 Okay, my name is Marcin Lejski. I'll be presenting preliminary results we have from several burials coming from Pztynets Circle burials from Central East Poland, but we'll try to also connect it to the broader idea about especially Pztynets culture burial customs Okay, I'll start with the introduction of the Pztynets cultural circle because not everyone might be familiar with the phenomenon, but I will focus mostly on the burial customs because they are connected directly to social structure of or proposed social structure of these groups. Then I'll present the preliminary results that are part of a larger project for several Pztynets culture burials and in the end I'll try to talk about whether we already can implement those results to the ideas we have so far about the burial customs and social structure and behaviors of those groups. Okay, so Pztynets culture or Pztynets cultural circle including several entities is a phenomenon that occupied most of the Central Eastern Poland and Western Ukraine and Belarus in the first half of 2nd millennium BC. There are several ideas of the origin of this phenomenon, but most of the researchers agree it originated from Ivno culture in the central North Poland, from where it spread to the much wider region and it replaced proceeding Mierzenowice culture and Strzeszów culture to some extent those cultures might have also contributed to the origination of the Pztynets culture and we're not sure of the nature of the spread. Those are some ideas, some problems that we hope to tackle during this project, but today I will focus mostly on the burial customs of the culture and social structure of and kinship structure of those groups. So there is some variation in this phenomenon of the burial customs, but there are several defining characteristics and usually majority of the individuals belonging to those cultures are buried in collective burials which are sometimes accompanied also by single graves. Most of those collective burials are actually thought to be long-used burial chambers used for several generations when members of some kind of social group were added in a span of several generations. Those chambers usually had some wooden or stone or mixed superstructure and usually they were abandoned or closed with some kind of ritual behaviors like closing the burial ground with a mound or in our cases burying those superstructure. Therefore we have both information and partial cremations, but for obvious reasons we cannot use the cremated individual for our study. And what's interesting to us, there are some ideas based on both morphological trace of the individuals found on those burial chambers, but also distribution of great goods and central position of female skeleton or skeletons that are thought to be anthropological. There were several researchers proposed actually matrilineal kinship of structure of those groups or at least importance of matrilineal lineages in those groups. And that's one of the questions we would like to try to answer with ancient DNA. So like I said we are on preliminary results for several burials, but the whole project that is led by prof. Makarowicz from University, Adamistowicz University in Poland is containing more than 200 individuals belonging to several cultures belonging to Chinese cultural circle. Among the majority of those individuals are buried either in double burials or in collective burials including from three up to even 26 individuals. And today I'll be presenting three of those features coming from two sides, Brodica and Żerniki Górne. And I will be presenting one collective burial from Brodica and two from Żerniki. Those burials were containing four, nine and 26 individuals respectively. So the first side I'll be talking about is Brodica. That's a single burial or single collective burial for individuals that were excavated during Kreski excavations. So it's divided of broader context, however based on both the typology of burials and more importantly about the only the C14 data we have from one of the individuals it's attributed to Chinese culture. And the other side we're going to be talking about is Żerniki Górne. Much older excavation to a much greater extent. Żerniki was a huge burial ground for the Chinese culture that contained multiple collective burials. Additionally there were some stone enclosures connected with those burials and at some point of the history of the use of the site part of it and several of those multiple burials were buried under a burial mound. I'll be talking about two of those multiple burials and it's going to be burial 62 that contained that we were able to sample seven individuals from and building 69 which on paper contained 26 individuals however we are able to sample 16 of them. We mostly targeted right petrol petrol's temporal bones in order to avoid double sampling the same individuals because for example Żerniki Górne is an old excavation and the bones belonging to those individuals are all mixed and it's usually hard to distinguish and separate all the individuals that are found in the documentation of the site. Then we used well-established protocols ancient DNA protocols to extract DNA and build genomic libraries on the samples and all of those steps are where performed in ancient DNA laboratory at the Faculty of Biology at the University in Poland which is a laboratory dedicated solely to work with ancient DNA. Additionally for several of the samples we tried different targeted hybridization based enrichment methods. We enriched all of the individuals in mitochondrial DNA and on several individuals we tried using design bar as a panel of 15,000 nuclear markers that the idea behind the panel was to maximize the overlap between low-coverage samples. The libraries both shotgun libraries and enriched libraries were sequenced in sequencing centers in Uppsala and Stockholm and the sequences were again processed based on established protocols and we used three different methods to detect contamination in the samples and all the samples that failed at least one of the methods were excluded from the from the analysis. For the kinship reconstruction we used recently published method by Kuhn at collaborators from Uppsala University and the method is supposed to be able to estimate and reconstruct a first and second degree kinship with as low as 2500 overlapping SNPs between the individuals and moreover it doesn't require reference other frequencies so we don't have to use modern populations as other frequencies proxies which might be an issue. The mitochondrial HAPRA groups were the mitochondrial genome for reconstructing using our in-house protocol and the mitochondrial HAPRA groups were determined using two independent tools which result for cross-reference and for the results. For the broad data we were able to obtain usable data for three out of four sample individuals and already looking at the mitochondrial genome we noticed the same mitochondrial HAPRA type in two individuals which suggested maternal kinship between those two individuals and it was in a way confirmed by this kinship analysis which proved that there is actually a first degree kinship between two of the other individuals so 554 and 555 and there was some indication of the also the first degree kinship between the individuals 553 but the amount of overlapping SNPs was less than the threshold proposed by the authors of the method however when taking into account both the sex and the age of all those individuals and the mitochondrial HAPRA group we believe that that's the most reasonable explanation of this kinship structure for this particular burial so we basically have a nuclear family we detected one parent which is father with two individuals being his direct descendants and the second burial which is a feature of 62 from a journey key and we were able to obtain results usable results for five out of seven sampled individuals and here again we see the same mitochondrial HAPRA type in two individuals that suggests this mitochondrial kinship between those two individuals and again those results were partially confirmed by kinship estimation when we are able to detect first degree kinship between two individuals and those were the two sharing the mitochondrial HAPRA type but also there are several additional second degree kinship found between several sets of individuals however based on this data on we cannot decide on one correct interpretation of this kinship structure however all of the most probable explanations of that suggests at least three generations of in this case paternal kinship paternal descendant in this group however we need more more data both for the individuals we already sampled and those that didn't produce enough data so far to actually fill the missing gaps we have right now the most interesting for us was the was the feature of 69 which we were able to obtain usable data for 12 of the 16 sampled individuals and we weren't we don't have still don't have captured data for majority of those individuals however due to the fact that several of them has quite high coverage or genome coverage we performed kinship analysis on those individuals anyways and one thing that struck us in this particular variable is the variability of mitochondrial lineages we have at least a nine different mitochondrial HAPRA types found on this particular variable and again we have some individuals with the same mitochondrial HAPRA type here and here again we were able to detect several orders of kinship first we have fair degree kinship between those two individuals but again less than 2500 SNPs were overlapping between those in the draw so we're not certain about this particular position of those in the draw this in the draw however both of them are quite we're quite certain about their relation to this particular individual so that kind of confirms that does this particular suspect suspicion might be right so in here we have two generations both we see paternal descendants and maternal descendants are buried in the same in the burial so what can we say how we can interpret it or try to implement those results for the ideas we have so far about the social structure of the and social behavior of those population is that we definitely confirm that those burial belongs to several generations of some kind of kidney groups and when looking also on the strontium isotope data we have for those sites we see low variability and yeah low low viral variability of strontium isotope values which points that the this actually might be some kind of self-contained local population however does just have an interpretation right now and so far the data does not support the the prevalence of either maternal or paternal lineages in those burials however what is noticeable is like I mentioned those multiple maternal lineages in all of the burials from okay thanks thank you for our attention