 We are moving forward with our business ethics module in chapter and we are now moving towards the fundamentals and its value of morality. Many a times we question that what is morality? What is moral and what is immoral? What is correct and what is incorrect? We have these dilemmas within us. Should we do it or should we not do it? And when we are talking about all of this we also look at the fact that is it good or bad? What are the consequences of our actions? What are the consequences of our planning? What are the consequences of our products? What are the consequences of our interventions? All of these are encapsulated and encompassed in the context of morality. So when we are looking at morality then it can be descriptorily referring to certain codes of conduct put forward by a society or a group such as a religion or accepted by an individual for her own behaviour or normatively to refer to a code of conduct that given specified conditions would be put forward by all rational people. So again ladies and gentlemen it is about logic and reason. It is about being supportive and referring to why something is being done over decades or why is something being done over decades and now is considered to be wrong. I mean just look at the context of women empowerment. A long time ago women did not even have the right to vote. Long time ago with the exception of Islam and a few other religions women did not have a right to inheritance. And again what we see is that women would not be working in organisations. Women would not be given senior positions but in the past century all of this has changed but yet ladies and gentlemen with all the different conventions, different laws, different policies, different projections, different media and what not talking about women empowerment and women rights yet unfortunately still the rights of women are infringed. The rights of women are compromised. The rights of women are sacrilege. Women are considered to be objects. Women are considered to be property. Why? In this modern era of the 21st century why is that all happening? Why is it that we see that the cases of women harassment are nearly five times that of male harassment? Why is it that women are considered to be objects in the organisation, in the community and in the home? Why is it that there is violence against women despite all of these laws, despite all of these conventions and despite all of these policies emerging and rules and regulations which say that women should be treated equally? Why is it that there is a glass ceiling for women? All of that becomes a moral consideration that we are talking about and it's all about morality. Why do we do all of that? Why is it that there is window dressing on what is actually happening and we tend to put things under the carpet? Why is it that women are considered to be immoral if they tend to disclose what has happened to them? Why is it that women are subjected to different types of subjugation and also harassment and also pain for no reason at all in this modern 21st century where social media, where electronic media, where all forms of media tend to override our lives but yet we have not been able to control, we have not been able to diminish, we have not been able to eradicate violence against women. We have not been able to actually give them equal right. Why is it that women are discouraged from riding bikes in Pakistan? Why is it that women are not welcomed in mosques? Why is it that women are considered not to be able to do jobs which require physical exertion? Why do all of these different interpretations exist but yet we say that we are trying to ensure equality and empowerment? Why does it not really matter whether you are going to allow women to be In other words, we are not going to allow women to be in the same level of social media and if women don't allow them to be in society then women are going to be in their same level of social media and we are not going to allow them to be in society. It is actually question, question, question. To immorality, it is extremely important to question what is being done and what is not being done. That can only lead to better answers. And through those questions, there is this very vital element of having positive, affirmative and progressive dialogues. And based upon those dialogues, we try to understand each other in a better way and try to create solutions, try to create policies, try to create rules and regulations and try to create laws which are consensually accepted by the majority and by the stakeholders. So, that is very important. And there are different levels of moral development. We basically see that so much is being done in different regions and there is a lot of emphasis on education, on training, on moral development. But we are not getting the results. So, what we are going to do is, is that we are going to see the different research conducted by two Harvard psychologists, Lawrence Colberg and also by Carol Gilligan and also Dovetailit with Eric Erickson and maybe also include Ned Herman and all of these. So, these are very important aspects and research studies relating to moral development. And we will see in the coming sessions that how they have huge implications on our lives individually and collectively. So, ladies and gentlemen, just like I was mentioning that we are going to be looking at the two Harvard psychologists who have done extensive research on moral development. And one is Colberg and the other one is Gilligan. And we are also going to be looking at a little bit of a comparative study with Eric Erickson and Ned Herman. Now, when we are looking at the Colberg model, then Colberg basically studied human moral development from infancy to old age. And in that particular research, he would be looking at how moral development is directed through moral beliefs and how moral beliefs tend to make people understand what they are doing and what others are doing. And through that whole process, he was able to identify three levels, pre-conventional, post-conventional and conventional. And in those three levels, he identified two levels each, that basically means six levels. So, what we see is that there are three levels and there are six stages. Post-Colberg research also looks at his seventh level, which is actually embryonic and that is even before pre-conventional. So, ladies and gentlemen, in the next session, we are going to be understanding these six levels and then move on to the seventh level also and then connect it with the Eric Erickson model of eight levels. So, looking forward to it, see you next time. Thank you so much.