 Dear students, today we are going to talk about the society from a sociological point of view. And we are going to talk about society from one of the very key sociologists who can also be considered the founder, one of the founders of the discipline, especially when it comes to empiricism, Emile Durkheim. Emile Durkheim distinguishes society based on the solidarity. Solidarity means it is the sense of belongingness or the sense of bonding to which a person can be attached to his or her society. To what extent we attach to our society and how we attach to our sense of belongingness, Durkheim gives it the name of solidarity. As per Durkheim, there are principally two types of solidarity based on which we can classify different societies. Number one is mechanical solidarity and the other one is organic solidarity. Before talking about these two types of solidarity, we need to see that Durkheim addresses the question of how Durkheim addresses that what holds the societies together. To him, collective conscience gives the group social solidarity. Collective conscience means it is the sense of belongingness, we see that as an individual, I think I have a lot of ideas in my mind and I have a lot of opinions about different people. But as a society, as a whole, we do possess a collective conscience. The collective conscience defined as the body of beliefs, common to our community or a society. It creates a sense of belonging and the feeling of moral obligation to the demands or values. This moral obligation makes us the part of that collectivity. So Durkheim says that when morality or common morality exists in societies, it produces a binding force through which we feel a sense of belongingness and sense of identity. Where does the collective conscience come from? He argues that it stems from people's participation in common activities in our everyday life that begins through the process of socialization such as work, family, education, and by becoming part of many social institutions, we produce that sense of belongingness for each of the individuals. Coming to the definitions of the differentiation of mechanical society as well as organic society, Durkheim talks about the mechanical society or solidarity in a way that it arises when individuals play like similar rather than different roles. It means that we are not much specialized in our own distinctive tasks. Our collective conscience is based on our identification, those sense of belongingness that we feel by becoming part of a community, usually through the shared norms or the similar values. So it holds ourselves together as well as this have a particular feeling of cohesiveness like in a society which is as simple as we are living in the rural societies where we see that there is not much specialized way of labor or much specialized domain of tasks, complexity, and because of not being there, people know each other and the same identification with each other becomes part of mechanical solidarity. Whereas in organic solidarity, we see that societies especially in urban areas where people don't know directly to each other, they do not have much more acquaintances to each other as we see in rural areas. So what happens there is that Durkheim thinks that someone has been united in a binding force. What is that binding force? According to Durkheim, it is interdependence. That interdependence is a specialty of tasks. For example, we see that a college professor or a school teacher needs a lot of people in urban areas to spend their lives in a comfortable way. He also needs a home, he needs a grocery store, he needs a driver, he needs a school for his children. So his life is dependent on many people's specialized tasks and many people's lives are dependent on his specialized tasks. So Durkheim thinks that this interdependence that produces the organic solidarity based on which we can have that sense of collective conscience that can be available in the urban societies which can be noted as organic solidarity.