 Ac mae'n mynd i'w hyfforddu llwg threum stwg hwn trawgóa hyfforddol yn cael gŵr fel y cyfrwyr. Mae'n cael gŵr hwn trawg allan, cyfrwyr ar hyn o dda gen wedi f coast honno hyfforddol. Ac mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, ac mae'n ym diffusion gyda'r ystyried yn cyfano'r cyfrwyr. Felly, mae'n fath yw'r hyn yn gwneud rhain ar gyfer wirthafell ac yn cyfrwyr adsh゚rcaisio cyfrwyr cyfrwyr ddiddorol iawn â gweithredu fathwrt hwnnw gan dda i bobl iawn ac mae'n mynd i wneud mwyringol i blannu'r arfer. Rym ni i dduldwch sut unrhywbeth i gholdi? A dyna i ddweud i ddweud? Yn ymddorol wrth yr unrhywm ar y fathwrt hwnnw, ymddorol i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud? Yn ymddorol i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud? Ynrhywbeth sydd hi'n gwneud ymdydd? It's difficult to actually pick that out, but we can look at the types and modalities that they were engaged in as well, to give us more of an idea of what types and modalities of exercise we potentially should be taking part in. Ultimately, the question I'm asking is what effect does the manipulation of these variables have on physical fitness, because that's the information that we're interested in in terms of providing recommendations. So let's start off with looking at other primates, then. Our closest cousins. Felly, dyna'r brifell ar storiol ynghyd o'i bod yn teimlo'r llwyr, ar nodi llwyr, ar ripnutau llwyr llwyr Reich, rydyn ni'n dechrau i'r fforddfa, ni'n wedi'u fforddfa'r fforddfa'r llwyr. Dydd sy'n ei dweud i'r fforddfa, mae'n ceisio mor oedillau. Fydd yn brofiadau bod os ydyn nhw'n gwlad yw'r fforddfa, maith arnotonau, ach neswyddo ond autos. Cydyn ni'n ei ddwy'r fforddfa'r fforddfa, dyna'r fforddfa. When the hella but the one that's there they spend a lot of time clamming, climbing, sitting, walking, running, bounding, brachiating. Which is swinging from arm to arm. But actually if you look at the volume of activity they engage in, it's actually quite low. It was near as high as I imagined it would be. Has any of you guys been to the zoo and gone and watched the monkeys and sat there wondering why they were all asleep? Because they actually spend a lot of time sleeping. They spend a lot of time sitting around standing, not really doing a lot, just resting. Mae yna ychydig ond yw dyddion beth rydych yn ymddeall nodi, felly fwy oed yn ni'n bwysig, dyma'l digwydd yng Nghymru, ac bydd yn gyflawn i ni. Felly mae'r cyngor yn dda'r cyntaf yw, a dyna dwi'n ddim yn llwyth yn ddall, ac fe arall mae'r cyngor yn gweithio arno. Yna'r cyflawn i'r cyflawn i ni wedi cyflawni a yw, fel yma'r cyfruit yn ni'n ddydig sy'nой'r gweithu o'r rydych yn ddod, fel dda'r y gweithio arno, gyda'r rhai ddeisig. Dwi'n gobeithio'n ddechrau ar y cyfle ddaeth, gan y cyfnod. Gweithio'n gweithio'n ddyn nhw'n dechrau. Rwy'n ei ddweud o'r cyfle sydd. Rwy'n gweithio'n cyfle ddaeth arall, rwy'n gweithio'n cyfle ddaeth, rwy'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n ddyn nhw'n ddyn nhw. Wrth gwrs, mae'n gallu cyfnod o gweithio'r ddechrau. Ond mae'n ceisio'n sall yw'r watle. Yn ddigon, cymdeithi, gweithio'n mynd i chi'n thankio'r cyfleol. Ond mae'n cymdeithio'n cyflwydiau a gwaithio at steel, er mwynol i gael eich ffisigol. Yn ddigon, mae'r unigad arddangol a'r unigad. Yn ddigon y bobl, yr petr ac rhai ar운, gan gyfrifon, gyllid, benobos, mae'n meddwl gan lle'n gael ar unigadu nawr, yr urch yn dechrau ar bod ni. Ond o beth mae wedi gwneud bod bod yna gweithio'n gwneud yn y gallu buddur o'r ddweud yn oed yn gyfridd, yn ddwy'n gallu dros fwy o'r ddweud, mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'n ddweud yw'r cystafell, ond mae'n oed yn y gallu rywbeth ar gyfer cynllun â'r rhoddiol. Ond yn hyn mae'r eich Prémys yn y modd yma yn awr ac oed yn ychydig. Rydyn os ydych yn ein teimlo chyfrifio, roedd cyfeiriau eich bobl yn y gallu hyn. A bod yna, dechau i ddweud ofyn yn y modd rydyn cael ei ddweud. y trafnod o gwiriaeth peoliol yn rhoi'r hynny gynnig, dwi ddim yn ddod i'ch peolio. Felly mae'r ddweud yn dweud roedd cael ei gwrs o casgau a'r ffordd o'n cyhoedd. Ac mae'rλλun o ddweud i'r hunain hwn? Mae'r hunain hwn o'r Primaeys, mae'r hunain yn lleol i chi, dwi'n meddwl i'n meddwl i chi, yw mewn o edrych i unio ar fynd i'w gwaith lleol i'w hyd armael gwbl mewn. Hynny'n gyd, lle mae'r rhai iawn i'wheithio llwyddo, ymddangos i eu cyhoeddi, seeps i ceisio ar gael y lawr, ac o'r rhaid i'n wneud yn ymdegwyd, o gyhoeddiol angen yw'r wneud, a'r rhaid i teimloír a'r cyhoeddiol a'r bobl sy'n mynd i diddoriol am eu hynny'n meddwl, Ond fel Robert Germain, yn mor ddau gallwch, mae'n cymryd gyda fynol. Mae gael pethau yn ddiddordeb hwn. Mae gael yn cyfryd gyda chi'n unwyr yn mynd i'r cerdd. Felly, mae'n gilym yn mynd i'r pethau cyffredinol, mae'n mynd yn ymtwyf i gyd, mae'n mynd i'r pethau. Mynd i gyd! Nghymru ar y chlynedd, a gyda pan ddoi yn hwnnw ymchwil. Mae'n gilym yn bwysig, ac mae'n olygu ein bodhef yn ddoch, While looking into the literature and it was very difficult to actually draw anything out. Researchers were saying that there's no clear physical activity pattern or level that's specific for extinct hunter-gabrier populations It varies massively by geography, It varies massively by culture, massively by technological advancement and tends to find that ond gwahanol golygu'r hollu, anodd dyma'i achodcaeth, anodd dyma'i lwybodaeth, anodd dyma'i achodcaeth… anodd dyma'n hawddol o'ch lwybin, anodd dyma'n hawdd, anodd dyma'n hawdd, anodd dyma'n hawdd. Diolch cyfeirio i gairodio gwaith yn cyfle stiwg cyfle mewn iaith, Wat manfyrwch yn cael bod, dyna bod y rhan oedd ysgoletol mewn ldofynotechol nrhywr, ysgoletol robusdystydd mewn mwyloysgoletaeth yna ysgoletol mawr iawn am lawer, We tend to see that actually some studies show that Vote for Serbia populations experienced just as much physical loading as agricultural populations, some seem to experience more, indicating they're potentially more active, but some actually experience less. Also some studies indicate that there's not much of a difference between Vote for Serbia populations and modern populations as well, so it makes it very difficult to say that they were more physically active. Also, it's really difficult to say what types or modes of exercise they actually engaged in. If you look at these exercise programs given out by the paleo fitness experts, they typically involved primal movement patterns. We don't know what they were. If we actually look at the studies, the musculoskeletal stress markers we look at, which we would hope indicate what types of loading they experienced, don't always tie up with cultural remains. They don't always tie up with the types of technology we find with them. Fe'r gael yw'r 130 a 15 o bod wahanol. Mae'n gwneud i ddweud i'w cyflaenu gyd, oherwydd y tu ddweud eich cyflaenu. Roedd yna bodau oherwydd y gallach tro bynnwys sy'n ei ddweudio'r ystod o'ch meddwl sydd ac i ddweud y cyflym. Wrth gwrth gwrs, mae'n ein peth o'n cyfligol maelodau a'r geometri i'r cyfeirio a oedd eich cyfligol yn arsigio'r pattern yn dient. Dyna'r gyflymau, fel sylworm. Mae'n gyflym o gwybroddau, eu gwneud o'r gyngor o'r gymrwys hyn sy'n gyfrannu eu gennu'r gyrwys. Yn cyfysgwr ddau i amlwg o'r gyrwysau ar bob amgylch o'r�eryll hon. Yn y gyrwysau ar hyn sy'n cyfrannu o'r gyrwysau ar gyfrannu i gyrwysau yng nghyd-goryn. Ond bydd y cernodd y cyfrannu milieu, yma. Felly, y gallai'n gwybod hwn yn olygu jeddyn nhw'n gŷn oedd mae pethau gan oedd y gyrwysau ar y gyrwysau ar gyrwysau. neu mae'n fwyfyrdd i'r ffynol wrthwynt, neu mae'n ffynol, neu mae'n fwyfyrdd yn fwyfyrdd fel gyfwyng ymddiol. Felly, ymweld i'r ffynol cilyniadau yma sy'n meddwl i'r ffynol i'r Gwfyrdd yma? Felly, mae'n meddwl. Rwy'n meddwl am ymddangosiaeth. Felly, mae'n meddwl beth mae'n meddwl am ymddiol. Felly, mae'n meddwl am ymddiol. Felly, mae'n meddwl am ymddangosiaeth. ddim yn ymlaen. Mae'r dweud yw ymlaen y Lleodraeth llwygol yn y gwybod deantol. A'r ddweud y Lleodraeth llwygol yn ddweud y Lleodraeth llwygol yn ddod i'r ddweud yr haneson yn y rhodiol ac yn ysgolio rhaeddiant. Rwy'r ddweud yw'r hynny'n ei wneud o'r rhodeo-dysguol o'r gwybod a'r rhodeo-dysguol sy'n gwybod ddod i gyd-dysguol o'r ddweud yr hyn yn ysgolio. Mae'n hawdd i ni i ddweud yw gweithio arhaeth bod yn oed yn rhodio a'r gweithio i'r modd fel hynny'n gwneud. Mae'n rhan. Rwy'n gweithio i'r pethau o'r gwybod, oherwydd, ddifetau'n gweithio, yn oed yn oed yn gweithio'r gweithio'n gweithio o'r gwahodd o'r llwy ffordd o'r llywodraeth a'r cyfnod o'r cyffodus. Mae'r clywbeth wedi'u ei wneud cyd-a'r cyfeiriadawr i'r cyfwladau. Felly, mae'n ddweud â'r pwylltau. Ieithaf, mae'r bwysig yn ymweld. Fe ddim yn ychydig i ddim yn ymweld i'r sklitol ymlaen ac yn ddweud i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd, i ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Felly, ein bod yn ymlaen i'r sklitol ymlaen ac y ffordd o'r mewn geomethrae i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd ymlaen i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd. cyllid yr wych chi eich cyffredig, y gynhau cyllid yn gydag f hefyd nhw'n arnu'r ar y gyfer cyllid yn pob cyllid o'r cyllid ystŷfiau, fel y cyneslon, ac mae'n gydag yn ymwybod i gyflwyntu fedryl angen i'w cyllid. Ond gationald ac chi'n gŵr dweud ar y cyllid yma, felly am y gyrdd, rydyn ni'n dechau'r cyllid, am y ddeddoedd hyn o'r cyllid i'w ddechrau, ddim yn gweithio'r argymraedd ac rydym yn cynnig, mewn sefydlu ar hyn o gyllid. rhomantic notion of the super fit, super healthy, hunter-gavir, caveman, cavewoman. OK, so let's start off going for each of these variables then. So in terms of frequency, hunter-gavir populations do tend to be physically active on most days. But when we talk about physical activity, like I said at the start, I want to differentiate between general or occupational physical activity and what we typically consider to be exercise. And most of the physical activity that they engage in, we wouldn't really look at and consider to be exercise, or at least of sufficient vigorousness or intensity of effort to actually be considered exercise. More like chores. Imagine a day of housework, a bit of hoovering, a bit of ironing, maybe a bit of yard work, yard. That sounds weird, I should have said garden, sorry unbrysh. But that's typically what you tend to see in those studies. I mean, even if you subscribe to the idea that the males of hunter-gavir populations typically engage in endurance running or persistence hunting-type activities, they typically, oh, I didn't even press that then, they typically only involve themselves in exercise or certainly endurance-type exercise maybe every three to five days when they were successful on their hunts. It's more difficult to determine when they are unsuccessful. But typically they were engaged in physical activity on most days, maybe more vigorous intensity activity every few days or so. OK, but what about the volume of that activity? OK, so they were doing physical activity, but how much of it were they actually doing? Well, as I've said, we're bipedal and the types of walking patterns that you see in hunter-gavir populations typically allow them to expand their range. They don't typically go for a walk and follow one route. They tend to follow random power law distributions when they're foraging to try and increase their range and maximize their yield in terms of foraging. Um, he typically find that although if you look back at kind of the review articles by Lauren Cordain and James O'Keefe and those guys, they'll pull the magic number or magic range of six kilometres to 16 kilometres a day was the typical range for hunter-gaviras. That tends to be based on like one study in the HUDSA. Um, when you look at other studies, you typically see that actually they don't tend to move around anywhere near as much as that. Every few weeks or so they might move camp or they might move on from the position they're in, but typically whatever location they're in, they maybe only move or certainly some populations up to around two and a half miles around that in terms of range. It's, you know, they're not walking 16 kilometres a day as we typically were told by the academics who are writing these articles. If you look at the body of literature, it tends to be highly variable. In fact, some studies show that they spend, you know, maybe 70 to 80 hours of their waking day just resting, sitting around, being sedentary, all the stuff that's killing us apparently, but somehow doesn't kill them. It's a bit like the French paradox. You know, the French eat lots of saturated fat, but they have low heart disease. So obviously the saturated fat that we're eating is killing us, but it's not killing them somehow. It's probably the red wine. For these guys, it's probably the berries and, you know, other stuff that they eat. Don't know. Anyway, so I decided and Greg was talking to me earlier about this. He said, I'm a cautious type. I like to have data. So what I did was I went to all the studies and I pulled out the data and I ran some stats on it myself. So I went through and pulled out all of the articles that I could find that had actually recorded physical activity levels, i.e. the ratio of total energy expenditure to resting metabolic rate, to look at and actually compare hunter-gatherer populations, agricultural populations and modern populations, and also looked at comparing it to this paleolithic standard that Boyd Eat and colleagues actually kind of defined as a physical activity level back in 2003. And hopefully this will be coming out in a paper that I've been invited to publish in Journal of Evolution and Health, but when I ran the stats on it, although there are slight differences between hunter-gatherer, agricultural populations and modern populations, they're a little bit more active in terms of the physical activity levels data that we can look at. It's not significantly different, you know, whether it's big enough to actually have a meaningful effect on their health and fitness, I don't know, but at least when we look at the data it's certainly not statistically significant. What I think is more interesting, though, is actually the intensity of activity that they're engaged in. So, one of the things that does seem to differ between their populations and our populations is the fact that, actually, they do spend some of their day involved in very high intensity activity. So, when you look at the distribution of the vigorousness or the difficulty or how hard the activity they're actually engaged in across the course of the day, you see that they spend quite a lot of time engaged in very sedentary or light activities. Certainly in the populations looked at in these papers, you see that the light grey at the bottom of the graphs indicates that they spent a considerable portion of the day sedentary or engaged in light activities. Now, this was really interesting as well, though, is that when you differentiate between day and night and men and women, you might not be able to see it on the graph so much, but at night the men are engaged in maybe a few minutes of very, very vigorous activity, but not the women. So, I leave that to you guys to speculate as to what they might be doing. I know what I think they might be doing. They've gone out for an interval session in the middle of the night, of course. But anyway, we typically find that they spend a lot of time in, yes, some low intensity activity or being very sedentary. If you look at the average speeds at which they move around at, Dr Kim Hill's observations in the Archie Men typically showed that they were walking around at an average of about one and a half to three kilometres an hour. Occasionally, they would involve themselves in short bursts of sprinting, particularly when hunting or foraging. But, I mean, 1.5 to three kilometres an hour, that's a really slow stroll. That's not even kind of average walking speed for most populations nowadays. That's taken it pretty easy. I mean, even when you look at the studies on persistence hunting, the average speed at which they move at is 6.1 kilometres an hour. Now, that's a bit of a route march, but that's not a jog. That's still walking just at a pretty quick pace. But what it indicates is that they were probably involved in some high intensity activity and then a lot of low intensity or sedentary type activity. And even in children as well. We see that in the child populations, they spend a lot of time engaged in very low intensity activity and then occasionally very high intensity activity. And this is what I think might be missing from what most modern populations are engaged in. So, what about the types and modalities of exercise that they're engaged in? So, we know that we're doing high intensity activity, but what types of activity were they engaged in to produce that high intensity?