avoiding people just to stay away from their buttons. Life became so difficult that four years after the incident, the boy and his mother decided to seek professional help. The psychiatrists Lissette Savedra and Wendy Silverman, who studied the case, were able to rule out obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, which is often confused with a phobia and concluded that the boy must have developed a specific phobia for buttons. To treat the boy, the doctors invited the mother and son to be part of a research project. To assess the child's progress throughout the treatment, they used a feelings thermometer, allowing the boy to grade each interaction from one, feeling happy, to nine, feeling angry. The big brass jeans buttons hardly bothered the boy, but small, clear plastic ones horrified him. After the boy's feelings were better understood, the doctors selected a treatment method. First, they tried behavioral exposure therapy, a form of classical conditioning. Whenever the boy touched a button successfully, he was rewarded. They then repeated the process in various forms. After four sessions, the boy completed all tasks and he was able to interact with way more buttons than before. However, he felt more distressed about buttons than ever. When the doctors talked to the boy again, he revealed that he found buttons disgusting and that they emitted a bad smell. And so they wondered, did the exposure therapy reduce his fear but increase his feeling of disgust? Next, they tried imagery exposure therapy. For the seven sessions that followed, the boy was prompted to just visualize buttons falling on him and imagine how they looked, felt and smelled. This time, the boy's self-reported levels of distress reduced dramatically. Even 12 months after the therapy, the boy reported minimal fear of buttons. So, why did the first treatment fail while the second one worked? The first treatment changed the mind's expectations of what harmless buttons may trigger, classical conditioning. The second therapy changed the mind's evaluation of buttons themselves, that they aren't actually that disgusting. In technical terms, expectancy learning failed, but evaluative learning succeeded. But treatment of a phobia may take many forms. Social and agoraphobia are often treated with counseling or even medication. Specific phobias are often treated by systematic desensitization, today often with the help of virtual reality. Humor is another serious therapy that often works. Activities that elicit humor with the feared situation can help reduce disgust, anxiety or whatever other uncovered feelings may be the cause of our phobia. What's your experience with phobia? Have you ever had one that you were able to overcome? And if so, how did you do it? Share your thoughts in the comments below. This and all other Sprouts videos are licensed under Creative Commons. That means teachers from all around the world can use them in classrooms, online courses or to start projects, and today, thousands already do. To learn how it works and download this video without ads or background music, check out our website or read the description below. If you want to support our mission and help change education, visit our Patreon. That's patreon.com slash sprouts.