 In this video, we are going to talk about baking soda. You might have seen this white powder in your kitchen. We use this to make puffy Bhatturas or Samosas or to bake soft cakes. So first of all in this video, we will see how baking soda is made and then we will look at its uses. So let's begin. So baking soda is chemically known as sodium hydrogen carbonate and its chemical formula is NaHCO3. Okay, now let's try to guess what chemical compounds would have reacted to give us this compound, sodium hydrogen carbonate. Can you pause the video and guess this by yourself first? Now if you have tried it, let's see. So if I had to take a guess, I see a sodium in the formula, right? So probably I will say that maybe sodium chloride is reacting and sodium is coming from there and then I see a carbon. So then I would guess that maybe carbon dioxide is also involved in the reaction. That's where we get this carbon and since there is hydrogen, then probably I'll guess, okay, hydrogen is coming from water maybe. So yes, my guesses will be sodium chloride, water and carbon dioxide. These three are reacting to give us NaHCO3. Let me just write down. But you know what? There is one more ingredient, one more compound that goes into this mixture and that is our ammonia NH3, okay? So sodium chloride, water, carbon dioxide and ammonia, they all react and NaHCO3 is formed. And with this, we get one more product, NH4Cl, ammonium chloride. So okay, to make baking soda, I need four ingredients. Sodium chloride, water, carbon dioxide and ammonia. Don't forget this one. I usually forget this one, okay? Don't do this mistake. So we need four reactants and then I'll get baking soda or sodium hydrogen carbonate. And along with this, one more product is getting formed, ammonium chloride. Now let's look at the common uses of baking soda. So we use baking soda to make puffed bhaturas or samosas and puffed basically means inflated with gas. Now see how this is done is, we mix some baking soda in the flour. Flour basically means atta. Now when this is deep fried, the baking soda, it gets heated up and it decomposes to give carbon dioxide gas. The reaction looks something like this. Baking soda on heating, it will decompose to give sodium carbonate Na2CO3, water and carbon dioxide gas is released. And now this gas, this gets trapped inside and that's why our bhatura, it looks very puffed. See over here, samosa also looks very puffed, right? Now the same thing can also be used to make soft cakes. Yes, see you would have seen that cakes, they have holes in it and they are very soft and spongy, right? Now something very similar is happening to make them soft and spongy. See over here also when they are being baked, carbon dioxide gas gets produced and it gets trapped inside. It's trying to escape because of which the cake, it becomes very puffy, it becomes soft. But there's a problem. See if I had mixed baking soda into the dough of the cake, right? And when I had heated it, this would have decomposed to give me carbon dioxide, definitely yes, that is helpful. But also with that I would have got Na2CO3 and this is basic in nature. Now you would think that why is that a problem? So see, you might recall that bases, they taste bitter. Whereas cakes, they are supposed to taste sweet, right? So this is going to spoil the taste of our cake and that's what we don't want. So that's why we do not use baking soda to bake cakes. Instead we use baking powder, which is a mixture of baking soda and a mild edible acid, tartaric acid. So we mix baking soda with tartaric acid and we get baking powder. And if you're wondering what is the chemical formula of tartaric acid, then don't worry about that. Just know that tartaric acid, it has H+, it can give H+, because it's an acid and it has some negative ion, some random negative ion. I'm denoting that with X-, so its chemical formula will be, let's say Hx, okay? Just to keep things simple over here. Now you might be thinking, okay, what is the chemical reaction that happens here? So let's do that. Over here we will get a double displacement reaction and the ions are going to exchange position. Now sodium plus ion will get attracted to X-ion, whatever the X was. And we will get NaX, this will be a salt, right? And our H+, this will now get attracted to HCO3-, we will get H2CO3, plus H2CO3. And we have seen that this is not very stable. This will quickly decompose, this will quickly break down into water and carbon dioxide. So let me just remove it. H2O and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide gas will be evolved here. So in this case also, we are getting carbon dioxide gas, which will make the cake very soft and fluffy. But in this case we are getting NaX, which is a salt, and this will not spoil the taste of our cake. And that's why this is a good combination to use to bake cakes or cookies. So since baking soda gives carbon dioxide, it has got a lot of use in cooking. And for the same reason, it is also used in fire extinguishers. See carbon dioxide, it can extinguish fires. And that's why we use baking soda. In soda acid fire extinguishers. And also baking soda is basic in nature. So this can be used as an antacid. See if you have acidity, or meaning excess acid build up in your stomach, then you can take a little bit of baking soda, and this can neutralize the acid build up in your stomach, and give you relief. So since baking soda is basic in nature, it can be used as an antacid. And if you're wondering, Ram, how is baking soda basic in nature? Then see baking soda is a salt, any HCO3. And we can try to find out its nature. Salt can also be acidic or basic, right? So let's write down its parent acid and base, and then try to find out its nature. So the parent base over here will be NaOH. NaOH. And parent acid will be H2CO3. And we knew that this base is a strong base, strong base, whereas this acid is a weak acid. And whenever strong base reacts with weak acid, we get a basic salt. So this is going to be a basic salt. And if you do not understand what I did over here, then don't worry, I have talked about this. We have studied this in detail in a separate video. So you can watch that and come back over here. So this tells us that any HCO3, or baking soda, is basic in nature. And that's why we can use it as an antacid. Now let's summarize the video. In this video, we spoke a lot about baking soda. We looked at its chemical formula and also how it gets prepared. And I hope that you remember how many reactants were involved to make this and what were those reactants. We also saw that baking soda has two properties. One, that it gives out a lot of carbon dioxide gas. And based on this property, we saw two use cases of baking soda. And the other property was that it is basic in nature. And based on this, we saw the third use case of baking soda. I hope you remember all of these points. And if you don't, then don't worry, you can go back and watch the video again.