 Okay, hi arall! Well the Yepgwaltwaith Ngheir. We're very happy today to welcome Benette Garagio Mendeizava. Sorry about my pronunciation. A former Cila student. He was going into education, when in his last year in undergraduate he got a study abroad scholarship to attend Boise. Boise state university in Idaho USA. Which being on the western side of the States is home to a large, vast diaspora community. yw'r angen i amddugwyd bwysig o'r wedi'i'r ffordd ar gael y gwasanaethau ac yna'r gweithgafol, yw'r angen i'r wirfodol, i'r wirfodol i'r nôliau'r cofnod. Yn ystod, mae'r angen i gael ffobl i gael gwasanaethau ymlaenol i dda yn ysgrifenni Gasvian. Mae'r angen i'r gwasanaethau. Mae'r angen i'r gweithgafol ac i'r gwaith o'r angen i'r gwasanaethau a'r angen i'r gweithgafol. I can't believe how it's changed oral testimonies on Basque in Vittor, I guess this, from basque-speaking migrants perspectives. Thank you very much. First of all, thank you. This is great for me, this is very unique. I didn't even imagine to come here to talk. Well as you know I had a wonderful experience last year and it's kind of a way to close the circle and I have to apologise as well because I was supposed to come with my nice shirt, my nice shirt, my nice shirt, my nice shirt, my nice shirt, my nice shirt, my nice shirt, and I have to apologise as well because I was supposed to come with my nice shirt, my nice trousers, but well before being a researcher I was an activist and today is a sad day, 25 years ago this newspaper was set up. It was the first grassroots bottom-up newspaper only in Basque and 10 years ago they shut it down due to alleged links with terrorism. These links have been proved false. Many of the journalists were taken to prison. Members of the board were imprisoned and tortured and still they haven't received any compensation, even moral compensation and luckily we have another newspaper now but they still need to pay the debt of the previous newspaper and still the political consequences are obvious. So sorry for this introduction as well but I thought it was a good opportunity. So my hometown is Vitoria Gasteis in Basque. It's really important to talk about migrants because it was the city with the largest relative population growth from the 50s to the 70s so we'll get into detail. So this is my city 50 years ago and this is nowadays so it has changed quite a bit. Of course you are more than welcome and you can visit me anytime. This is the outline, first of all introduction, the origin of this work, the theoretical framework, methodology, results, conclusion references and bonus slides, a small present for especially future researchers. I'm not a researcher but I'm beginning and I would like to share my experience. To warm up, who are we, where are we, where do we come from? Does anyone know anything about the Basque country? Please, Julia, go ahead. You can share it. Where is it at least? It's called Spain France. OK, how many inhabitants, more or less? What else? Do we have any language over there? What's the name? There you go. What's so special about the language? It's a late move. There you go, self yourself. I know it's after lunchtime so you might be a little bit hungry. For example, do you know how many speakers more or less? No? Try later. Any others, right? I will lead one later for me. What else? One million speakers right now. That is one-third of the total population of the Basque country. Any words that you know in Basque? It's Kerecasco. Anything else? It's Topa. There you go. What's Topa? Cheers. What's Kerecasco? Thank you. I'm running out of... Any more words? Chaparral? It means what? We have chaparral, so I was testing you. Ha? Ha te cha, okay. There you go. Does anyone know the political distribution of the Basque country more or less? These three provinces belong to France nowadays. And these other four belong to Spain. These three are the communities autonomy of the Basque country, the BAC. And this one is Navarroa. Here Basque is official. Here Basque is official only in the north. And here it's not official. And the status of the language is closely related to the situation of the language. Okay. I think that's all the questions I have for now. So, this is new. Okay. So, for example, if you want to describe the champion in Basque, the word is chapellun. Chapella is the beret, the hat. And if you win a championship, you are given a beret. So in order to call the champion, we said the one who has the beret. So that's chapellun. Can you guess what's the rule for Euskara? So the one who has Euskara? Euskara, it's a bit tricky but... Robbie. Euskaldun. It's Euskaldun. So, for example, the Basque country is... So the Basque country is called Euskalerria. That is the land of the Basque language. And, for example, Euskaldun. So 150 years ago, we didn't have any language shift. So everyone was monolingual, right? So every single individual from the Basque country was called Euskaldun. Because being a Basque speaker and being from the Basque country meant the same. Nowadays, it's not the same. So we are starting to switch the definitions. So you might be Euskalerritara, which means citizen of the Basque country. But you may not be Euskaldun, which is a Basque speaker. But the next thing about this definition is that, for example, Kifa can come to the Basque country, learn Basque, and she is automatically labeled as Euskaldun. So I don't know if it's in purpose or not, but it's an open project or open family or whatever you want to call it. So you all can be Euskaldun if you want to. And then we have two distinctions. Euskaldun Berria, which is neo speaker, and Euskaldun Sarra, old speaker. Well, sadly, Euskaldun Sarra were too valued. If you were a native speaker, you were the best one. Whereas if you were a neo speaker, you were a second level speaker. But then that's changing again. So I would like to talk about Aotec.com. Is anyone involved in language landscape here? So it's pretty similar, although it has one different feature. So as some of you may know, the Spanish Civil War and the 40 years long Franco regime was a very bloody period for everyone, for left-wing activists, for LGTB, for minority languages, for nations within Spain. And later on, the so-called democracy was non-existent and a remarkable need to document past crimes. Many of the crimes were unresolved. For example, the first political party nowadays are the ancestors of the Franco regime, the successors of Franco regime. So you can see that we didn't have social justice together. So Aotec.com was born to record as many elderly people in the vast country in order to, one, describe the order of Franco regime, and, two, document basic linguistic diversity. Even though we are one million, we have seven dialects, and these dialects are distinguished in several sub-dialects, which is quite diverse, but unfortunately due to our standard, the eruption of our standard, we are suffering from dialectal levelling. And for example, Aotec.com has been in 300 villages, 5000 speakers, and more than 30,000 videos. And I wanted to volunteer, so that's why I started doing this work, just interviewing these people. Two important details about the origin of this work. I was in a forum in a premiere of a book, and one acquaintance of mine, he was sharing his experience, and he said, I work in a social service of my city, in a public service, and once another person came to me and started speaking, but I realized that he was a Basque speaker, so I switched, and he admitted that it was, in 50 years, the first time that he used Basque in a public service. And the other one, as some of you may know, I work as a physical trainer with seniors in the city council, and the vast majority are Spanish immigrants, and only a few, so far 12 out of 630, are Basque speakers. So it was really interesting because I had a little bit of two words, but obviously, the Basque world was really small. My concern was that most of the work was focused on the Spanish immigrants, a lot of interviews, a lot of sociologic works, and Victoria Gasteis, in Basque, was and is a predominantly Spanish-speaking city. How did they feel those Basque migrants when they settled down in my city, and how do they feel now that Basque is going up? This work is not to criticize any group of people in particular, of course, and not against anyone, and I have to be careful, especially back home, because they say, oh, you are an ethnicist, you want to get rid of Spanish migrants, and it's not true, but I just want to provide more evidence to describe the current vitality of Basque and try to understand why our language shift happened. And then, as well, I want to contribute to Memory Historica and Common Ground, and this is the end of my introduction in my article. I published this article two years ago, one year and a half ago. I applied for an award for young researchers. I won that one, and then I realized, well, I want to do something at Suas, and write three months before coming to Suas, I said, okay, I need to test myself, and that's why I published this article as well. And I finished saying so. If we haven't achieved to talk to you in Basque, I bet we can do so with your kids or grandchildren. It sounds kind of a threat, but it wasn't my intention. Well, this is the theoretical framework, a little bit of perception, language attitudes, vital events, the Basque country dictatorship, evolution, my city in particular, the language, and finally, immigrants and language rights. Does anyone know what vital events are? I have five more. So apparently, if something happens to you, you can have two options. It can mean nothing to you, and the other option is to have a really deep consequence, a really deep influence in you, right? So for example, if Jeremy Corbyn comes here and says, oh, you are going to be the next leaders of England, if you like Jeremy Corbyn, you'll say, okay, okay. Oh, what a man, what a man. And that could be a vital event, right? And then perceptions, when human beings need to categorize information, needs to explain what's happening around, and for that reason, they need to obtain information. The process of obtaining that information is called perception, but as you know, it's really subjective, and vital events and perceptions are strongly related and are both of them really, really subjective. So a little bit about the vast country at that time. In 1936, we already had language shift. Our language was declining, but the constitution from 1936 was pretty innovative for that time. Bilingualism was promoted. Territorial rights and individual rights were awarded for speakers. They declared BASC as an autoctonist language, but in that very year, the coup d'etat stopped that, and the dictatorship was very repressive. They achieved the so-called quadruple homogenisation that is cultural, economical, political, and historical. There's one saying in Spanish coming from that period. Spain is one, and not 51. 51 are the number of provinces in Spain, and by saying so, they mean that Spain needs to be one and only one. And the population of the vast country increased considerably at that time. So, for example, in 1851, we were less than 900,000 inhabitants, half in the back, where I'm from. Nowadays, millions, and back half of it. Reasons to grow, Spain at that time, Franco allied with the US, so they turned from an isolated economy into a capitalist country, and they started producing goods for the US. So, national planners had to choose some places to build industries, and they needed people, so they took people from rural southern areas, and they took them especially to Great Catalonia and BASC. And a lot of authors think, was it a mere coincidence? You have to take into account that Catalonia and BASC were the regions with the most advanced willingness or desire to become independent countries, and all of a sudden, something related to demographic something happened. In purpose, I don't know. I don't have any evidence, but it can be, why not? And for example, the three cities of the back, Bilbo was industrial, Donosti was touristic, and Gasteis was rural, and nowadays they are similar now. For example, at this point, the BASC language and existence as a nation was at risk. And for example, let's look at this demographical data. 43% of the back couples were locals, 25% mixed, and 32% outsiders. You have to take into account that the locals were already stopping to transmit their language, the mix didn't transmit anything, and the outsiders had just Spanish. And even the birth rate, we are one of the, how do you say? The regions with the shortest birth rate in Europe nowadays, and the same was 50 years ago, so 1.2 for the locals and 2.1 for the outsiders. And as I said, it was the city with the biggest relative population growth in Europe at that time, and Gonzale de Langarica called him the Revolutionized City, because it used to be the city of priests, army officers, and peasants, and all of a sudden that changed. And there were three key factors for that. The first one was industrialisation, but in order to have factories working, you needed people, so immigration, and in order to have people living and working, they needed urbanisation. And this was an idea of the local elite. As some of you may know, they killed previous presidents and councillors, especially if they were left-wing. So the local elite, the right-wing elite, took control of the government, and they designed an economical plan to develop the area and were a coincidence to get rich. So Gasteis in 1950, 50,000 inhabitants in just 25 years, 2,000 new companies set up, and in 1975 we had 173,000 inhabitants. So, for example, how did migrants integrate? I'd advise my province, somewhat over here. They didn't have any problem, because they had to go to the city at least once a week to sell their goods in the market, to buy stuff, to go to the government, to do some paperwork. So they didn't have any problem. Rest of the Basque country, according to Gonzale de Llangarica, they didn't have any problem, culturally were similar, and he said that the distinctive feature in some cases was the Basque language, and he said that the Basque language wasn't any reason to be discriminated. And I already knew that some Basque speakers had discrimination cases, and I said, you're wrong, man, so sick. And then Rioja and Castilla, again, were similar to Araba and Southern Spain, and Galicia were culturally the opposite, and they really had sadly discrimination cases, and I don't know why they were called Koreans. So in the Basque country, Southern and Galician were called Koreans, and I don't know why. And they were a two-way clash between both of the groups. Life in those years, getification, for example, in the neighborhoods of Abechuco and Recalor, they had over 60% of the population came from Spain. They had some cohabitation problems at that time, no time for leisure and culture. They were functional neighborhoods, just work, work, small houses, really, really poor houses. Maybe if you were lucky, a small shop in your neighborhood, and eventually local Basque culture evolved, but just dances, and just the habit that we have every single weekend to go to a bar, drink one wine, go to another one, drink one wine with your group of friends, and that's about it about local Basque culture. Language wasn't part of it. When everything looked very dramatical, in the 50s, just less than 2,000 speakers in the province, an explosion of a pro-Euskada movement, and nowadays we are around 80,000 speakers in the province. If we take into account the whole Basque country, the territory with the biggest growth, so it's a reason to be proud, I guess. In Gasteis, I'm sorry for being too colloquial, Spanish is the king. 22% Basque speaking bilinguals, 26% Pasque bilinguals, and 44%, 54% monolinguals, or speakers of other languages, which are estimated to be 10%. Basque is the mother tongue of merely 3.6%, and Spanish is always spoken by 83.1%. Every five years, they measure the conversations being held in the Basque country, and they calculated that the conversations held in Basque in my city were 0.9%, where foreign languages made up up to 1.3%. So, foreign languages are more spoken than Basque. So, and some notes on immigration. Immigration isn't an individual event, but affects everyone, and we realized, or some authors realized, that if we want to convince migrants, we need to be welcoming, and we need to convince them that Basque is good for them, and we need to understand them as people, and they have their rights, they have their needs, and if it's not both ways, we won't succeed. And a good question is, how can we combine Basque revitalization with the language rights of the immigrant, and that is the key factor. Qualitative. The methodology was qualitative or alt-estimones. The method to provide voice to those who were silenced or did not speak up. I wanted to know their perspectives on this period, and I wanted to analyze the perceptions, vital events, and language attitudes. Corpus, nine interviewees, seven gave their permission to publish the videos. One of them, she lost her Basque because her mother-in-law prohibited her to use Basque at home, so she couldn't transmit it, so she lost her language, and the other one, she was too concerned with her image, and she didn't give me her permission. Mother tongue Basque, to all of them, born in very Basque-speaking towns, and came to the states between 1950 and 1975, except two who came in 1980. These are eight of my interviewees, Pachi and Vitori from Laysarraga, Felissa, Marichu, Carmelle, Chomin, Ankyon, and Arancha. And all of them, they speak different dialects, and I will try to play the videos later on so you can at least experience. And I called them two months ago to see how were they doing, and sadly she's losing her mind. She doesn't answer anymore, and she doesn't know where she is, but the rest are doing fine. I saw him in the states. I went this summer to the states to the Basque Festival, held in Boise every five years, and he started shouting, and he was there. So that was very nice. And he's 81, although he doesn't look 81. So Okiwa will know more than me, but in Ireland they have the Galta. And we do have something similar, although they don't have any legal protection. As you can see, the darker it gets, the more Basque-speaking towns they are. So these ones are part of the confederation of Basque-speaking towns. These little starts are the hometowns of my interviewees. My father is from here. He didn't speak any Basque, and my mom is from here. So she was born in a very Basque environment. So yeah, I'm a son of Basque migrants as well. I designed an orientative outline with open questions. My intention was to know more about their childhood memories, first years in the States, discrimination, and relationship with Spaniards, discrimination both ways. Transmission of the language, lifestyle and language attitudes, Basque nowadays in the States, and challenges for the future. And these are the results. Most of them lived in Basque except for school, doctors and interaction with Spanish immigrants. Almost all of them were punished for speaking Basque. That was an important factor to stop the transmission and had an stigmatised view of their language. They had overall good relationship with other Spaniards. And Tommy Nascoyti, for example, he said that we should be ashamed as Basque people because in some cases we made them learn Basque and we weren't really nice to them. So in this work I found a little bit of everything. And being bilingual was weird. First years in the States, tough lifestyle, work, work and work, up to easily 13, 14 hours per day working. Opportunities to use Basque, depending on your motivation, context and family. And many times when you jumped into a Basque speaker, you made don't understand him or her because the dialects were really different. And it was a pre-hostile city for everyone, not only for Basques. And for example, I asked them, was it the capital of the Basque country back then? Euscalería, the land of the Basque language. No, it was Castilla Ría, the land of Castilian. Overall a good relationship with Spaniards as it is. Even though many discrimination cases, one merit and enemies of Basque, sometimes speaking Basque publicly was problematic. A lot of times they were linked to Eta and some of them they had some regrets about their language attitudes and behavior and the Basque speakers were a weak minority. And for example, I asked Felissa, but why shouldn't we try to revitalize our language? And she answered, I don't like radicalism. I don't give any importance to those matters. Of course she didn't transmit the language to her daughter. And for example, Antjona Narancha, they had the threat for speaking Basque to the baker. The butcher, also a Basque speaker, replied in Spanish whenever other Spanish speakers were around. Their son was arrested for speaking Basque with his friends, troubles in his job in the case of Antjona for being a Basque speaker, but you have to take into account the strong Basque accent when he speaks Spanish. And Mila, as I said, her mother-in-law prohibited the use of Basque. And Chominath Cuitia was called the farmer, the peasant, the redneck. And I wanted to show you some clips. I had some issues with movie maker, but I managed somehow to subtitle the conversations. These are Antjona. Antjona Narancha from A Town. It's a town close to my mother's hometown, just five kilometers. So this clip of five minutes is full of their experiences being discriminated. Marichu had no kids, but she all the time would answer, if Muslims speak in Basque, why not everyone? Apparently she is really shocked when she sees any immigrant speaking Basque. And all the time she was telling me that. Antjona Narancha, they had some troubles trying to transmit the language, because at that time there wasn't any Basque school. So their kids started losing the language, but they said that they are Basque speakers now. And this is really interesting, this point here. One neighbor used to visit them to listen to Basque. The father of this neighbor was a guardia civil, which is a very repressive police force in Spain. So he would sneak out the house at night and go to their home to listen to Basque and learn. I was very impressed with this guy, but it happened that Carlos was my local music teacher for many years. I saw him later and said, you were the one sneaking out of the house. That was really nice. Carmele, her daughter is a famous Basque writer, and her tales or books are taken to movies. She is very successful, but she said, my daughter is a famous Basque writer, but she speaks Spanish to her Basque speaking husband. I don't get it. In her case, a lot of years, I teach her Basque to ask her, you have to speak Basque, you have to be Basque, and then whenever she has an easy chance to speak Basque, she speaks Spanish. Then Chomin, all my kids and grandkids have the EGA. EGA is a sort of TOEFL or Cambridge certificate for the language, and for him to transmit the language is to achieve the EGA, to get the EGA. That's true. That's a good thing, but for example, her grandkids are best friends with my girlfriend, and three of them, they speak Spanish between each other, even though their mother tongue is Basque. Then Vitori, Pachi, Felissa and Mila, they didn't transmit the language, and now they regret that. This is a fragment from Felissa. Let's see. That's it. As you may realize, she switches back and forth Spanish and Basque, and that's common in my city, especially if, as this lady, she doesn't speak any Basque at all, only with fellow villagers. If she finds anyone from Ognati, then she starts speaking Basque, but if it's not from Ognati, you say, oh, no, no, that's not real Basque, so she refuses to speak Basque. Lifestyle and language habits, overall no efforts to speak Basque, except for Anjona Narancia, who were the ones being discriminated. Here in Basque is a jail for them, and stereotypes, she looks Spanish, but when she replied to us in Basque, we were surprised. That happened to, for example, my grandfather, he was doing the military service in Laugrano in Spain, and they saw a girl, and they started, oh, she's so nice, oh, she's so attractive, oh, we should have tried to tease her, and then all of a sudden, the girl made a turn and she said, okay, can you stop that in Basque, although I don't look Basque? It's common in the Basque country, and in bad manners. For example, if, I don't know, in other regions, but in the Basque country, if you are surrounded by at least one other Spanish speaker who doesn't speak any Basque, it's very impolite, very rude to speak Basque, so that's why a lot of conversations are switched to Spanish because there's one Spanish speaker. We can argue that being monolingual is a bargain, at least in the Basque country. Basque nowadays in Gasteis, this is the quote that gave the name to the title, Estau Siñez, Te Xemad Cambiadau, Nescaranae Oedda. Reasons for that, Icastolas, that is the Basque immersion schools, they started being illegal, they were hiding from Franco, they managed to survive, and now they are integrated into the public system. Then the Basque government had a huge role in this, but now as Julia argues a lot of time, there's a risk to give the role, give the responsibility to the government and forget about language activism of grassroots initiatives. Basque speaking migrants did a lot of work to maintain the language, there's freedom now, we have to take into account that Basque was forbidden for more than four centuries, and now appearance is not enough to determine whether that person is a Basque speaker or not, and that's good and that's bad, because if you jump into Robi and you say, is he Basque, so the easiest thing to do is to speak Spanish, but perhaps he speaks Basque. Mariciu from Aguina, she said, oren carrera tra li te che uscaras esta, you can't even get a degree at university in Basque now, it's very, very special for them, very unique. And then she said, Basque reminds me waking up when I was a kid when mom was breastfeeding all my siblings, my first husband, my childhood memories. She has a really unique sad-ish story. She fell in love with the priest of her hometown, but at that time that was forbidden, that was very, it was very sacred to do that. So they run away to the states and in three years the husband died. So she was lonely by herself for ten years and then she married an enemy of Basque and she wasn't very good to her and in the interview she was always referring to her first husband. And her first husband was a very distinguished figure in Basque revitalisation, so it's very sad. And then again this dialect is better than the other one, language purism, a lot of language ideologies going on here as well. Arancha na John from a town. What is Basque for you? We have nothing else and we don't want to get rid of it. Basque is not suitable outside of Calerria, but it is the local language and older than Spanish indeed. So if it's older than Spanish it's better. That's an argument. Whoever lives here should try and learn it. Look at that kid he's black and speaks Basque perfectly. So again some prejudices, stereotypes but I guess we are very very moved when we see migrants speaking Basque and I think we are very thankful for that. And Spaniards should regret not speaking it. And I have another clip here. This was with movie maker. Beno, eushkan dyno dyna cw'r orig ysla isfad bernder asesta ciena o'r eich erdal dyna'n entam teatwri da'r erder ases techyn ben aswp'r lliwgarnoddur. Ni bern di ben sydd en yn da'r eich astu yno aswp eushkir asa sefydian bernig sy'n gyfrifio'r orig yna bernig sy'n gyfrifio'r orig sy'n gyfrifio'r orig sy'n gyfrifio'r orig sy'n gyfrifio'r orig dear, this couple was very lovely during the interview they were fighting me to each other all the time and they shout out I think I shared this situation with you last last semester but when I was giving a lecture and I worked with false prevention programs I was giving some advices to prevent false for senior people and I finished my slides saying ..on rhai y gallu ddau hwnnw. Dydd yw, Eskerric asco? Doedd yna wedi bod hynny'n ddweud? Dyddyn nhw, ydw. Mae yna gwybod am eich gwasg, a hefyd rhaid i gymryd yn y Cyfrifysg Ddigol erioed... ..y'n hyn i gyd yn ddweud o'r bobl ychydig honno. Felly yna gwybod. Felly mae'n rhaid, bobl ar gyfer y baju gwybod, ilio pan gweld est ddweud o'r byd hyn, o'n gofal yn roedd y gwirionedd... ..y'r diolch yn ragori, I don't know. A lot of reasons. I can only speculate. Pachi and Vitori from Lizarraga, they said, Spanish was learned by and brought to us later, remarking that it's a language that was imposed by military conquests. It is said that Basque is a difficult language, but it's also said that if you learn other languages, then it's easier to learn Oskara. And then I feel butterflies in my stomach when I hear it. And Carmele from Le Cetio, it should be promoted. It's our language. They have not tried to learn it, but we have not tried to make them learn either. And then she mentioned discrimination and Annetta many times. And since we are talking about Carmele, this other video. I ask her if she considered at least once to send her kids to a local community in the city of Lizarraga. I ask her if she considered at least once to send her kids to Lizarraga. I ask her if she considered at least once to send her kids to a Spanish school, and she said that that would mean that their kids wouldn't learn any Basque. I'm realizing that I'm going too fast. If you have any questions right now, you can ask, you can interrupt me whenever you want. What time is it? I was calculating that. I began at four, really, 15 minutes only. I was so fast. I did my rehearsals at home and they were like one hour. Okay, let's continue. I ask Chomin, is Basque important for you? And he replied, important, ten out of ten. And look at these important people, Basque speakers, all of them. And he mentioned an artist, a footballer, and so on. And actually none of them could speak any Basque. But I don't know. He thought they were Basque speakers. It's the language of our grandparents and we can't live it like that. Spaniards hate us now because of our obligation to learn Basque, and they are right, and then it won't disappear. Felissa Ognati, is it a language, talking about Basque? I was like, yeah, maybe. We need a common ground. It shouldn't be compulsory if you speak it good. If not, get over it. Mila from Otandio, the one that lost her Basque. It shouldn't be compulsory. It should be spoken, but being Spanish is the most important language of the world. These are very recurrent topics in language ideologies in Spain. So a lot of Basque people have eaten them or swallowed them or whatever, and they have it really, really inside them. Challenges for the future, speak and speak. Eliminate the links between Basque and terrorism. Hopefully this will be my topic for... I'm doing a masters now and this will be the topic of my dissertation. Try to analyse or describe the linguistic conflict in the Basque country. Then do what immigrants do with their languages. They always say that immigrant people are really proud of their languages. They are not afraid of speaking up, and you can go to a supermarket and speak it loudly, whereas normally Basque people are more shy. Maybe we were stigmatized, so we are now concerned, and we are kind of ashamed, and Basque should be valued. That's what they said as well. I will begin with the conclusions. Childhood memories in their hometown. Almost every parent could not speak any Spanish at all. If they could, that was a marked feature. Doctors and teachers didn't know any Basque, and they were punishing people, and only Mila did not speak Basque at home. I subtitled another video, but I don't know why the subtitles are gone. I'm asking Tommy which language did you speak at home, and he's saying none. My parents couldn't speak any Spanish, and no. He's saying that in Ascoiti they had a train to go to the coast, to the beach, and in that train, the Guardia Civil, the repressive police force was always on patrol, so I'm going to say that. I don't know what you're saying, but I'm going to say that I'm going to say that. I'm going to say that I'm going to say that. I'm going to say that I'm going to say that. Repressive police force was always on patrol, so they couldn't speak because if they were caught speaking Basque, they would punish them, and if the Guardia Civil would ask something to, for example, his mum, she just could say she and no, even though she didn't understand anything. I don't support monolingualism either, so just to make sure. More conclusions, first years in Estates, they came to work or to come with their partner, who came to work. No time to socialise at the beginning. Little Basque spoken, even when Basques were around, and different exposures to the language at that time. If you were working in a Basque immersion school, then you were lucky because your colleagues were Basque speakers, and so on, and that exposure influenced their life. Discrimination and relationship with Spaniards, that left a scar on them, definitely. Some of them did not transmit the language. Some of them, they were, Aranchan and John, they admitted that they felt hatred against Spaniards because they were discriminated. Luckily, nowadays they are friends with everyone. They even hang out with a lady who told them to speak in Christian, otherwise she would kill them. No interaction at the beginning between both groups. Nowadays everything is quite mixed, and Basque had weak support because of politics. Transmission of the language, this is qualitative, but just to give you an example, 50% of them did transmit it. Social norms, so I guess politics influenced that decision, and again they are amazed with immigrants speaking Basque, and so if immigrants speak it, it must not be that hard. That's another language ideology from Spain. They said that Basque is the most difficult language of the world, which is really, I don't know, let's say that way, and so a lot of people say, no, why am I going to learn Basque if it's so difficult? It's pointless. Lifestyle, most of the day, interactions in Spanish. Some make an effort to speak Esqueda. Happiness when they hear conversations in Basque or they jump into a Basque speaker. First word, always in Spanish. So every time I call them, they reply, si digame, that is in Spanish. Hello, tell me instead of Bayesan. Lonely lifestyles, some of them, so they don't interact with Basque speakers or less Spanish speakers, and some did nothing to keep the language, and now they are ashamed because of that. Language attitudes, two types, indifferent or very supportive, when I ask them, should we have a more brave language planning policy? They say, no, no, that is radicalism. But they say, we should do something for our language, which is a cultural treasure and it's part of our national identity as well. Basque nowadays in the States, the improvement from the 70s is unbelievable. Thanks to the government and the Castolas. Every social group is united now, supporting the language, that's what they say, but the truth is that two main parties are pretty much against the language. Non-Basque speakers and grandparents get happy when their grandkids speak Basque in front of them. You have to take into account that 70% of schools in my city are Basque immersion schools nowadays, so that's an asset, definitely it's an asset. But there's much to do. For example, Basque standards versus dialects, a lot of speakers of dialects, they reject the standard and they say that's an artificial language, that's the language of the young people and this is another interesting fragment again from Felissa. She's really nice. She's 89 by the way. I tried to accommodate to her dialect, but I didn't know how to say last name in her dialect. When I said Abysena, which is the standard, what is that? All the time she couldn't understand any of my words, like, ah, you're a standard, I can't understand it. My mom speaks the dialect of Anjona Narancia, so it was much easier to do the interview with them. Challenges for the future, forget politics, make the language compulsory, that's what Felissa said. Really, that's what you want to do. Support the language, no shame to speak it, it should be valued, the awareness of being Basque, focus on children and youth and improve the standard, make it ours. Before I start with my statement, another quote. A phobl, rwyf anodd, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl, a phobl. The answer is not 100, it's 100. So, he's complaining because he can't speak Basque to the Taniaes, But did he make any effort to speak Basque to the Eirthanya? I don't think so. So that's a bit tricky. To be honest, there are a lot of people that have been taken to the police, how do you say? Police station, just because you speak Basque to them. It's kind of understandable if the other police is Spanish police, even though that's illegal, and that's against your rights. Ond, gynnyddio'r polis ar gyfer gweithio, ond rydyn ni'n ddweud i'r polis. Felly rydyn ni'n... Rydyn ni'n ddomeu rydym o gynnyddio'r polis ar gyfer gwylliant. Felly ydych chi'n meddorol o'r ddwyng o'r polis ar gyfer cyfrifiool, I support the left wing pro independence party of the Basque country, but that's not true because we have a lot of people speaking Basque, they can be right wing, left wing, whatever, but that's the image that they have about Basque, and it's sad, and now that ETA has seized the fire, we are hoping that that situation will change, although the other side doesn't do much about the language as well, so I don't know, it's slippery as always. So general statement and that's my personal view based on this work, it was a very meaningful period to analyse, the city was growing, it was the middle at the end of the dictatorship, Basque revitalisation efforts were emerging, it was the first experience outside the hometown of my interviewees, and the first contact with Spanish immigrants in a lot of times. As you may know, as you realised, I had a very limited corpus, very different testimonies, some maintain the language, some others not. I read once that linguistic anatomy is to feel foreigner in your own linguistic community, and that's what happens a lot of times, and sometimes it happens the same to me, like for example when I was playing football, when I was a kid, another kid came and said, speak Christian, this is pain, please speak Christian, stop being rude, okay, it happens a lot, unfortunately. More general statement, it was really important the role of activists and the Basque government, a new period is coming now, Basque, after decades increasing the knowledge and the use is the reversal of that language shift is stopped now, or it's even declining again, so we are a bit worried, Basque activists are concerned, are having a lot of meetings trying to design another strategic plan or whatever. What to do with the others, two different views, we were bad to them, but at the same time they discriminated us, so what's the middle ground, what should we do, how should we address this matter. Basque's stubbornness, good and bad, they say that we are very stubborn, and that's good because we maintain the language thanks to that, but for example that's bad because we couldn't come up with another approach to the migrants, and we were really strict to the neo speakers, and we were really strict to the standard and the dialect. For example, my father is a neo speaker, and my brother and I always, we give him a bad time because he makes a lot of mistakes, but we shouldn't do that, we should appreciate his effort. This year, December the 3rd, is the international day of the Basque language, and this year it was dedicated to all neo speakers in the world, so that was nice. They invited me to write an article in a local newspaper and I dedicated it to my father, so I guess now we are okay. These are my references, I'm finishing now. Bonus slides, as I promised, how to publish your first real article, real, if you can say real, because I had a lot of mistakes, a lot of like when I realized, but it was a great lesson, I learned a lot. Topic, it was a very familiar context because I worked with them, corpus right there, I used to do physical exercise twice a week with them, so I just needed to ask, do you want me to ask you a couple of questions? Although a couple of questions turned into one hour and a half, two hours conversation, and there was a lot of work to transcribe everything. It was fun. How to get the information? We have a huge library, it's called Fundación Central Sabio, everything on Basque language and culture, and it's a pleasure to work there, the atmosphere is really nice, really inspiring. Then the material resources, outside.com lent me their camera, their lights, their software, and it was really heavy and my city is growing, so I had to ride my bike everywhere. I was riding my bike and my huge bag, and I would arrive to the house sweating, and it was fun. I spent one month and a half working on this, I finished in July 15, 2014. Problems, I had a lot of problems with this article. I had previously published in one journal, but they had a two year limitation for authors, so I didn't know any other journals. So Iñaki Martín de Luna, who is a really distinguished figure in Basque social linguistics, he invited me to send the article to his journal, but they have a 40,000 character limit, and my article was over 100,000. So that was a huge mistake of mine, and somehow I managed to cut it down. I sent it in September, no news until mid-November, so I wrote to them again, it got approved, and then a lot of revisions, months and weeks and weeks of revisions. This statement is false, be careful and change it, but I was pretty sure that it was true, but anyway, I changed it. In December it got accepted, yay, we will publish shortly. So February 2015, this guy, Kikamonaris, my favorite figure in Basque social linguistics, he tweets the content of the article, of the journal, and my article is not there. And so I freak out, I write to the director of the journal, and she seriously tells me, please don't be so impatient, yours was going to be published in April, so please, you need to be gone. Before April, they asked me for another revision, I was like, one more, and I was here at SOA, so I was really busy. Finally, April 2015, my article is out there, but Kikamonaris doesn't tweet it this time when I needed propaganda, and he doesn't tweet it, so I freak out again. One month ago, he came to my city to give a lecture, and he takes the issue, he opens my article, and he says, well, you should read his article, Benyad Galayo, he's right there, so I get really embarrassed, I turn red, I stop breathing, it was horrible. And what am I doing right now? It's a dinaminto, it's a pleasure to work there, it's a seminar on minority languages, so every month we invite a minority language speaker, the first day he speaks or she speaks about that language, the social linguistic situation, the historical evolution features. We learn some words and expressions, and next day we have a cultural concert, so so far we have Galician Nawad from El Salvador, the language of Emanee, Emanee recommend me a linguist that also could speak Basque, so we did that presentation in Nawad and Basque, which was pretty cool. Usually he was about to come to the last Endangered Language Week, but he had some personal issues, so he withdraw his commitment, but he teaches Galician hypnotising people, he went to Tibet and he was trained there for one year, but he's a character, so if you have the chance, please invite him to Suas because he is really nice. So this is Galician, this is Nawad with Alan King, he is English himself, and he is a member of the Basque Academy of the Language, so I uploaded all the videos. And this is Galician with Isaac Chubin, and he's doing his PhD at Sheffield at the moment, and next month we will have Welsh, we're inviting Patrick Carlin, he's Irish himself, he speaks Galic, but he also speaks Welsh, Catalan, Spanish, English and Basque, so we will do it in Basque as well. January, Asturian, February, Tamasig, March, Gascon, and April, Kurdish, so we will have Virgul over there, and next year we are hoping to have many other languages including Julia. So this is Italignamento, it's really fun, although not many people showing up, around 15 per average, and that's a bit disappointing for me, but we will improve eventually. Perhaps in January I've been offered to do the linguistic map of Gasteis, so I need to start documenting how many languages are spoken in Gasteis, which is going to be a lot of work. And then the International Mother tongue stay event in February, and bonus slides, and this is the end. If you like language planning policy, political discourse analysis, linguistic nationalisms, language conflict, language rights, code switching, linguistic landscape, linguistic activism, then let's work together. This is my email, it's Karikasco, many thanks. In the scenario you mentioned where you might be, probably as a stranger and not know whether he speaks Basque or not, so you would be Spanish first, has there been any kind of initiative to visually identify yourself as someone who's either learning or fluent in and wanting to speak the language? I'm not sure how successful it's been, but I've seen with Irish that it's been a badge that you can wear that says, you know, I speak a few words fluent. Yeah, we have the badge, that one, and the other one is Radio Campaign trying to support, trying to realize that we should speak Basque first, and then if the other one doesn't speak Basque, we can switch to Spanish. But again, it's kind of hard because sometimes you get bad answers or you get really, really nervous because, what am I doing? What am I doing? And you do it in Spanish? So far, two initiatives, but I think it's changing now. You had another question, right? I wanted to fill the Basque voices, like the lady you gave as an example. She spoke Spanish to her Basque husband. That was before the revitalization, is it right? How is it now? I just want to know how is the situation now? Are people speaking, I mean, are they free to speak? I'm a Basque woman married to a Basque husband, am I right? Is it free? Free to speak now? Well, now it's free, now it's not forbidden anymore. The transmission of the language amongst both members of the couple speaking Basque is around 95%. If one of the parents is a Basque speaker, then the transmission is 86%. That's the percentage so far. But in the Basque autonomous community, in the two other regions, the percentage is lower because it's not an official language. It's stigmatized, especially in the French part. So if you mention it, how about school is Basque accepted now to be used in school, maybe at the primary level? No, it depends on the area. In my area, you can do everything in Basque. High school, primary school, elementary school, PhD. And in some other areas, for example, in Navarroa, I told you, so here, as I told you, the north is, Basque is official, here is semi-official if you can call it that way, and here is non-official. So if you want to learn the language here, you need to drive at least 70 kilometers to go to a Basque school. And here, there are seven private schools, I think. So you need to drive to one of these otherwise French or Spanish. I would personally love to know what are the features of a language activist. What I know is that a lot of people around me, if you go to a meeting, you speak in Basque in the meeting, but then you go to drink, I don't know, a glass of wine, and then you switch your conversation and you start speaking in Spanish. So it's a contradiction, as you said. And as I told you, it was yesterday, I think. We were part of a summer camp to teach Basque to kids, and we had a kind of a meeting with all the teachers. Every day we had a meeting, and the coordinator of that camp, he started the meeting in Spanish. And he went to the same immersion school as I did, and I said, no, no. You have to do it in Basque, I think. So he switched. So it's pretty common, I guess. But it's changing. I think it's changing for the good. I mentioned that there's a tension between revitalisation and the standard, and then this sort of dialectal levelling that happens. I wonder what your thoughts are on how you can work revitalisation efforts with the maintenance of diversity. I think Julia is a more appropriate person to talk about that. For example, you can take the Corsican approach. At least you have to value all the diversity that you have, and you cannot promote the standard at the expense of the dialect, because it's the same as language shift, just with your language. So why are you doing that? And now more people, even more and more, are speaking their dialect in the TV, so the dialect is becoming more accepted or at least more visible. So at least that's one of the measures. Another one is school, of course. For example, my cousins, in their hometown, 97% of them speak Basque, and in school they learn standard for the first year. And I don't think that's a good approach to teach it. I think you have to go little by little. The mother tongue is the dialect, and then, after some years, you can start with the standard. That's my view, I don't know. Is the standard on a particular dialect? Yeah. So this is Gipusqua. Nowadays, this is the nucleus of the Basque country. They are kind of arrogant nowadays. My mum is from here, but she speaks another dialect. The standard is based on the Donosti sub-dialect, the Donosti and the Purdi dialect. So, pretty much, all the features that you can find in the standard can be found in this continuum. Is there a policy or political role? Here, for example, in my province, 30% of the population are Basque speakers. In this province, 70% of the population are Basque speakers. Most of the culture comes from here. Most of the politicians come from here, so we will say that it's the elite or the Germanic class or province of the Basque country. Good question. So, for December the third, the International Day of the Basque Language, they launched a documentary of Basque being spoken outside, and they interviewed the major of Boise, who is a Basque speaker himself. For many, many decades, he was the only major in the world who could speak any Basque. That was really interesting and really sad at the same time. He could learn Basque, but just because he was closely related to a Basque political family in the Basque country, the reality is that very few families are transmitting the language. Even though there are some attempts to become a neo-speaker of Basque, it's really hard to become a neo-speaker, especially in the States, having English, and so on. But there are some attempts, and we, as the Basque mainlanders, we are valuing the diaspora members more and more, which is bringing us together. And I think it's perfect. I think it's very lovely. Okay. Let's go one by one. They love the language, but they didn't transmit it. They lived in another Basque speaking town, so they have both of dialects. Their dialects are mixed. So, as I said, they love it, but they didn't transmit it. So, half on half. Felissa, no. She doesn't care at all. Maritu, she loves it, but she's really shy. She hardly gets out of the house, so she doesn't speak anymore. Her siblings are dying, and her siblings are the only Basque speakers she has. Carmel, she cares a lot. She was involved in the establishment of the first Basque immersion school. Chomin, well, I don't know. He likes to live, and he doesn't mind if it's in Basque, but his important thing is to drink the wine and enjoy the life. And these two, they care a lot. They did a lot of effort to transmit the language. Their sons had a very difficult environment to acquire the language, even so, they achieved their goal. And Mila, the one that is not here, now she has started caring, but maybe too late, although she's speaking Basque to her granddaughter. So, after four years without speaking none, she's speaking again, although the teacher of her granddaughter told her granddaughter, did your grandmother help you with the homework? Because I can tell this is a different dialect. Come on. So, this is more or less. So, my first article, this is a coincidence, it was on immigrant language attitudes, immigrants outside Spain. And I found that there are three types of language attitudes, and it's based on their exposure to the language. Depending on where did they live before, if they live in a Basque environment, so it can be either very against, indifferent and supportive. About the language use and language knowledge, there are no meaningful differences, I would say. Just some of them they acquired, and that's it. Not a big proportion. No, there's no data on that, I think. But it would be interesting to analyse that. So, Mila was the one who lost the language. When I called her at the beginning to approach her, I started speaking Basque, because I knew that she could somehow have a conversation, and I said, Mila, I want to interview you. I'm sick, I'm sick, no, no, I'm sick. And then I called her again, realising that maybe she wanted to be interviewed in Spanish, and then she accepted. But again, since she didn't speak any Basque, I couldn't upload my video in Auxac.com. So it was, I don't know, not pointless, but it was an extra work for me, so I didn't record her. And Carmelle, it was just a public personal concern. She has some issues in her mouth, her joys, I don't know, whatever. So she didn't want me to publish it, because she would look to the public as she was having issues in the joe, and she was concerned about that. Well, the interaction between both sides of the borders, and that's not a coincidence, was more intense before the Civil War and the World War II. After that, the transmission stopped in both sides of the area, so they couldn't speak to each other in Basque, so they stopped crossing the border all the time. And initiatives right now, we have a lot of fundraising events all over the provinces, so we go to one, next month we go to another province. And there's one association called Iparraigua, which is north-south, and every year they organize a huge event in Cewra, close to my mother's hometown, and the objective is to introduce one to each other's culture. But I will say that there are more and more initiatives. For example, two summers ago, this is Tiberoa. They speak a really, I don't know, weird dialect. That's not correct, but let's say it that way. I know, I know. I'm going to hurt myself later. But it's really distinct. It's really difficult to understand. So every month, every summer they have a two-week-long summer camp for the southerners so that we can learn their dialect. And it's really nice. And I went there and hopefully this summer I will go again. More questions? One more? Because unfortunately there's many answers to all. Yeah, my plan is at eight. Maybe we can continue the discussion by email? Yeah, sure. Yeah, please. Eat more. No, no, you can take one.