 Non-human primate, NHP, models have been critical to the ongoing search for a preventative of vaccine, despite challenges in interpreting data for human translation. NHP models have become increasingly valuable in assessing immunogenicity and efficacy of novel vaccines, guiding vaccine design and opening new areas of investigation with promising potential for generating vaccine efficacy against IV and other infectious agents. This article was authored by Mohamed Arif Rahman and Marjorie Robert Kiroff.