 Hello. In the following I will talk about ellipsis which means grammatical omission in contrast to other kinds of omission such as phonological loss or clipping. In general ellipsis explains why some normally obligatory element of a grammatical sentence is missing. Here is an example. If he works hard I won't have to. The infinitive marker too occurs without the normally obligatory predication work hard. This has been omitted or ellipted. There are various parameters which help us to categorize ellipsis. One such parameter is referred to as verbatim recoverability or short recoverability. That is how the actual word or words whose meaning is understood or implied can be recovered. Another parameter is more formal. It looks at the position of the elliptic elements and their direction of reference. Here we have a backward direction. Last but not least we can define a functional parameter that looks at the relationship between antecedent and the elliptic part. The two main types, the recoverability type and the formal type, can be associated with several subcategories. With further categories that may even be beyond the linguistic context or with categories that simply refer to the position of the elliptic elements within the sentence. Let us look at these types in more detail. Formally speaking we can define three main categories. Claw's initial ellipsis as in he will come later if at all where we can ignore the conjunction if because of its peripheral character. Or in I have eaten more than you we have a case of Claw's final ellipsis. There is also a case of medial ellipsis but if we take a closer look it is often the case of either initial or final ellipsis. In I know we haven't set the record straight but we will someday, we can argue that the adverbial someday is optional and the type of ellipsis is thus final. The recoverability types of ellipsis can be distinguished into three subtypes. Textual ellipsis, situational ellipsis and structural ellipsis. In sentences with textual ellipsis the interpretation depends on what is said or written in the linguistic context. Relative to the positions of the ellipsis and its antecedent two types can be distinguished. Anaphoric ellipsis as in I am happy if you are where the interpretation depends on what comes before. And cataphoric ellipsis where the interpretation depends on what follows as in those who prefer can stay at home. In situational ellipsis the interpretation depends on knowledge about some extra linguistic context. For example get it a short form for did you get it may be substitutional for sentences like did you get the letter or it can be interpreted as did you understand. In this example situational ellipsis is final. However usually it tends to be initial especially taking the form of omitting the subject the operator or both. It occurs in declarative as well as in interrogative sentences. Here are some examples. Serves you right. Told you so. In trouble. Joan finished. Situational ellipsis often applies to cases where it happens to be quite clear what has been omitted and where the omitted words have weak stress and low pitch. In sentences with structural ellipsis the third type the interpretation depends on the knowledge of grammatical structure. Here are some examples where a conjunction or prepositions have been elliptid and can be recovered without reference to any external context. Structural ellipsis often involves the omission of determiners, pronouns, operators and other close class words in block language. For example in book titles, notices or headlines as in this headline US heading for new slump which stands for the US is heading for a new slump. Note that often there are no clear cut boundaries between structural ellipsis and instances of situational ellipsis. Beyond the simple subdivision into formal and recoverability types there are further issues that can be discussed in the context of ellipsis. For example we could distinguish formal categories such as noun phrases elliptical clauses and other constructions. We could discuss the relevance of the functional relation between the elliptical and antecedent construction. Or we could define even degrees of ellipsis for example on the basis of the precision with which we can recover the missing elements. However I will stop here and postpone these details about ellipsis to further practical videos where you can apply and test your knowledge. Until then have a nice time.