 Distinguished participants, dear colleagues, delighted to see you all again. Thank you very much for your presence this morning. We have a particularly timely topic, a discussion by our distinguished panel on the global compact for safe orderly and regular migration moving from process to substance. This is a topic I think that is at the top of the list for many of you here in terms of priorities. And so before giving the floor to each panelist, I would like to make a very brief presentation just to set the scene for this particular session. As you know, migration in contrast to when I started in 2008, we're very much an indifferent period, has become a key issue for all countries at global, regional and bilateral level. We've got 244 million international migrants, more people living away from their country of origin than ever before. The number is probably much higher. And this figure does not include persons who stay abroad for less than 12 months. So with a lot of temporary migration also. But as a percentage of the population, it's still about 3%. It has been that way since 1964. What is different is that people are moving from and to more places than ever before. A large number of these, unfortunately, around 65 million, a number that is actually increasing, are being driven from their homes by conflict, human rights abuses, climate change, 25 million refugees and 40 million internally displaced persons, which is not even included in the global compact. The vulnerable situations take place in the absence of any kind of effective protection mechanisms or international legal frameworks that would help them. There's also growing xenophobia and racism, discrimination against migrants in most parts of the world, where it's seen basically as a problem rather than an opportunity. And we in the international community, and I'm talking about all of us here today, we have often been very disjointed in our response to migration. We've focused too much on problems and too little on solutions, piecemeal, part-time, band-aid type approaches, when something much more serious is needed. And we needed to develop a longer term comprehensive policy. In the midst of these negative developments, however, there have been some important positive developments. In the sustainable development agenda, for example, we committed ourselves, representing member states, to cooperate internationally to facilitate orderly, safe, regular humane responsible migration, the mobility of people, particularly target 10.7. We committed to help migrants in relation to poverty eradication, health education, decent work, economic growth, et cetera. Now we're fortunate because migrants in migration are included in the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction, the Paris climate change agreement, and the new urban agenda growing out of the Quito, Ecuador meeting of the UN habitat recently. The most prominent development has been the 19 September New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. I'm just saying the other night, what a force that we were to have had both David Donahue and his Jordanian counterpart who did an amazing job fashioning that declaration in a very short period of time. For the first time, Heads of State came together in New York to consider, at the global level, the situation of migrants and refugees. Heads of State made a lot of bold commitments in that declaration. They committed, for example, to protect the safety, dignity, and human rights of migrants in all categories. They undertook to support countries of origin, transit, and destination who are receiving large numbers of migrants and refugees. They agreed to try to integrate migrants, which has been one of the great difficulties, integrate them into humanitarian development planning. They undertook to try to combat xenophobia and racism, to develop through a state-led process, non-binding principles and voluntary guidelines on how we should treat migrants, and they agreed to try to strengthen the global governance of migration, including by bringing IOM into the UN family, which was done, and through the development of a global compact, which is going to be our major priority and our major challenge for the next two years. In fact, it's already less than two years. Now, NX2 of the declaration sets out some of the very early aspects of a process that would develop a global compact at an international conference, intergovernmental conference in 2018. It is framed, the compact is to be framed largely with the target 10.7 of the SDGs in mind. It sets out a range of principles and commitments and understandings among us all about migration. The decision to develop such a comprehensive framework for international migration is a tremendous task, and the promise is that migration would at last be guided by a set of common principles and approaches, which has escaped us all up to now. We can deal with the free flow of capital goods and services, but the people who make that happen, we have difficulty agreeing on what the guiding principles should be, very ironic. We fully recognize and respect the sovereign rights of governments to determine who enters and stays on and in their territories. Now, this, what I've always called a high road scenario, serves a number of major objectives, principally three. First of all, to facilitate safe orderly and regularly migration, which is the migration that we want to reduce or eliminate the incidence and impact of irregular or forced migration, which is the migration we don't want. And then thirdly, to try to respond to the mobility impact of natural human-made and climate change disasters, which is the migration that will occur whether we want it or not. So those would be our major objectives. Now to do this, we have to put migrants and their rights and needs and capacities at the very heart of our efforts. And we need to address migration's relationship to crucial areas. And I think it's the most cross-cutting issue I can think of. It touches all the policy domains, development, humanitarian, climate change, peace and security. The development of the global compact on migration has to be member state led if it's going to succeed. There's got to be that commitment there. The modalities of the process and the convening of the Intergovernmental Conference in 2018 will have to be determined in the coming months, certainly not before January of 2017 in New York. So we have promised for our part that these consultations will be open and inclusive and that our expertise and our perspectives will be available to all. Some of the core themes, and with this I'll try to close, to protect migrant rights, particularly those in vulnerable situations, to facilitate regular migration, expanding the legal pathways. There is a relationship between regular migration and irregular migration. The more legal pathways you have, the fewer people will be forced to take irregular pathways. We want to reduce the incidents and the impact of irregular migration and exploitation, including trafficking and smuggling and facilitating returns and reintegration. We want to enhance migrants' contributions to socioeconomic development, ensure migrant integration and social inclusion, and address migration crises, including in relation to conflict, climate change, natural disasters, and finally to foster good governance. Thank you very much for your patience. Let me now, if I may, turn to our first speaker. If I might ask Ms. Mary Robinson, President Robinson, if you would take the floor please. Thank you. Thank you very much. This is a first for me. This is the first time that I have addressed the IOM, and you're in your 107th session, so thank you for that very warm welcome, and thank you for setting the scene so well for us on this panel, which I'm delighted to participate in, because it's talking about the global compact for safe, ordinary, and regular migration from process to substance. And the journey from process to substance is one that I must say I've been thinking about over the past year. We're in a period of transition, transitioning from goal-setting to implementation. But history won't remember the New York Declaration or the Paris Agreement or Agenda 2030 if we fail to follow through on those processes. The judgment of future generations will centre on the manner and the seriousness with which we undertake the implementation of those agreements and frameworks. The time for celebration has now passed, and the time for work and action is upon us. I was very pleased to hear the way in which you framed our panel, but also the wider compact itself bill, and I wanted to quote a speech that you made earlier at the Global Forum, an event organised by the Global Forum on Migration and Development, which you indicated that you saw three Cs as being central to the efforts to develop the global compact, and really you've touched on that again today, and that is comprehensiveness, coherence, and cooperative. I think the approach is a good one, and I'd like today to focus on the element of coherence and to explore it in a little more depth. On the 1st of October here in Geneva, in fact, I chaired a panel on human rights, migration, and displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change. It was an expert meeting organised by the Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights, my former office that I'm very close to. The panel and subsequent discussion session brought together actors from a wide array of different organisations currently working on climate displacement, including diverse representatives from international organisations, including the IOM, from civil society, as well as non-UN multilateral processes and party delegates to the UNFCCC. The most striking refrain I heard on that day was the need to eliminate silos, not just in international processes and organisations, but within civil society and within national governments. Silos, of course, aren't something new, but they are an increasing risk to the manner in which we undertake our work. It's easy to see the world lurching from crisis to crisis. We see major movements of people across the globe, driven by war, economic disparity, and the ravages of a changing climate exacerbating already overtaxed resources. At the same time, there appears to be a reduction in the faith in multilateralism, increasing rifts in global communities and distrust in processes that have been proven, if flawed, arbiters of peace and security. But I believe that there is reason for hope. We already have the tools for coherence, so it's up to countries to marshal these. And I must say IOM has led the way in this with its long history of close collaboration with the UN family and through taking the significant step this year of joining that UN community. I was also very pleased to endorse the atlas, this very significant atlas for environmental migration, and I'm very pleased today to get a copy of it, which I know has been presented at this session of the Council, and it brings together many elements of coherence that I will be noting today. And these are the clear and identifiable links between Agenda 2030, the UNFCCC process, and the global compact on migration, and how they're all underpinned by human rights. Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals are clear that the goals and their means of implementation are universal, indivisible, and interlinked. Sustainable Development Goal 10.7, as you recall, is, and I quote, to facilitate orderly, safe, regular, and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies. The global compact for migration will clearly play a central role in the implementation of that part of goal 10. As such, it behoves all countries involved to ensure that this implementation addresses not only the immediate needs of migrants and the impacts and drivers of migration of the present, but it also builds solutions and creates pathways for the migration that will be experienced by future generations. We know that climate change will be a significant driver of migration in the years to come. It is already a driver. It is already displacing people both internally and across borders, but it will be much more significant in the future. A few months ago, in my capacity as one of the Secretary General's special envoys on El Nino and climate, I was in Honduras. While there, I traveled about three hours from the capital to a rural community and listened to women from nearby villages brought together by a very good Honduran women's group. And one woman told me about the struggles she faced. We don't have any water, she told me. How can you live without water? And the answer is simple. You can't. She can't. We must find a way to ensure that she has access to water. We have two responsibilities in this regard. The first is to act on climate change to reduce the impact it's having on people like her and their access to the fundamental building blocks of life and livelihoods. But we also have to ensure that there are pathways available for her to leave and secure a new life if the water doesn't return. This is a response of last resort, but one that must be provided for and guided with a full respect for her human rights. From her perspective, these are obvious obligations we hold. But looking at the international landscape, the way forward can feel far more muddied. The basic rights of those displaced by climate change must be recognized and protected. And this will be a central test of the global compact and whether it's a compact for the future or one trapped in the news cycles of today. The compact must recognize that at its core, climate displacement is an issue of justice. And that migrants moving as a result of the impacts of climate change or related issues exacerbated by climate will in large part represent the most vulnerable in our society and the least responsible for the causes of climate change. I really can't stress this enough. People displaced by climate change will represent the furthest behind that we have committed to reaching first under agenda 2030. Each person displaced in this way will represent a failure by the global community to take the action required to limit climate change and take the adaptive steps required. Without effective planning, each displaced person will experience at a minimum a temporary denial of their basic rights guaranteed under the core human rights treaties. To ensure cohesion, the global compact for migration must recognize that climate change and human rights are cross cutting issues that will be intrinsic in ensuring a fair and just approach to migration in the face of an increasing threat. And I was very pleased to hear Ambassador Swing emphasize this. So these are the moral imperatives that have been set before us and the tools we can use to incorporate them into the public discourse and into policy solutions. As this panel will be about moving from process to substance, I wanted to include some substantive proposals here. Firstly, the compact should recognize the intrinsic link between climate change and migration, including climate change as a key driver of migration now and in the future and noting that the most effective way to limit its impacts is to achieve the 1.5 degree goal set out in the Paris agreement which came into force last month. That would emphasize a coherence of approach. Secondly, noting that all migrants are covered by human rights and the people displaced by climate change may need differing rights protections from other migrants. For example, with whole communities and in some cases potentially countries threatened with displacement and the need to migrate, we must consider the need to protect their cultural heritage and self-determination. This is central to allowing for migration with dignity and we have examples of countries like Kiribati whose president has prepared by buying land in Fiji for a potential migration with dignity and he's talking about a whole people. It's by ensuring the voices of the voices of the marginaliser heard that we can best understand their needs and the responses we must undertake to assist them. Finally, the compact must note and engage its place within agenda 2030 and in so doing recognize that responsible and orderly migration is a central component to reducing inequalities and achieving sustainable development and that it is indivisible from the wider goals including combating climate change. Ensuring these elements are included will build a global compact that's compatible with the principles of climate justice and that delivers a fairer world for current and future generations. So in conclusion, let me return briefly to the panel that I chaired here in Geneva on climate displacement. I noted previously that siloing was an issue that concerned a number of the experts who were present but perhaps the recommendation that resonated most strongly with me was to establish mechanisms for impacted people to participate in relevant decision making. This is a key element to any international process to ensure success and delivery of results that are people centred. We already see the impacts of dictating policy without listening around the world. We see it in climate action that doesn't respect the property rights of indigenous people driving them from their land. Some of the worst violations of human rights at the moment are by those who are providing clean energy the wrong way with very big projects that don't respect local rights by trampling on poor land rights and water rights of people and we see it also in social policies that are failing marginalized and vulnerable groups around the world. So we've started a process towards a global compact for migration. If we want to ensure that the substance of the compact respects human rights delivers action that is responsible to the needs of the most vulnerable and reaches the furthest behind first then we need to have them in the room not protesting outside not watching as their crops wilt while we speak but present and engaged telling us their stories and their needs and ensuring that they not us not an international bureaucracy and not a self-serving nationalist or populist agenda are at the center of the response to migration today and in the future. It was the great suffering of the Second World War that actually gave birth to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the Refugee Convention in 1951 and the IOM at that time the world came together in the face of terrible degradations to the human spirit and created something that showed we could do better. It's now our turn in difficult circumstances as we all acknowledge to undertake a similar journey to develop new pathways for the thousands indeed millions of people on the move now and in the future fleeing war poverty and environmental degradation. The full weight of history is on our shoulders and the gaze of the future is on our actions so I urge us all to remember that we're engaged in the protection of the core principle of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that and I quote the recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom justice and peace in our world and so we must not fail. Thank you very much. I'd like to thank President Robinson very much for this in many ways a call to action. I know there's been a lot of discussion that we're going to be able to spend the next 15 months consulting before we get down to negotiations. I have a feeling that the consultation process will very very quickly lead to negotiations on some of these naughty issues and I liked your emphasis on implementation in other words moving from commitment to concrete action doing it in a coherent fashion because we have the SDGs we have a lot of framework already for these discussions so I don't think that I don't think it'd be that difficult to identify what the key elements actually are and you've singled out one of these climate change as a driver and the importance that climate change be included as an integral element in our discussions and in our negotiations and how we ultimately conclude and then I think in a way we've introduced two new concepts this morning one is the concept of community displacement and state displacement I mean we had the president of Kiribati President Tong with us last year as our keynote speaker and he made it very clear that they expect to lose many if not all of the 39 atolls that constitute Kiribati and also the other concept that a new concept of statelessness I hope the 61 convention will cover it but when the state doesn't disavow you you lose the state physically so we've got there's a lot at stake here and I'm sure that climate change is going to be a very important part of our discussions as we move ahead toward the global compact so let me with that uh let me turn to our next speaker let me switch my list here I've forgotten the segment our next speaker is um ambassador Aurelia please thank you sir thank you ambassador good morning everybody uh thank you first of all for giving me the opportunity to to share this this panel with this a group of high-level experts and also especially with a well-known and respected personality madame Mary Robinson thank you ambassadors ambassadors since we um have this very outstanding and professional uh service of interpretation I will I will switch into Spanish if you don't mind first I Spanish okay um I don't want to miss the opportunity to ambassador the recognition of my country Mexico for your leadership and for the assistance in which you tackle this very complex subject of migration in such a decided to run at all levels you remember just a year ago we were wondering here at the council how we would continue with the dialogue to improve the treatment and care or the subject of migration today the problem is clearer and now we must put everything we can into improving the way the subject is dealt with so I would like to thank you once more ambassador for the responsibility to speak here about the responsibilities of the international community community achieving a global contractual safe order and regular migration in accordance with the New York declaration the summit itself as we all know on the large part of refugees and my friends was an important point to break through in recognizing the need for agreements to deal with the subject of human mobility in a consistent and coherent and so this is part of the current contracts we have to take into account and uh human mobility is inherent to humanity and there are also conflicts and other forms of ad I would like to reaffirm as you know that migration represents a major threat for Mexico and is a high priority we are very honored that one of the co-conservators is an ambassador from Mexico in New York as well working alongside the representative of swing during last week's consultations on the first and second of December it seemed to us that the will of the co-conservators was very clear to carry out their work in an inclusive transparent and open manner with the contributions of all we achieved a good fruitful result as a first step and of course this inclusion of all is what will allow us to achieve a realistic result at the end which is satisfactory for this process as ambassador swing also mentioned and and this was shared by the co-facilitators on the 9th of December in three days time they will present what is going to be called resolution zero on the modalities for the process and on the 31st of January next year the general assembly will consider approval this resolution with the modalities to do a brief reference I'd like to refer briefly to the perspectives of Mexico in terms of the global compact so that we can contribute to the substance first of all Mexico forces in favor of a pragmatic negotiation process and with an intergovernmental base listening to other relevant stakeholders such as civil society the private sector and migrants themselves of course and then secondly the multisectoral character and nature of migration that means that we need to protect the world so we hope that the global compact will be part of the coherent and coordinated action of the united nation system where the IOM and the UNDESA will be able to use their mandates and take into account the new york integration to produce the results. Now Geneva is clearly established in the new york declaration Geneva has the technical experience not just in the area of migration as is very clear here but also in other areas such as human rights employment health refugees humanitarian assistance just some of the subjects new york of course is the political platform of the multilateral system so these strengths of both headquarters are cross-catching and we must ensure that the global compact is truly universal integrated and with specific results. Now the existing mechanisms on a global level as ambassador has mentioned at a regional level as well are the results of the commitment and interest in the efforts of us the international community to deal with the complexity of migration directly and indirectly so that is why we join in the core of avoiding reinventing the wheel and the we incorporate the progress of the mechanisms that already exist the agenda 2030 the sender framework the global framework on immigration development which is going to be taking place soon in Mexico and then also Mexico considers that was the nature of the global compact is unprecedented it is an unprecedented step we are not starting for nothing we have lessons learned which can feed into it in terms of the format and we can work with the direction of the results that we the international community want to see Mexico believes that we should have a practical result which is measurable and flexible based on the commitments of states and other stakeholders to ensure we have specific results we think that the combination of the actions that the co-facilitators include in the document of elements we've all seen this is a good basis to start the work with a suitable combination of a political declaration which gives legitimacy to the compact and measures for the implementation as well as a monitoring mechanism. Director General distinguished experts Mexico wishes that the global compact include the following seven areas which I'm going to mention briefly to conclude one the perspective of human rights of course to a vision of shared responsibility in countries of origin transit and destination as well as countries of return. Then an approach which has social inclusion to face up to intolerance prejudice and racism. Another one is the recognition of the contributions of migrants to the economic and social development of communities. Number six a greater international cooperation to strengthen states' capacity in working with migration and then seven finally to mention as has been said here that we consider climate change and natural disasters and causes of migration. I'd like to thank you once more for giving me this opportunity to speak and I am confident that we the international community will work to the levels that achieve and will be up to the achievement of concrete results and as Robinsons say, President Deese, from 2015-2016 the agenda these are achievements will only if we can really put them into practice in a timely, practical and positive way. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much Ambassador Heredia. It's a delight to have you with us and appreciate very much your your important contribution here this morning. I think reminding us again that human mobility is integral to humanity and we've been on the move since time immemorial and will continue to be. I think it's entirely inappropriate that Mexico was selected as one of the co-facilitators. It is after all the largest and most active migration corridor in the world. It's less active now than it has been in the past but it still remains the top corridor. Very, very appropriate. I think that also as you indicate we've already got a resolution zero on the modalities process that will be presented. You've got the 31 January deadline for the consideration by the general assembly so you're giving some insights into the calendar ahead. It seems to me that the co-facilitators document of elements that we have gives us already a pretty good indication of the of the road ahead. I like your emphasis on being pragmatic, getting results. I like the whole idea. Thank you for reminding everyone that it is the expertise on this issue primarily in Geneva at this point in terms of agencies and I hope that that will ensure the inclusion of Geneva as an important part of the process. And as you remind us we're starting from a fairly solid platform with all of the mechanisms we have, all the agreements we have, and the whole number of elements you outlined at the end in terms of human rights, shared responsibility, capacity building, climate change, social inclusion, the integration process, and then keeping the focus on the contributions that migrants make which are often not given enough publicity. But thank you very much Ambassador. I now want to turn to our third speaker on my left here, our good friend Gregory Maniatis, the senior advisor to our very good friend Mr. Peter Sutherland who's been at this podium a number of times at IOM councils in the past but so Gregory you have the floor. Thank you very much, Ambassador Swing. I'm delighted to be here and on this panel and with such a distinguished group. I truly wish Peter could have been here with us today but he fell ill in September and is not yet able to engage in work. I can think of no moment though that would have meant more to him than this one. Addressing the first IOM council after the IOM's entry into the United Nations system. When Peter met Kofi Annan in the winter of 2006, shortly after he was appointed special representative, he made an impassioned case for the IOM to enter the United Nations. He then spent 11 years continuing to make that case at every opportunity with the fierce determination and charm that we all know so well. So as of September the IOM is a related UN organization which means a crucial step has been taken but now the IOM must establish itself as the leader on migration at the multilateral level beginning with the role it will play in supporting the global compact on migration. This is not and should not be seen as a matter of pride or turf. It's not a comment on other agencies that have absolutely critical and indispensable roles to plan migration like DESA, OHCHR, the ILO UNDP, the World Bank, UN Women UNICEF and the incoming chair of the GMG UNU. Instead it speaks to the vital need for the UN and the broader multilateral system to benefit from determined leadership on migration for there to be a forceful deeply well informed voice that pulls the UN system together and that pulls the international debate on migration forward and that can translate policy decisions quickly and well into actions on the ground. Think of this role if you will as being first among equals. Today this leadership is needed more than ever before not only because of the scale of international migration has grown but because migration has become a fiercely contested and divisive political issue. What started in Syria several years ago as a manageable humanitarian crisis has become an existential crisis for the European Union and is now a generational threat to the post World War II international order. In this respect today is going to be harder than yesterday and tomorrow is going to be harder than today. Anti-migrant populism is the cheap fuel that's propelling the rise of authoritarianism. The UN and the IOM will come under attack in the coming months and years because we're at the beginning not the end of a wave of anti-globalization anti-universalist populism. For many people around the world unfortunately migrants are the face of globalization and the UN is the face of universalism. Our issues in other words are in the cross hairs. So the response of this organization and of the multilateral system must be to show that international cooperation is indispensable in meeting the needs of member states and protecting the rights of migrants and promoting the well-being of the communities that receive them and the communities that they leave behind. Last year Peter and his team embarked on the drafting of a report that we hope can serve as a roadmap for such action. It will be released next month in New York but today I want to share with you an overview of the recommendations that will be featured in the report. We believe that these recommendations are highly relevant to the upcoming global compact consultations and negotiations. The report comes after 11 years of Peter's service as SRSG. Its intention is to chart concrete avenues for progress for states and the UN system in close cooperation with other stakeholders. A lot of progress has been made in the last 11 years in terms of confidence building among states through processes such as the GFMD norm development and the inclusion of migration in the 2030 agenda. In the last two years in particular the Mediterranean crisis has catapulted migration and refugees to the top of the international and many national political agendas. Unfortunately the progress at the international level has occurred in parallel with serious backsliding on states' commitment to international norms including the protection of refugees and a surge in unilateralism that has fanned mistrust. Many governments face enormous political pressure to curb migration and are intensely focused on short term measures while many publics have lost confidence that their leaders are up to the task. The answer cannot be more of the same neither from states nor from the UN. On the 19th of September world leaders convened at the UN and committed themselves to negotiate by 2018 as we've heard two compacts one on migration and one on refugees. In the migration field where a global framework has been lacking to date this presents a real opportunity to lay ground rules for international cooperation. We cannot afford to spend the next two years simply renegotiating existing commitments or on high flying but untethered rhetoric. So what would an ambitious global compact look like? The compact should identify common goals for migration management and establish a global framework including shared principles and minimum standards to guide future interregional regional and bilateral migration agreements in key areas. In order to meet the interests of all parties they would likely need to combine substantive opportunities for legal movement with cooperation on immigration enforcement and return and financial support for development and governance capacities in origin countries. The report identifies three essential relationships that shape migration processes. These include the obligations and responsibilities of states vis-a-vis migrants, states vis-a-vis other states, and states vis-a-vis other stakeholders. And the report makes recommendations pertaining to five policy priorities. Improving protection for migrants including in the context of crisis movement, creating opportunities for labor mobility, enhancing orderliness through return and reintegration, promoting inclusion and development, and strengthening governing capacities. So let me give you a few insights into what the report will say about each of these in terms of protection and crisis movements. We need to define who needs what kinds of protections, developing guiding principles in this respect, with special attention to children. We need to strengthen capacities to assist migrants through networks of assistance centers and consular cooperation. And we need to establish legislative frameworks for and agreements around legal pathways so people can move in a safe and orderly way. In terms of opportunities for labor and skills mobility we need to reduce recruitment costs for migrant workers and improve access to finance, advance recruitment regulations using incentives, and promote consolidation in the recruitment industry. We need to facilitate conclusion of migration agreements by developing model contracts and agreements, providing technical support, and a platform for negotiating regional and bilateral agreements. And we need to strengthen knowledge exchange and partnerships around skills development, certification, and recognition. With respect to return and reintegration we need to start a dialogue to develop principles governing international cooperation on return and reintegration. With respect to inclusion and development we need to protect the fundamental rights and access to basic social services for all migrants regardless of migration status. We need to ensure that earned social benefits are portable in particular healthcare. We need to improve remittance markets and financial inclusion to fight poverty. And we need to provide universal identity for people on the move and for all people. The report focuses also on what the international system, what the UN system, should be doing in terms of strengthening governance capacities. And it highlights five areas where a strengthened UN system must perform better. The first is in anticipating and reacting quickly to movements in crisis. The second is speaking with one voice to deliver political messages. Third, to support and monitor the implementation of the SDG commitments. Fourth, to support soft law development and the formulation of common standards. And finally to work towards the conclusion of new issue specific treaties. There are more detailed recommendations in terms of how to do this in the report. And we also emphasize a series of other governance measures that don't involve only the UN for instance, financial and technical support to enable countries to deliver on their commitments. That is a big part of the report, the financing of all of this, support for cities and other and their networks in order to be able to help integrate migrants and refugees and coherence and transparency at the national level. Governments need to adopt a whole of government approach going forward and including ministries of all kinds and levels of government and bringing civil society and private sector partners along if they're to succeed. Progress must not wait for universal agreement. Small coalitions of states and other stakeholders can take things forward now and attract others and move the consensus along. In fact, many of the recommendations of the southern report could be pursued now and be developed into well-considered, broadly consulted, draft operational agreements by the time we reach 2018. Working in this spirit of solving problems now is the best response to the assault on universal ideals and on multilateralism that is taking place today. We find ourselves at one of those decisive crossroads in history when we as individuals cannot assume that others, governments, international institutions, political leaders will quell the danger. Each of us now bears the responsibility to act. The Sutherland report offers us a roadmap for such action. Thank you. Thank you very much for signaling the key role that Peter Sutherland has played over these many years since he was first named SRSGE 11 years ago, nearly I guess it is. He has been the real champion of IOM's entry into the UN. He along with, I was almost a partner in this activity, Antonio Guterres, when he was High Commissioner here, and I think your two voices have been very eloquent and have brought us to this point very largely. So please send the gratitude of all 166 member states of IOM to Mr. Sutherland with our very best wishes for his full and quick recovery. I think that you've described us as being first among equals is perhaps a good way to put it. We certainly recognize we have built IOM during my time own partnership. We plan to continue that. It's extremely important that we do this together. There are many other partners in migration. You've called attention to the very, to use Peter's word, the very toxic environment in which we will now have to pursue this global compact. It will be a major challenge just because the atmosphere is so negative right now. I want to thank you for giving us some initial insights into the SRSGs report forthcoming, I believe you said in January. We've been eagerly awaiting that for some time and I can tell from the flavor of what you've given us here that it's going to be extremely helpful to us. It will be, I think, extremely timely relative to the global compact on migration and will help us with a lot of the initial consultations and negotiations, identifying the three relationships that states have, the whole overview you gave us, looking upon migration as an opportunity, the five recommendations, the whole aspect of the five areas of UN reform and so on, all of which I think will help us in our thing. So thank you very much for that and we look forward to receiving the full report in January. Thank you so much. The person who's come the longest distance has also had to wait the longest and I apologize, Professor. We're delighted to have you here, Professor Eguchi, from your post in Japan and you have the floor. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Thank you, Ambassador Swing. First of all, I'd like to express my gratitude that Ambassador Swing was very active in visiting Asia and especially Japan to discuss this global situation and also the necessity for making more changes in Asia. It was very nice that I can participate in this discussion today. At the same time, when you look at the slides, I'm not only a researcher but also involved in local initiatives and also at the national level regulatory reform and then I'm also involved in this kind of multilateral consultation and that is naturally very complicated. Anyway, I'd like to draw some practical solutions that are naturally very important. The second thing is that we need to explore the mechanism of how to achieve that and how to create that and that should be also based upon and research and also evidences and otherwise it cannot be defeasible. And certainly, I write the stress that the gap between global level and local level, national level that is still very great. Therefore, we need to discuss about the necessity for more global consciousness. The more global consciousness, that is naturally a very important key in achieving this kind of initiatives. That is my intention. Coming to the next slide, sorry, because of time constraint, this is just essential. And the first point, I'd like to tell you about Asian situation because the recent discussion on migration crisis or refugee crisis is especially on the basis of European one, very, very strong impression we had. But at the same time, it is also important to tell you that Asia has long been faced with mixed migration. It was so much complicated that the mixed migration means regular and irregular migration and many governments in Asia have been paralyzed by this kind of very complex, of the complexity of the situation. And some governments are very, very much fearful about accepting refugees. And when they accept refugees, the diplomatic or international relations with the country of the origin might be damaged or maybe worsened. That is naturally always a fear for us. And these countries have naturally then as a result, the nation-centric migration policies. And yet when in Europe and North America, nationalism is now gaining ground and this is stronger, but in Asia from the beginning, our mentality is nation-centric. And that is naturally a very important point. And therefore, we are, for example, acceptance of refugees number has been very low in several countries. And also at the same time, those countries who have already ratified the Geneva Convention and also New York protocols, their number is very, very small. Naturally, Japan, Korea and China have already ratified. And we are now receiving more and more asylum seekers, but we cannot acknowledge so not so many refugees. And therefore, it is much more important to create more, create more legal channels for regular migrants. That is naturally a very important point. Therefore, European way of thinking how to how to lessen the burden of refugee recognition systems and also all the integration policies. That is also the case in Asia, that we need to create more regular channels. Otherwise, we cannot cope with this them. And in from the situation of Asia, those who are recognized as a knowledge of refugees are not only the people who are in danger, who are suffered from poverty. And there are so many people in danger and who are suffer from poverty. We cannot make clear distinction or demarcation between the two. That is the reason, therefore, it is also recommended to make several kinds of practical ways of achieving these things. So now I'm going to the list of practical solutions that I have already formulated 11 ones. But because of the time constraints, I cannot make it. And based upon several kinds of empirical findings, not only theoretical, but also other things, we have already tackled to find several kinds of migration chains, and also the role of diasporas and also relationship between internal and international migration. And also at the same time, we try to find evidence of a migration trade link and migration investment link so that we can create more channels for regular migration. And then I'm going to the last part of my presentation. The first three, without huge burden on refugee recognition systems, alternative channels should be created as many as possible. First three, not the refugee resettlement according to the national plans and through UNHER, that is naturally a very important way of accepting these people through legal way to Asian countries. And at the same time, it is also recommendable to create more acceptance of refugee students and also trainees as refugees and also other types of people who will be coming as a family reunification. And because of time constraints, I'd like to tell you some additional things that we have bilateral labor agreements or arrangements, but based upon our researches, there are so many different achievements and some of them are not well controlled and it is not possible for governments to monitor them. But it is also important to say that these arrangements should have to be reconsidered and strengthened. And also the sanction should not only be based upon labor laws, but also penal code that is especially on trafficking, penal code on trafficking, these things. And there are other list of practical solutions which I have proposed to you. These should be, I hope the IOM Secretary will be making more discussion about these. And at the end, sorry, because of time constraints, the last one, creating more global consciousness is also essential in successfully achieving SDG. That is my strong point because the consciousness are so different at the multilateral level and national level and local level. And therefore, I write to stress three points. One is to spread more global consciousness on suffering of migrants. Another one is courage to live for the future. And also important thing is compassion on diversity. These things are also important when we create more collaboration and solidarity to achieve SDG based upon more global consciousness. That is the last point which I write to say. So at the end, in the concluding remarks, I would like to add to you that we would like to try to strengthen solidarity with international organizations for migration and also to create more networking within Asia to collaborate with IOM. Thank you very much indeed. I'm grateful to you, Professor Iguchi, for coming this long way to be with us and for delivering us a very, very interesting and insightful presentation. A lot of practical solutions and recommendations and ideas which we will in IOM certainly digest and see which ones we can ourselves adapt and put into practice here. Thank you for giving us insights into the Asian context. Mixed flows sounds very familiar to us and you're getting very much at the heart of the problem when you recognize through mixed flows that there are many, many people out there on the move who don't qualify for refugee protection but who need protection of some sort, practical protection and who need assistance. I liked, I think it was very true what you said that, and this is true not only for Asia, worldwide and here I'm happy to do our partner, traditional partner, UNHR's work for them but we need more official refugee resettlement countries and we need larger, more respectable quotas. We move maximum one percent a year of all refugees. That's a poor show for us all but anyway, thank you for calling that to our attention and for the list you gave us of practical recommendations and the three essentials for the global compact on migration. So thank you very much for a very insightful presentation. Distinguished participants, you've been very patient as we've listened to four I think extremely enriching presentations, each one a little somewhat of a different angle. So I think you've got now an opportunity to use the last half hour of our morning session to pose questions, make comments, raise objections, whatever you'd like to do but let's try to have a more interactive discussion. Now I know the panelists would be eager to hear from you in terms of how you react to what they've said or your own views on the compact. So the floor is open. Sorry. Sierra Leone. Ambassador, good to see you. Thank you. I'm Digi and thank you to a panel. I think we've had a very interesting sort of discussions from the panel that I set the stage for our subsequent discussions. I just want to refer to one or two things. Let us say that when it comes to looking at migration as a global issue we have come a long way. I still remember the ICPD in Cairo in 1994 where mention of migration within country was considered to be a bilateral issue and it was not it was not encouraged that this be discussed in an international forum or that it be a global issue. So I think we have come a long way. The very fact that we are now talking about global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration from process to substance is reassuring. The only the point I would like to raise here is how much of what we have what has been put on the table and what has been agreed upon in certain sectors would be incorporated into this global compact and because Mary Robinson is on the panel I would raise one question relating to human rights. As you know there's the international convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families and this is something which at the Human Rights Council we have been talking about but it's really surprising and disappointing and maybe she could throw some light on it that there are only 49 state parties to that convention and 17 signatories to this day and I was wondering because when you look at the convention itself it's it's talking about some of the rights which we have had and which have been got forward by this panel itself. So how do you see this in the light of this global compact? How do we improve accession to this particular human rights convention? The second point that I would like to raise is that of climate change and I think Mary Robinson put it quite clearly that indeed climate change is going to is going to create problems for some countries and even if indeed in some quarters even if we could reach the 1.5 degree it would still raise problems for some countries and when you think about it many of these countries that are going to be worst affected are those that did the minimum to create the situation that we find in the world today. In that sense I would say that what we should be looking at right now is contingency planning what do we do to some of these small island countries that risk disappearing as a result of climate change. Shouldn't we be looking at contingency plans whereby there could be accommodated solutions could be found for people because unless we do so we do not want to wait for the situation to get to a point where they are massive loss of life. So these are the two points that I would like to raise thank you very much. Thank you madam ambassador we have let's take two more speakers. India followed by Japan. At the outset I would like to thank the panelists for giving a detailed account of how the global compact on migration should look like the ideas which were expressed are really thought provoking and very practical in nature. As we all know that the UN summit for migration and refugees held at New York decided to have two separate sets of global compacts one on migration and one on refugees. The overall idea behind this segregation was to give adequate attention to both these important issues and deal them separately as they require separate sets of policies rules and procedures. If I mean as DG has also mentioned if we see the latest trends more than 90 percent of the 247 million people living outside their country of birth are economic migrants and only 10 percent are refugees and asylum seekers. There has been a growing trend and negative or you can say toxic connotations because the refugees and asylum seekers are not welcomed in many parts of the world. Given this background there is a need to see that the global compact on migration should primarily remain focused on looking at the 90 percent of the aspect which is pure which is mainly the economic migration. We feel that the compact of migration apart from the suggestions which has been made by the panelists should focus on the economic dimension and work towards eliminating fresh barriers to the economic migration create an environment for safe orderly and regular migration and open the legal channels of migration and widen it and further liberalize it. Almost all the panelists have made their suggestions on these lines. Since around 48 percent of the migrants are women so we need to have our migration global compact on migration more gender sensitive and it provides equal opportunities to women and adopt a non-discriminatory policies and practices. Spatial provisions are also required to be kept in the global compact to take care of the people in vulnerable situations and include the peoples with disabilities. One of the most important aspect of the global compact has to be protection of the human rights of the migrants and provide measurable and measures to identify vulnerabilities and stop exploitation and excuse. There is of course an urgent need to reduce the incidents and impacts of irregular migration including trafficking in persons and migrants smuggling as well as facilitate their return and reintegration. At the same time we also like to advocate that apart from the SDG Agenda 10.7 there is also a need to look at 8.10 very closely because out of these migrants if 90 percent are working outside their country in the labor market their protection of their labor rights and promoting safe and secure working environment for all workers including migrant workers is extremely important and this will also ensure the protection to women migrants from precarious employment. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. I want to give the floor now to President Mary Robertson to respond. Thank you very much. I wanted to respond to the two questions from the ambassador of CFC early on because I think there are important issues in this context. I agree that it's important to look at the international convention on the protection of all migrant workers and their families in the context of a global compact on migration. It's true that no major receiving country has agreed to adopt that convention which is a pity because it's very one-sided in its approach but there are important rights that are recognized and addressed in that convention and I think it would be good if some of them could be incorporated into the global compact and I think that would be definitely be a step forward. I agree very much ambassador with the point that you made about those most vulnerable to having to move because of climate change are likely to be and are indeed the least responsible. That's why I have framed it as an issue of justice and I think we have to bear that in mind that it will be an increasing driver and it won't just be the need to consider communities or small island states as indeed ambassador swing has referenced. I quoted him since he made this statement on the 19th of September that there are about 75 million people living on coastlines one meter or less above sea level. I think that is a very good way of framing the extent of the driver that climate change will increasingly be as sea level rises and unfortunately we seem to be anticipating that that may happen more quickly than scientists had initially predicted which is very worrying news indeed but it's an uncomfortable reality among lots of other uncomfortable realities so I think we do need contingency plans and that's part of what I hope the global compact will be looking at how we can increase resilience. Obviously as I said in my own contribution I do think it would be good if there can be a referencing across to the Paris Agreement and its need to reduce the risk by taking the steps that are flagged in the Paris Agreement and I'm glad to see that that was strongly reinforced in Marrakesh by all countries and I think that that's an important part of the coherence that I was seeking to emphasize in particular in that context but I'll just leave it at those two questions those two responses to two very relevant questions thank you and I'm afraid that I have to slip away now because I have to go and talk to the IASC of the UN about El Nino and climate. Okay in the interest of time let's move right along I want to call down the distinguished representative of Japan. Thank you very much Ambassador Swing and I also say thank you all the panelists for sharing with us very useful inputs although she's leaving but in my view the President Robinson identified some very important points which you all have to take into consideration in joint efforts to create a good and effective global migration compact. Among them I particularly echo the importance of people-centered approach and in the same vein Professor Iguchi not by coincidence drew attention to different local approaches to the migration issues. In this respect I underlined the critical roles to be played by regional consultations because different national and regional stakeholders are able to get their voices to be heard in such regional consultations. Recently we had similar experiences about regional consultation that is a preparatory process for World Humanitarian Summit. These consultations for WHS were in fact effective in collecting data, evidences, good and sometimes bad lessons learned from a large number of various stakeholders including civil societies but at the same time these processes were a bit inconclusive, not quite good in establishing common principles. Maybe the subject dealt by World Humanitarian Summit were quite wide but migration is also adjusted as wide so my comment or request is that you know the regional consultation and other folder to discuss the global contact are global compact so we'll be purpose-oriented, be conscious about the final result and at the same time time and resource efficient. Thank you. To chairman a few brief remarks and also thank you to the panelists. I'm very much looking forward to reading the full report from the SRSG when it comes out. I think a few things that were mentioned on the panel are very important to us and implementation is surely one of them. We have and if you mentioned the burn initiative maybe you want to also look into the Global Commission on International Migration that issued the report almost 10 years ago it's actually 10 years ago where there are some some things that you still can build on on an implementation. I think that we need to be practical, we need more coordination, we need more governance in order to facilitate the implementation that is needed and I agree with what someone said about the need to address responsibility sharing. This is a common responsibility and we need to share it more evenly among states. On the process I can echo very much what the Japanese delegate just said. We need an inclusive process with consultations. I think regional consultations is a good idea. We need to make sure that states and other relevant stakeholders the the civil society and the private sector are being listened to and I also would again like to highlight the important role that we think IOM can play in in the this process building on your expertise and also the expertise of other UN organizations now that you are a UN organization. We need to build on that and also what is is being done in this city and not forget about this is all the expertise that you can draw up on in Geneva. Thank you. Thank you very much. I have three more speakers in the interest of hearing as many as possible. We do this and then I'll ask each of our speakers to make a wrap up comment trying to address some of the questions. I have Save the Children Australia and the European Public Law Organization and one is more just been added Thailand. Okay. Save the Children. You have the floor. I would like to echo some of the of the remarks that were made during the panel and by some member states particularly the importance of the involvement of civil society and particularly migrants themselves including migrant children in the design drafting and consultations for the compact together with governments throughout the process. This is crucial to earn as the expertise and experience of those directly affected and on the front line to find right based solutions to multifaceted and complex phenomenon and we would be very happy to hear some also practical suggestions from the panelists on how to do this. Another key consideration is how the compact will respond to the needs and ensures protection of migrants in vulnerable situations particularly migrant children. Indeed children make up a sizable percentage of those caught in large migration flows with nearly 50 million children moving across borders or forcibly displaced. And from the time they leave the country of origin and all the way through to the destination countries children on the move have specific protection needs and face great risks of abuse violence and exploitation along the route and in destination countries. Often they are not afforded the same protection and support as other children and face discrimination and suspicion. So we would like to draw also specific attention to ensuring that every migrant children has access to protection and education as soon as possible and that the compact should ensure education as an essential and vital component of the services and durable solutions to which migrant children are entitled. And finally we would like to emphasize the importance of the compact as an actionable document that will actually help to operationalize the rights of children but human rights of migrants more generally and the best interest of the child as a primary considerations of all actions in the context of migration ensuring that children are considered and treated as children first and foremost with all the rights protection and services they are entitled under the UN convention on the rights of the child. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Australia you have the floor. Thank you very much Director-General. Look we welcome what was a very rich discussion and got a lot out of each presentation by the panelists so thank you very much for facilitating this. I thought the goals expressed by you Director-General swing namely to facilitate the migration we want to reduce or eliminate irregular migration and its pernicious effects and to better respond to crises were particularly well stated. And from Australia's point of view we think it's also very important to ensure regional perspectives are incorporated into the consultations for the global compact and in this light we particularly appreciated having an Asia-Pacific perspective on today's panel with the presentation by Professor Iguchi so thank you very much. The migration compact which will be state led and inclusive obviously built on the foundation as you yourself noted Director-General of state sovereignty needs to strengthen global cooperation in areas that we need at the most. So I guess my question is how do we achieve a practical realistic compact that is an overburden with expectations has a sense of priority and also a workable actionable agenda to strengthen the cooperation that we need thank you. Thank you very much European public law organization. Thank you Director-General I have a question for Professor Iguchi his presentation went rather fast and if I recall well he mentioned of course the mixed flows and he singled out three countries for receiving low numbers of migrants and that was South Korea China and Japan. He then went on to mention some practical measures to be taken again this went fast but he mentioned legal avenues also labor market measures so what is the link in other words how can you link the low number of migration received to your reforms what kind of migration will happen in the end I'm not very clear on that thank you. Thank you very much our final speaker is the Representative Thailand. Thank you I agree with the panelists on the link between migration and that positive contribution and sustainable development the core issue lies in the way the states have been struggling emanating migration issue with their local and unilateral approaches which has failed us in bringing out its maximum benefits this global phenomenon certainly needs international cooperation for more effective and coherent management this will enhance all national efforts and bring us closer to achieving the related sustainable development goals and I would like to add some additional points on the global compact to translate the global compact into action it should contain a balanced approach for countries of origin transit and destination to allow all countries to benefit from migration's positive contribution and development it should also take into account that the principle of international burden sharing and addressing the recourses while outlining measures for states to curb the negative effects of migration in a more responsible manner. Thailand will actively take part in the discussions and hopes that the global compact will provide clear policy objectives and inspire legislative rigor in improving related laws and measures to identify and pay particular attention to vulnerable groups including women, children, the elderly and persons with disabilities to enhance access to basic healthcare and education to eliminate xenophobia and discrimination and to create a more harmony society. Thailand hopes that it will set a framework to promote cooperation in labor market governance to reduce migration cost and to protect migrants in all situations it should also aim to strengthen international law enforcement to tackle human trafficking and people smuggling in a more coordinated approach The terms of process Thailand support inclusive participation in the discussion on the global compact. IOM's upgraded relationship between IOM and the UN is timely to take part in facilitating the negotiations. Thailand also supports regional initiatives such as the Bali process to participate in drafting the compact so that they reflect the regional's chair policy direction and expand the regional collective efforts at a larger scale. Meanwhile, we are currently working with the IOM to complete the regional information campaign to build awareness for safe migration in the Indian Ocean region. At home in Thailand, we have continued our efforts recently issuing the royal ordinance on bringing migrants workers to work with employers to improve management of recruitment agencies and prevent migrant workers from being exploited. All migrants and their dependence in the country have access to health insurance scheme and basic education. Finally apart from governments and international organizations, Thailand encourages the business community and migrants themselves to take part in suggesting innovative and implementable ideas to improve the lives of migrants. At the same time, civil society can help foster a more conductive environment and strengthen the collective efforts. Thank you. Thank you very much. This concludes our list of speakers. We are slowly running out of time so I want to ask each of our speakers if they would like to make a final statement in if possible addressing some of the questions and good statements that have been made. Let's start with Professor Iguchi because several questions were directly posed to you, sir. Thank you, Ambassador. I'm very afraid but we I could not take enough time to discuss how to how to realize a legal migration and which which is which contains decent work and also labor protection and also care for the children and women. And at the same time, whether Asian countries can have accept more migrants from outside and that is naturally a very important question. But from our research results, we think there are growing labor market mismatches, not only highly skilled and low skilled, but in so-called middle middle skilled. There has been very small channels from outside from for for migrants. That is what also is also pointed out by the Migration Institute in the United States. And middle skilled jobs requires a certain high school education plus two or three years schooling and then to some official certificate and so on. And this kind of human resource investment has been an obstacle for these areas to become to accept migrant workers. But also in the case of Germany, a so-called slogan, integration through qualification. Integration through qualification is very very very very adequate, especially in the in the layer of middle skilled jobs. And there are also great discrepancies of demand and supply and also mismatches of native workers. That is also one reason that we should strengthen training, education and training so that they can have get a certificate and also qualification and stable jobs and decent work. That is naturally one very important channel. And at the same time, because of the time constraint, I'd like to tell you about one thing, just one thing, sorry. When we talk about the Asian Pacific, we do not overlook the distinction of former employment and informal sector's employment. Informal sector employment, it has become a pool of low-skilled labor with that protection. And this has also become a great background that migration of so-called house maize or also construction workers get lower remuneration and less protections. It is also important for them to be qualified and get and get higher and stable working conditions. But in the long run, to become a developed country for the middle income countries, it is naturally important to reduce and shrink, make informal sector shrink so that this kind of stable employment be reduced. But naturally for the moment, it is naturally very important to give more opportunity for youngsters to get out of the informal sector employment. Thank you very much. Thank you, sir. Ambassador Radia. How can we ensure that all those elements, how can we ensure that, I think, in general, we share, how can we reflect on the share? Well, at this stage, in the process, maybe the answer is still a little bit humble in the sense that we have to build it together, the states, the international organizations, the civil society, including, of course, the migrants, the academics. And a very important step will be the modalities, of course, that are in construction and that, as we said, will be presented in brief. I think it is a first good step. It has been both in Geneva and in New York, where the co-facilitators were very open to listen to the food supply of all these sectors. And they will try to, of course, with the best will, to plan it in the modalities. I think that is a process that we have to build together. This takes me very briefly, Ambassador, to mention that it touches us in Geneva. I think it is also very clear in the presentations that the added value of what can give Geneva is enormous. And simply, an added value, in which place, that is not Geneva, we can see the migration phenomenon and we have experience, knowledge, inclusive in the field, from the labor, human rights, how can we draw on? Where else can we draw on? All this is a privileged place, in that sense, Geneva. That is why we will surely have to find a way in which this expertise, this experience of Geneva, is reflected throughout the negotiation process. And, of course, there are many ways. One of them is the one mentioned here, the tools that we already have, like the regional consultations, where the particularities of each region, the redundancy, will have to be reflected in that process, thank you very much, Ambassador. I'll give the final word to our special advisor, Mr. Maniatis, with the permission of the interpreters. And you take two, three more minutes beyond the hour. Thank you. Two minutes, that's all. I don't want to be standing between a large crowd and lunch. So the representative of India brought up the issue of refugees and migrants to compacts. It's worth remembering how this started. It was a summit meeting in New York on the large scale of movements of migrants and refugees. We need to go back to that. It was a combined plan of action that should have come out of New York. And we've come out of New York with two separate processes. I think they need to be recombined. You are invoking the expertise in Geneva. It should be combined here. My close colleague in Peter's also senior advisor of many years, 11 years front. So if we not points out, for instance, the need to come up with protocols and infrastructure to be able to determine status closer to conflicts, closer to the point of initial movement. There are many other ways in which the two agendas combine. And I think it's critical to do that from now and not to go down two separate paths. The second point I would make the last point really is that the compact should not just be an accumulation of everyone's important cause as important as those causes might be. We have documents that do that. The New York Declaration does that. There should be practical and political goals in the process of the next two years. I'll give you one political goal is to create a framework, a balance of interests, an equilibrium amongst the various stakeholders that holds. So what is it that needs to get done that keeps everyone who needs to be at the table at the table? If we're talking about international cooperation, we have to strike that equilibrium, that balance of interests with this process. So that's a political goal. I think that's very clear and very difficult. But there's also practical goal, which is we need to be proving, as I said earlier, that we can actually get things done. And so from now, countries, stakeholders should be able to identify ideas. We've been discussing what we need to do for well over a decade. Grab onto one of those ideas and take them forward so that we know much more about them by 2018 than we do now. And that we've tested even perhaps through pilot schemes how to do these things. Thank you.