 Hi, I'm Jandaleo. I'm working at the International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi. I've been here at the Zababab for the last three days to attend a meeting on the future of pestilism. It was a very interesting meeting and I'd like to say a few things about what I think about it, my findings and what was interesting in there. We've been looking at pestilism and there's a lot of interest in pestilism and the cultures which are there, which are really unique and people outside pestil and recognize these cultures that are unique. We've been looking at these cultures and livestock-related production systems in pestilism for a long time. You see that these systems at this moment are very much in transition. Actually, we had a number of participants from pestil systems all over Africa. I think something like 10 or 20 different areas which were constructing a timeline, what was happening in these systems. What you noted is that the history of what has been happening before the 1950s and 1960s, it was largely dominated by droughts, by disease outbreaks and a number of political issues which were happening in colonial times. But the impact of outside society on these pestil systems was largely minimal, apart from the political issues like displacing people in Kenya, the Maasai, from the White High Institute, the Maasai territory. The pestilists were still able to utilize their territories. There was not much interference from outside. What you see since decolonization, there's a number of things happening very quickly, like people getting exposed to different religions which is affecting their culture, getting into education which is affecting their family culture, I should say, not the large culture, but really the culture at the family level. A number of political decisions which has to do with land tenure, a lot of the land which used to be in common property is being privatized, so that's affecting pestil societies a lot. And what you see now is that with population growth, but also with these other drivers of change, you see that pestil societies are really in a position now that they're really transitioning. There's problems there that pestilism is largely a livestock-based livelihood. And you see in many areas there's not enough livestock to sustain everybody, so people are deciding to move out of pestilism. Still, people also decide to stay into pestilism, but the kind of pestilism is not the same as they used to have 20 years ago or 30 years ago. This pestilism of full mobility is being compromised by a number of things. And one of it is that there was a very interesting session yesterday about land grabbing, and what you find out is that pestil lands, they're huge tracts of lands and they are not homogeneous, they are lands which are mosaics. The kind of mosaics where you have wetter spaces and we have drier spaces, and also people use this in a very efficient way. They go to these drier spaces in the wet season and then the wetter spaces, which are more productive and which remain green for longer, they use them in that dry season. So this is an intricate system which they use and they use it in a very efficient way. And what you see now is that this land grabbing, for example in the Tana River Delta in Kenya, where the Roma are, you see that outside speculators and people who want to develop lands are buying up the land, getting leases from government, and basically pestil people are being displaced. This is a very worrying situation because basically the better parts of the pestil lands which have taken out, which are really constraining and limiting the possibilities for pestil people to sustain their livelihoods. That's one of the issues I've been taking up, and I think it's happening all over. It's not only the Tana River Delta, you hear similar stories from Sudan, from Uganda, and so it's a trend which you see all over. It has to do with land tenure. Much of the land which pestil people are using is common property land which is not owned by these communities. There's a traditional ownership, but the formal recognition that they own this land is not there, and what nearly needs to be done in this case is to move towards a system where the recognition of land ownership and land tenure is formalized and communities really become the owners of this land. The other thing I realized over here is when we talk about the future of pestilism, we tend to think about very much community-based approaches to seek opportunities. One thing you can think about is that innovation and changes have to come from inside, so it's very much a bottom-up approach. Yet if you look at drylands, there's also decisions which are made by governments and even intergovernmental bodies about investments in drylands, and these are not the kind of small-scale interventions, they are really about big-scale interventions. I was thinking about drylands and looking into that, and if you think about it, then you see that there are lands which are really, in many cases, isolated, and the whole issue of infrastructure and road infrastructure and investment in there is an issue which I think we need to take more seriously. I'm not a proponent to develop road infrastructure, not at all, but I think decisions are being made, and I think a community like we have over here should think about it. How do we respond to that? Are the economic effects of road infrastructure development? Are they positive? Are they negative? Are they having negative effects on social systems and on cultural systems? I think you might argue that road's better connection with the outside is not very positive for conserving cultures. The same thing happened. There are issues around the environmental impacts of that, and I think when we talk about pastoral lands, there's something like that. We have to think about that because there are investors like the World Bank, the European Union, they think in terms of 50 or 100 million dollars and not into small-scale investment, really large-scale investment. So I think that's another issue we have to address, and it's going to have an impact also on the livelihoods, on the livestock side. It creates opportunities for better marketing, so from the perspective of my organization, I think that's also an issue where we should have an interest in looking.