 السلام علیکم I welcome you again to series of lectures on international law international law is a complex area of law it is an area which touches very diverse subjects it covers fields which range from trade to use of force اپانی الہائی سے لگاتے ہوئے۔ ارم ملانی اور روح بہ آتے ہیں۔ حکومرس کے چلون حکومرس سے حکومہ طور پرینجی پرینجی جبنےی۔ آتناہتوری جلالت شائی میں آتے ہیں۔ اور ایک ہمارے خطروں کو اضافہ کرنے والا且ہ werde رہے ہیں۔ اور ایک ہمارے ہمارے حکومہ طور پرینجی کے چلون پرینجی پرینجی پرینجی پرینجی پرینجی بہامی جائے۔ جانشاہ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ جانشاہ کرنے کے ٹھیک سبسکر میںی ہیں۔ جانشاہ کرنے کے ٹھیک سبسکر میںیsche shouldان ہے۔ جانشاہ کرنے کے آیدوںی ہے۔ اور پہنے سے Forever, آپ کا عملraum شاہا وصف دی ہوتے ہیں اسے من دنری نظام ل瑞ت آج دیتے ہیں اور دنری نظام لرمین نظام حالی gritwa حال پڑکیں لگے جس پر بہتلہ ہیں اگر جو ایسے لیے نظام لیگوں کو کامنا고 بگائے جاہڑا جاہڑا بھی نظام حالتے ہیں ان کو دبار کرنا پڑ کلے teorی کیمانی و گوشہ سے بیٹے شانتین جانا جس speeding like جو ا隙 �ہکہ کم پڑکیں ذاہر نظام حالتے ہیں constitute the basic building block وہ پہلا بنیادی جوز ہے عالمی کانون کا اگر آپ نے عالمی کانون کو سمجھنا ہے اگر آپ نے عالمی کانون کی اندرسٹیننگ کو امپروف کرنا ہے اگر آپ یہ جاننا چاہتے ہیں کہ کسی خاص اشو پر عالمی کانون کیا ہے تو آپ کیا دیکھیں گے آپ دیکھیں گے اس ماملے پر جو کانون جس کا اطلاق ہوتا ہے اس سے related treaty کو دیکھیں گے اس سے منسلک کنمنشن کو دیکھیں گے اس سے جس treaty کا اس پر اطلاق ہوتا ہے اس کو اٹھا کر اس کو پڑیں گے اور اس کو سمجھیں گے اور اس کے بعد اس میں سے آپ اپنے دلائل اخز کریں گے اور دیکھیں گے کسی معاملے پر وہ treaty کیسے وہ اپلای ہوتی ہے تو آج ہم اس building block کے بارے میں تھوڑا تفسیل میں جائیں گے جو عالمی کانون کی بنیادی وجہ ہے عالمی کانون کا بنیاد ہے اب بنیادی ایٹ کی حیث رکھتی ہے اس لیے آج کا ہمارا topic جو ہے وہ ایک multi lateral treaty ہے a case of a multi lateral treaty ہم یہ دیکھنا چاہتے ہیں کہ multi lateral treaty کانسی treaty ہے اس کا frame work کیا ہوتا ہے یہ کیسے وجود میں آتی ہے اس کے مختلف جوز کون کون سے ہوتے ہیں اور اس کا اطلاق پھر ممالک پر اور افراد پر کیسے ہوتا ہے یعنی عالمی کانون جہاں پایا جاتا ہے اس کو ہم treaty کہتے ہیں تو treaty has to be understood اب treaty دو کئی اقسام کی ہوتی ہے ایک ہے bilateral treaty یعنی ایک اور دو ملکوں کے درمیان پاکستان افہانستان کے درمیان transit agreement bilateral treaty ہے transit trade ہوگا پاکستان چاہنہ کے درمیان کہ وہاں پر جو چاہنہ اور پاکستان کا border جہاں ملتا ہے وہاں custom post بنانی ہے اس کے لیے ایک bilateral treaty آپ چاہنہ سے کرتے ہیں investment کی treaty کسی ملکے ساتھ ایک bilateral treaty ہے امریکہ سے investment آنا چاہتی ہے دوبئی سے یوئی سے کوئی investment آنا چاہتی ہے تو آپ اگر investment treaties ان ملکوں کے دسات کرتے ہیں تو یہ بسیق لی آپ ایک bilateral arrangement کر رہے ہیں bilateral treaties کے علاوہ ایک اور قسم treaties کی جو ہے وہاں ملتی lateral treaties یعنی جن treaties میں ایک دو سے زائد ممالک پارٹی بن سکیں اگر دو سے زائد ممالک پارٹی بن جائیں گے یا بن سکتے ہوں گے اس treaty میں تو اس کو اموان ملتی lateral treaty کہا جاتا ہے ملتی lateral treaty میں 15-20 ملک بھی ہو سکتے ہیں اور ملتی lateral treaty کی جو جو اپیل ہے وہ بازوقات global بھی ہو سکتی ہے مثلن کسی region یا کسی مخصوص خطے چین ممالک کے مخصوص خطے کی trade کو facilitate کرنے کے لیے جو treaty بنائے جائے گی ہوت ہوگی تو وہ regional ملتی lateral character رکھے گی اسی طرح کسی اگر شمالی امریکہ یا واستی امریکہ کے جو ملک ہیں وہ آپس میں کوئی treaty کرتے ہیں تو ہے تو وہ multilateral character کی مگر اس کا nature regional ہے اس میں یورپ کا کوئی ملک پارٹی نہیں بن سکتا اس میں ساوتیشہ کا کوئی ملک پارٹی نہیں بن سکتا آسیان جو ہے وہ جس treaty کے توصفت سے وجود میں آیا اس کا ایک territorial scope ہے ہے وہ بھی multilateral treaty مگر اس کا link ایک region کے ساتھ ہے سارک جو ہے اسی طرح ساوت ایشہ کے ممالک کی ایک regional treaty ہے اور اس میں امریکہ اس کا پارٹی نہیں بن سکتا یا روس اس کا پارٹی نہیں بن سکتا اس کا تعلق ایک region ایک خطے کے ساتھ ہے اسی طرح OIC charter جو ہے وہ مسلیم ممالک کی treaty ہے تو اس میں کوئی غیر مسلیم ملک اس کا ممبر نہیں بن سکتا تو مسلیم ممالک کئی مسلیم ممبر اس کے ممبر سے ان کے حوالے سے وہ ایک multilateral treaty ہے مگر کیونکہ اس کا ایک context ہے لہذا اس context سے جو بہر ملک ہے وہ اس کے ممبرز نہیں بن سکتے تو multilateral treaty کی بھی مختلف shades ہوتے ہیں جس میں نے ارس کیا کہ کوئی regional treaty ہے کوئی treaty کسی خاص sector کسی خاص issue سے وابستہ ہے جو اس issue سے وابستہ ممالکیں وہ ہی اس کے ممبر بنیں گے اور کچھ multilateral treaties بلکہ اکثر multilateral treaties جو ہیں ان کی appeal global ہوتی ہے یعنی کہ وہ invite کرتی ہیں کہ تمام ممالک پارٹی بن جائیں وہ کسی خصتے وابستہ نہیں ہونا چاہتے ہیں وہ خاص کسی issue سے وابستہ نہیں ہونا چاہتے ہیں وہ خاص کسی time zone سے وابستہ نہیں ہونا چاہتے ہیں بلکہ ان کی broad appeal ہوتی ہے ان کا subject ضرور منفرذ ہوتا ہے ان کا subject ڈالگ یا specified ہوتا ہے مگر وہ territorially linked نہیں ہوتے ہیں تو اس طرح کی بھی بیشمار treaty ہے اور ان treaties کی تعداد بھی حزاروں میں ہے یہ وہ treaties ہیں جو آج کے ہمارے سیشن میں ہم ان میں سے ایک treaty کا انتخاب کرے کے اس کا جائزہ لیں گے اور اس حوالے سے ان treaties کی development ان کی formation ان کی context کو سمجھنے کی کوشش کریں گے یہ treaties جو global appeal رکھتی ہیں جو globally invite کرتی ہیں سٹیٹس کو کیو ممبر بنیں اس کا ان treaties کا کوئی خاص category تو نہیں ہے except کہ ہم انیں multilateral treaties کہتے ہیں مگر ان کی appeal جو ہے وہ ڈالگ میں ستا کی ہے یہ کسی ملک پر کوئی پابندی آئے نہیں کرتی کہ وہ ان کا member نہ بنیں یہ تمام ممالک کو دعوت دیتی ہیں کہ وہ اس کے member بن جائیں اور member بننے کے بعد اس کو ratify کریں یا member بنیں as the case میں بھی یہاں میں یہ بھی وزاد کرتوں کہ member بننا اور ratify کرنا یہاں سائن کرنے میں کیا فرق ہے دیکھیں اگر کوئی multilateral treaty کوئی ڈارہ وجود میں لارہی ہے تو اس عالمی ڈارے کے آپ بنتے ہیں member اور member بنتے اس وقت ہیں جب آپ treaty کو ratify کر لے تو یہ دونوں ایک ہی بات ہو جاتی ہے اس treaty کے تناظر میں گر treaty ڈارہ وجود میں لارہی ہے تو آپ نے اس کا member بننا ہے اور آپ ratify کیے بغیر member نہیں بن سکتے تو اگر یہ کہا جائے آپ اس کے member بن رہے ہیں تو گویا یہ کہا جا رہا ہے کہ آپ نے اس کو ratify کر لیا i.e. ratification کا عمل جو ہے وہ اس میں consume ہو گیا ایک منہ جب آپ کہتے ہیں کہ آپ نے member بننا ہے مجھے کچھ treaty ریسی ہیں جن میں کوئی عالمی ڈارہ وجود میں نہیں لائے جاتا تو اون treaty میں آپ وہ صرف اس کو ratify کرتے ہیں بسلن non-proliferation treaty npt جو ہے اس میں کوئی ڈارہ وجود میں نہیں لائے گیا تو جب آپ نے اس کو کرنا تو آپ یہ نہیں کہیں گے ہم npt کی member ڈیٹ ہے ہم کہیں گے ہم نے npt کو ratify کرنا ہے تو treaty کے خدو خال سے ہوتا ہے کہ آپ نے اس کے ساتھ relate کیسے کرنا ہے وہ کالمی ڈارہ لاری ہے تو you want to become a member if it is not creating an institution then you will simply ratify or sign that treaty as the case میں بھی treaties evolve کیسے ہوتی ہیں بنتی کیسے ہیں ان کا نکتا ہے اغاز کیا ہوتا ہے اور وہ کیسے وجود میں آتی ہیں ان کا نکتا ہے اغاز جو ہے وہ باقائدہ ایک formal amal کے نتیجے میں سامنے آتا ہے یعنی یوں نہیں ہوتا کہ کوئی ایک ملک ایک draft treaty کا بنائے اور پھر اخبار میں خبر چابنے کی یہ treaty بنالی گئی ہے اب جس جس نے اس کو سائن کرنا ہے وہ کر دے اموم ان ایسا نہیں ہوتا بلکہ آش تک ایسا کبھی نہیں ہوا ہوتا ہیوں ہے کہ کچھ ممالک سوچتے ہیں کہ کسی خاص issue پر کانون سازی کی ضرورت ہے اور اس کانون سازی کیلئے انہیں ایک treaty سامنے لانی ہے جب یہ سوچتے ہیں تو پھر ظاہر نکتا ہے غاز سوچ کا اس بات سے ہوتا ہے کہ issue کیا involved ہے environment سے proliferation سے متعلق treaty ہے chemical weapons سے متعلق treaty ہے trade سے متعلق treaty ہے law of the sea سے متعلق treaty ہے care law سے متعلق treaty ہے user force کو ارینڈل کر رہی ہے تو پھر اس کے حوالے سے جس issue کو اس treaty نے touch کرنا یہ regulate کرنا اس پر کانون سازی کرنی لگا جی existink علمی دارہ ہے اس کا venue اپروچ کیا جاتا ہے میں آپ کو اجامل دیتا ہوں اگر آپ نے ایک نیا کانون sea سے متعلق بنانا ہے sea lane سے متعلق بنانا ہے existink علمی دارہ جو ہے وہ international maritime organization ہے جس کا head office لنڈن میں ہے so what needs to be done is that someone will need or the group of members who are like minded who want to introduce a new convention will go to the international maritime organization and then they will talk to the secretariat of the organization they will discuss and then they will say during discussions in AIMO that there is a need to have a treaty on a certain issue now then a debate will be carried out after a debate is carried out then there may be a possibility that a committee may be formed to frame terms of reference of that treaty i.e. what treaty and then that committee prepares the terms of reference and then those terms of reference are brought back to the AIMO then there is a debate by the members on the terms of reference whether the terms of reference are accurately reflecting what the members had in mind originally whether the terms of reference can generate a treaty which will fulfill the original objective of taking this initiative can the terms of reference deliver a text which is doable in the circumstances so all these debates will go on some members will insist for enlarging the terms of reference some member states will argue no limit them and everyone will have his own reasons his own interests his own national priorities now once the terms of reference have been finalized then either the main body will be authorized to negotiate a convention or some other committee will be constituted only for negotiations also remember another thing when we say multilateral treaty it is not developed to drafting the right legal jargon is negotiations of multilateral treaty you do not draft will negotiate because each treaty has provisions on which certain group of states may agree and on other provisions another group of states may totally disagree so both argue their positions with each other and after that argument extensive arguments stretching over days sometimes months and years eventually a position emerges of consensus or one party yields other party accepts both show flexibility eventually we have a position and we have a formulation in writing which is acceptable to both the states so that is why we call this process negotiations of multilateral treaty a negotiation of a treaty drafting is merely a procedural purpose and the real substantive activity is negotiation so you are negotiating a treaty and as I said those negotiations continue for years if not months example the UN convention on law of the sea took 10 years of negotiation it was finalized in 1982 but the negotiation process in 1972 so negotiation process is structured very carefully for example if in the initial terms of reference a discussion has taken place that yes we want exclusive economic zone regime to be created we want territorial waters regime to be created we want continental shelf regime to be created so terms of reference say first negotiate between member states clearly these three points then we move on to next items so for first one or two years extensive negotiations will go on so what is the process of negotiation negotiations are held again in a very systematic manner what sometimes happens is that one member state volunteers a draft and says ok I am here to volunteer a draft which is in my opinion reflecting the terms of reference I table this I put it on the table before all the members I distribute it amongst the members now please start your debate so then there are changes and as these changes occur various countries bring their positions on the table these positions are attached with the main draft it is called a rolling draft because it is continuously evolving and changing the rolling draft continues with add-ons add-ons are suggestions coming from various states at various steps and as these suggestions come in as these positions are finalized then the rolling draft is cleaned up cleaning up means you have side committees you settle issues in those side committees and come back with consensus there are certain points in the convention on which people may not agree they may not have opinions the same opinion so in order to come to a consensus you make an effort and that effort is sometimes done through side committees or subcommittees so the process of negotiations is a very systematic and a technical process in the negotiation process there are several readings of the same draft several reading means a country has volunteered a draft and generally there are three readings at least of a draft the first reading you clean the text a little bit in the second reading you also clean and make it more lean in the third reading you eventually finalize the text and generally depending upon the time schedule these negotiations last for 10 days each or 5 through 10 days each and then they eventually the text is finalized after 12 months and often it is in case of multilateral treaties takes years because several countries have very strong positions on that now having discussed this I will take you give you some idea of how these negotiations are done in case of a multilateral treaty and how a multilateral treaty takes shape how it evolves how it develops and what is the framework of that as I said it is initiated through a discussion that discussion leads to an assessment of a need for a treaty which is then converted into terms of reference the terms of reference then generate or create an authorization for formal negotiations the formal negotiations are spelled out then a country volunteers a draft that draft is negotiated and discussed at least there are 3 readings of the draft by the main body of negotiators of all the states and then the draft is cleaned the process of negotiations extensively involves meetings and deliberations in the side committees in specialized bodies in order to arrive at consensus and eventually when the consensus is arrived at that is where then positions are further strengthened and then you finalize a treaty once this process of negotiations is finalized then the treaty is adopted by the conference of state parties and then it is open for signature verification and then members again rectify individually and then it becomes applicable to that particular state which rectifies so the process of drafting of a treaty is an extremely difficult complex process and it is a process in which some of the best minds put their heads together to come out with a draft that will become a global international law on a given issue I will use in this presentation an example of UN convention on corruption this convention is basically a multilateral treaty and this treaty was negotiated by UN General Assembly and as I discussed thematically I will now explain to you how this treaty was negotiated UN General Assembly passed a resolution and there were several resolutions by UN General Assembly whereby it had directed at efforts be made to curb corruption efforts be made worldwide to resolve issues of recovery of assets and return and repatriation of those assets to the countries of origin so these issues were cropping up in various resolutions eventually member states some of the member states decided there is a need for a comprehensive convention on corruption prior to this need identification another convention UN convention on trans organized crime had already come about a few years back in that convention corruption was listed as a standalone offence but during the negotiations of UN TOC it was recognized that the issue of corruption cannot be handled as a subset of an existing convention instead a detailed convention is required for addressing this issue so a need was felt a few countries introduced this concept to UN General Assembly UN General Assembly said now UN UN said lets create an ad hoc committee a committee created only for the purposes of negotiations of the UN Convention on Corruption the creation of an ad hoc committee basically means that you replicate the UN General Assembly there is a UN General Assembly in New York now another committee comprising of the same members is established in Vienna and the purpose of this committee is to negotiate the convention so participants in this ad hoc committee will be participants as if they are going to negotiate in the UN General Assembly itself so this ad hoc committee is established and as a first step towards negotiations a resolution is stable which contains the terms of reference of this treaty a treaty on comprehensive treaty on corruption terms of reference are debated 4 or 5 days are consumed by all the states representing the entire globe effectively where the debate the terms of reference and they argue that whether issues of repatriation should be included issues of prosecution should be included issues of preventive measures should be there or not issues relating to eventual review of the treaty should be there or not so all technical issues relating to the treaty itself and what should go in the treaty what should stay out of the treaty are discussed as items to be included in the treaty once the terms of reference are finalized then they are taken back to UN General Assembly UN General Assembly pass another resolution authorizing but now based on these terms of reference a multilateral treaty should be negotiated so one country comes forward a EU country I believe Norway and volunteers a draft and says here am I I am volunteering this text this draft should be tabled before the members of the UN at our committee and let them negotiate this is a starting point for negotiation I don't know if I mentioned this or not in the law of terrorism but the sixth committee of the UN General Assembly functions in a similar way sixth committee is a legal committee so when it was negotiating the comprehensive convention on terrorism the country which volunteered the draft the first working draft was India so India volunteered I shall present a starting point draft for negotiation of a comprehensive convention on terrorism and eventually that convention is at the final stages but the issue is stuck up with the reference to definition right now coming back to this same convention so UN convention on corruption basically started negotiations it took about 2.5 years in total 70 days of extensive negotiations 3 different readings were made of negotiations in other words 3 times this convention was read it was formed 2 times this convention was included 2 times this convention was discussed on that convention some of the convention was withdrawn it was a withdrawal voluntary one country explains another country on the floor of the house one country clarifies its position in the context of the convention and then the other country either joins it or disagrees with it the process has another side line negotiations i.e. those negotiations which are outside the main hall in informal gapshap you explain your point of view when you go for negotiations in UN then your entire activity is a matter of involvement whether you are moving informally whether you are eating something whether you are sitting in a cafeteria whether you are meeting someone in a lift whether you are meeting someone in a meeting whether you are having a moodbheer you clarify your point of view in every way in gupshap, in light mood in aggressively so that the point of view is clear for the people so the negotiations on the sidelines i.e. outside the formal area they also have a critical impact and they also have a serious work because there people easily get on the sidelines where you don't have the protocol where you can go and explain it to someone on the tea table look at the other country's Mandubin my issue is this my issues are this and my evidence is this and if you understand it then when the floor of the house goes back to Mandubin then it supports you or if you don't understand it then you don't understand it the difficulty of participation of Mandubin that is extraordinary i.e. those who participate in the negotiation process they have extraordinary competence the best people of their country come and if the curiosity of the convention comes back from a certain sector then the specialist people of that sector they are sent for negotiations so if you see in this convention for example this is the list in front of me the people who participated in the negotiations of this convention and in this list every important country has presented 5-6 senior level officials for negotiating this because they have their federal ministers in which they have their attorney general in which they have their experts on corruption in which they have their head of mission in which they have their permanent representatives ministers of justice and the best people so for example in Austria see 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 10 Mandubin who participated in Austria's delegation and all of them were important lawyers who were representing Austria somehow from Canada the Mandubin they were their criminal and treaty law division their legal officer the heads of the criminal law were included so as you can imagine the level at which these negotiations were taking place the best legal minds of the world are involved in it so that these negotiations are in full and that is why the multilateral treaty eventually comes in front the consensus is included in it اُس من سب لوگوں کا برین سٹرامنگ شامل ہوتی ہے اُس من سب لوگوں کا موقف جو ہے وہ سونا جاتا ہے کچھ کا مانا جاتا ہے کچھ کا نہیں مانا جاتا جب یہ پروسس شروع ہوتا ہے دیسکشن کا تو پھر اب سوال یہ پیداواتا ہے کہ آپ نے فرقزامپل اپنی پوزیشن دینی ہے آپ کو یہ بھی حق ہے کہ آپ فلور آو دہ ہوس پے ہو پوزیشن دیں اور آپ کو یہ بھی حق ہے کہ آپ اس پوزیشن کو انڈرائٹنگ دیں تو اگر آپ نے کچھ پوزیشن دینی ہے آپ کے ملک نے تو وہ درکلی بھی دے سکتا ہے ایک اور طریقہ نگو سییشنز کا یہ بھی ہوتا ہے کہ آپ ملٹی ریٹنلٹویٹی میں کہ آپ کا جو ملک ہے وہ دوسنے ملکوں کے گروپس کے ساتھ ملکر کو پوزیشن لیتا ہے تو جی سیمیڈی سیمنگ گروپ کے ساتھ آپ مل جاتے ہیں ان کے ساتھ آپ پوزیشن لیتے ہیں تو ایوانچلی کیا ہوتا ہے کہ آپ بتاور ایک ملک آپ اپنی پوزیشن کو لکھ کر اس طرح سے اقوامِ مطحدہ کو دیتے ہیں اور آپ کہتے ہیں جی یا ان کے سیغیٹیٹ کو دیتے ہیں اور آپ کہتے ہیں جی یہ میری پوزیشن ہے اس کو وہ کنورٹ کر دیتے ہیں اور اس کو کنورٹ کر دیتے ہیں ایک بایقائدہ ایوانڈ ڈوکیومنٹ کی صورت میں اور اس پہ آجاتا ہے کہ یہ پروپوزل یہ فلانِ ملک کی طرف سے ہے اور اس پر ایک نمبر آجاتا ہے ایک نمبر کا نمبر جو ہے اس نمبر کی حوالے سے آپ کا دکوکمنٹ ہنا یا رفر کیا جاتا ہے اس طرح سے پروپوزل اور کنورٹیوشن میکسیکو پاکستان ایوانڈ ڈوکیومنٹ ایوانڈ ڈوکیومنٹ جو ان رائٹنگ دیے جاتے ہیں یہ بطور ایوانڈ ڈوکمنٹ کے پر سرکولیٹ ہوتے ہیں اور سرکولیشن کے بعد ان پر بہس ہوتی ہے ان پر گفتگو ہوتی ہے سرکولیشن ممالک ان کو رفر کرتے ہیں اور رفر کرنے کے بعد پھر یہ تیار کیا جاتا ہے کہ ان کو ایدوپٹ کرنا ہے یا نہیں کرنا کئی مرتبہ جیسے میں نے اس کیا یہ مانی جاتی ہے کئی مرتبہ یہ بات نہیں مانی جاتی میں آپ کو کچھ اس ٹریٹی کی کچھ پرویشنز دکھانا چاہوں گا because یہ وہ پرویشنز ہیں جن سے آپ کو یہ اندازہ ہوگا کہ ٹریٹی کا یا ملٹلیٹل میٹی کا سٹرکچے جو ہے اس کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ ہم اس ٹریٹی کی کچھ پرویشنز کا بہور جائزہ لیں اور دیکھیں کہ یہ کیسے ٹریٹی ایک develop ہوتی ہے اوربیسلی اس ٹریٹی کا سرسٹارٹنگ پوائنٹ ہے ویک پرییمبل ہے پرییمبل میں جوین ریزلوشنز کا ریفرنس ہے ان تمام کنویشنز کا ریفرنس ہے جو کربشن کے اشہوز کو درکلی اور اندرکلی حیدل کرتے ہیں جو اس کو حیدل کرتے ہیں سو اس کا ایک conceptual link develop کیا جاتا ہے with the concepts of corruption and existing law on corruption پس کے بعد آپ کی definition آ جاتی ہے پہلے آپ purpose ڈیٹ کرتے پھر آپ کی definition آ جاتی ہے کہ آپ کی definition میں کچھ alphaz کی interpretation آ جاتی ہے پس کے بعد preventive measures آ جاتے ہیں to create preventive measures اور اس میں private sector کیلئے measures کیا ہیں participation of society کیلئے کیا ہیں anti money laundering کیلئے کیا measures لیے جا سکتے ہیں پھر اسی طرح offenses آ جاتے ہیں یعنی کہ وہ convention offenses create کرا جو corruption سے related ہیں یہ convention کا heart ہے so this substantive probation ہے مثلان پہلہ so important offense create کی convention کرتا ہے وہ ہے bribery of national public officials پھر ہے bribery of foreign public officials پھر ہے embezzlement misappropriation اور other diversion of property by a public official پھر ہے trading in influence as an offense پھر ہے abuse of functions as an offense اب ان کے لیے مختلفات استعمال میں ہمارے قوانین میں بھی اس طرح کی profession ہیں مگر ان کے قوانین میں prevent different ہے illicit enrichment is one of the offenses illicit enrichment کیا ہے each state party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offense when committed intentionally illicit enrichment that is a significant increase in the assets of a public official because he or she cannot reasonably explain in relation to his or her lawful income اب یہاں ایک اور چیز آپ دیکھیں گے جب یہ گیوالہ پرویشن آیا تو اس پر کئی کنٹریز نے مقالفت کیوں نے کہا کہ یہ تو ہمارے ہاں تو یہ افنس ہی نہیں یعنی property بنانا کسی بھی زرائے سے ان کا حق ہے اور اس طرح کی کچھ اور افنس ہے پھر تیکی اگیا کہ ان کو optional offenses رکھا جائے یہ ایک بڑا دلچسٹ لیگل کویٹمن تھا optional offenses کا concept یعنی offenses کو optional رکھا جائے یعنی convention تو offence کریٹ کر دے اگر اس کی adoption optional ہوں میں آپ کو اگزامپل دیتا ہوں اب article 20 اللیسٹ انڈریشمنٹ ہے اس کے بارے میں وہ دکتا ہے subject suace constitution fundamental principles of legal shall consider adopting such legislative measures یعنی consider adoption یعنی کہ فورن کر لے گی تو یہاں option option آگی سٹیٹ کے لیے یہ الفاز کا استعمال ایک option کریٹ کرتا ہے کہ اب ممبر ملپج اس کو ریٹفائے کر رہا ہے یہ اس کی سباب دیت پر ہے کہ وہ اس offence کو اپنے law میں implement کرتا ہے یا نہیں کرتا اسی طرحا bribery in private sector each state party shall consider adopting again option آگی some seeds of crime یہاں پر option نہیں ہے each state party shall adopt such legislative measures to establish as criminal offences money laundering یہاں shall adopt کا لبز پہلے میں کیا تھا shall consider adopting تو یہاں پر option available کر دی گئی ایک set of offences ہے جو optional character کیا ہے ایک set of offences ہے جو mandatory character کیا ہے اُن offences کو mandatory کرنے کے جن offences کو اُن کے اپنے قوانین میں offences کرار نہیں دیا گیا انہوں نے کہا ہمارے سستم کچھ ہر ہیں تو ہم کچھ offences کے حتک پر اگری کرتے ہیں کچھ کی حتک اگری نہیں کرتے so یہ ایک legal treatment adopt کیا گیا ہے to create a concept of optional adoption of offences کہیں آپ پھر اسی طرح ایک اور interesting concept dress میں incorporate کیا گیا وہ concealment کا ہے concealment کا ایک concept ایک offence اس کی article 24 میں لکھا گیا اب concealment کو اگر آپ پڑھیں تو concealment کی الفاظ تقریبا وہی ہیں جو money laundering کے ہیں یعنی وہ بھی کہتا ہے shall consider adopting such without having permanent properties وہاں بھی ہے concealment of property money laundering تو پھر اس کی ضرورت کیوں پیش آئی اس کی ضرورت اس لیے پیش آئی because money laundering میں money کو laundry کرنا offence one time offence ہے اور اس کا retain ہونا اس کا consequence ہے جب کی concealment میں continuing retention وہ ایک مسلسل عمل ہے on a day-to-day basis on a reoccurring basis گویا اس کا impact کیا ہے اس کا impact یہ ہے کہ اگر کوئی assets stashed ہیں outside the country جو ملک اس کو rectify کرے گا اب چونکہ اس کا retrospective application نہیں ہے تو money laundering کا تو charge اس شخص کے خلاف نہیں frame کر سکتا مگر concealment کا charge frame کر کے recovery of assets کسکی را سکتا ہے تو that is how concealment became an important provision which was had the effect of possibly retrieving the assets notwithstanding the fact that money laundering only address the issue of one time offence and its concealment as a consequence of that offence concealment on the other hand was an offence which was occurring on a day-to-day basis and day of entry into force of the convention concealment would be an ongoing offence entitling the requesting state to seek repatriation of the assets so Pakistan was in the Pakistan delegation was in the forefront to argue and insist to have concealment as a standalone crime and as a consequence of that we have this now as a standalone crime like wise we have another offence which was of a unique nature considering that there was no previous precedent for this kind of an offence not exactly an offence but a treatment consequences effects of corruption with due regard to rights of the third parties acquired in good faith each state party shall take measures in accordance with fundamental principles of domestic law to address consequences of corruption in this context states parties may consider corruption a relevant factor in legal proceedings to annul or rescind a contract withdraw a concession or other similar instrument or take any other remedy election this was a very unique provision in many ways what was the multilateral criteria on corruption saying it was saying we create offences we create a mechanism for prosecution and we let the people who commit corruption be prosecuted in due course now obviously it was sounding perfect it was sounding sufficient it was sounding as a complete approach towards the comprehensive convention but a question was raised by Pakistan delegation which was eventually supported by entire g77 and the question was that yes on one hand some body but that somebody has caused an irreparable damage and a problem to a country by awarding a contract by giving a concession and the whole country continues to suffer while the person who has committed the crime has only been punished in respect of his own self so there should be some enabling power under the convention that should enable the state to use those prosecution proceedings to anal to rescind the international contract that was awarded as a consequence of corruption so after hectic negotiation this provision was eventually incorporated and it was decided that states will be given this power to use criminal proceedings of corruption as a basis to rescind an agreement and then there were voices from other countries some other countries says we have people who have granted awards they have granted licenses now those licenses are perpetually giving and do benefits to certain people even if you punish the person who has committed a wrong or the official what use it for the country the real use it that we should be able to recall those licenses or concessions so eventually this provision came in as a negotiations and it enlarged the scope of the convention that you can not only prosecute individuals but you can also address the consequences of corruption and then another position that was a step ahead which was spared by the Mexican delegation and supported by Pakistan delegation was compensation for damages which said will take measures in accordance with principles of domestic law to ensure that entities or persons who have suffered damages as a result of an act of corruption have the right to initiate legal proceedings against those responsible for their damage in order to obtain compensation now it said when you are making a comprehensive law on corruption please make sure you have provisions which entitle the victims of corruption or those who are adversely affected by virtual corruption to commence proceedings for damages again a unique development of jurisprudence that somebody commits corruption as a consequence of that individuals community ordinary person suffers and that ordinary person that community or that person then moves on and says well we would like to see compensation for that and then they eventually do get that compensation if the law provides so the convention creates that possibility the other important provision of the convention was that it said traditional bank secrecy is no longer a basis to deny information to remember sometimes ago there was this understood position that banks will not let lose of information which they have about their customers they will not give out this information at all because it is traditional bank secrecy the convention demolishes the secrecy defense and says no for the purposes of investigation in respect of corruption issues the banks will not pull down its shutter the bank will not decline to give information on the ground of bank secrecy and that bank secrecy defense is finished so again a very major اچeevment of the UN convention or the UN multilateral security that we talked about yet another area now we have talked about creation of a fence we have talked about creation prosecuting mechanism then the next important question was what happens about the wealth which is found in the banks of some other country how do you bring it back again there was a very divided opinion on that one opinion was that we need to do something to share that to share that money with the country which is carrying out expenses for that negotiations or for that return so in all the countries there is inherently a provision of law in which when you want to seek repatriation of illicit wealth that has to be retained by the state which is returning because as expenses and blah blah but this convention moved ahead from this position and it identified it divided this wealth into two portions one was the assets which directly belong to the state or a requesting state and the other were the assets which did not belong to the state but were indirect a proceeds of bribery and so on so forth and it said those assets which belong to the state can be retrieved by the state directly because the title of those assets vest in that state and this was a very important departure and therefore there is no entitlement for a country where these assets are to seek some portion as compensation or expenses as a matter of right example was for example somebody in a country takes money out from the wallet of the state bank of that country and runs out now this is directly a money of the state a title of this money vest with the state the title transferred with this asset wherever this asset is so when this proceedings are commenced for recovery the question of sharing does not arise the other example is that somebody gives a bribery to a bank account in some other state to some person now this money of bribe is not a direct money generated from the state fund so in that there could be a possibility of a share so this human convention identifies this distinction and based on this distinction it generates a framework a unique framework shall we say whereby it says that when the title of the money or asset vest in the requesting state then the obligation to detect any amount is not there so this was considered to be a very serious move forward within the framework of the human convention now here in this few examples that I have given to you have noticed that not only these negotiated positions represent the ability of the states to negotiate a UN treaty it also shows that a UN multilateral treaty is actually creating an evidence of development of international law it is actually adding on to jurisprudence it is creating new formulations it is adding on to the jurisprudence of this area in the states so it is truly an extraordinary effort that a multilateral treaty says so a case study of multilateral treaty demonstrates that not only it represents political consensus at the state of negotiations it also represents high profile legal work that goes into the processing of the treaty itself so eventually the treaty that we saw which came out as a final version after these three extensive readings which was adopted by the state parties now what is an adoption by the state parties it basically means that all the states which have negotiated the treaty after the text has been finalized meet again in a conference mode now this meeting of state is called a conference of state parties then they adopt that and that adoption means that now the treaty has become final and then they announce that now the treaty is open for signatures and before that step once the treaty has been negotiated one more step is added on and that is a step relating to a creation of a consistency group or a consistency committee whose job is to again comb through every segment of the treaty every provision and see if there are any inconsistent use and once that is reconciled then the treaty becomes final then it is taken to the conference of state parties and conference of state parties eventually adopted and the treaty is then open for signatures once it is open for signatures now it is a multi-lethal text and then states one by one attach signatures and they file their original instrument succession to the depository of this treaty itself that is how treaty eventually comes into existence and that is how we have the final version of the treaty available to us the depository of the treaty varies in this case it's the united nations secretary general who acts as a depository what do we mean by depository depository mean where the original signed rectified instruments are deposited of a treaty so you have a treaty and then the states independently and individually signed the original text after obtaining authorization and after that is signed then that treaty is taken to a place where the original signed instrument is duly deposited placed in a locker or a wallet or whatever and it is secured there now that demonstrates that the treaty has been rectified properly in certain cases there could be some other government which could be designated as a depository of a treaty so the government of belgium for example could be a depository of a treaty government of canada for example could be a depository of various treaties so it really depends what is the preference of the parties which have negotiated within the un system whenever a multilateral treaty is negotiated invariably it is the office the un secretary general which acts as a depository of a treaty and these treaties which are deposited within secretary general are published they are all published in a series called united nations treaty series this series runs into several hundred volumes i believe last i saw they were running into probably 2000 volumes so they are adding on and they are issued yearly basis and containing all the text of the treaties that have been negotiated in that given year so the treaties that we see are and you can actually approach them on the un website as well un treaty series i believe it's a paid website but you can check it out there are several treaties which are available on other sites as well which can be directly directly exist so coming back to the framework of multilateral treaty towards the end let me conclude by saying that multilateral treaties create a framework of law specialized framework of law in their areas they are open for global following they invite all states they have a detailed mechanism that mechanism is followed while they are adopted while they are negotiated a detailed method a methodical process for negotiations terms of reference are determined detailed text is presented detailed text is eventually finalized and that text results into a formulation that we are referring to as a multilateral treaty so treaty is a result of some of the brightest minds putting their heads together and coming to a consensus and that is why often each treaty pushes the limits of law each treaty develops the law in certain direction and it does become a source of international law it does becomes a very important powerful tool to link international law to that sector and considering the fact that treaty has to eventually govern for times in memorial for literally infinity that it will be binding the states it will be binding the people living in the states the significance of understanding multilateral treaty cannot be undermined so I trust that you would be finding this framework and this discussion of use to have to develop understanding of multilateral text multilateral text as I said is a result of hectic negotiations there is a dire need to develop ability of negotiations there is a need to develop capacity for understanding these texts because without this understanding it is difficult to see how these treaties how these treaties positively affect and how these treaties could be resorted to for taking best advantages under international law that are available to members of the global community and to individuals who live in the state itself and since most of these treaties are discussing and are talking with reference to individuals are actually regulating rights of individuals in various countries it is all the more reason that these treaties must be understood they must be researched they must be clearly and in detail one needs to go into their depth to be able to take maximum benefit and advantage from them lastly let me conclude that I hope this lecture has given you an idea or a greater sense of clarity on the framework of multilateral treaties we have used the example of UN convention on corruption as a multilateral treaty most of the multilateral treaties follow the same approach creation of an offense providing a mechanism for follow up and prosecution preventive measures some enforcement mechanism and eventually some procedural provisions that talk about the ratification and to into force and other provisions I hope the discussion that you've heard today from me in terms of multilateral treaty case study would have enhanced your understanding of these issues