 Thank you Riki and LSC, Alfred Horhausen Foundation for helping us organ, I mean being the support and helping us to realize this dream of having urban age in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa, as you know, is one of the youngest captains of the country and it's an indigenously grown African city which developed spontaneously in its early urban years of formation. The structure of Addis Ababa was that of a multi-centered town with sephirs. A sephir is an area similar to a military settlement or camp which is allocated to achieve or a state dignitary and appears distinguishable from other similar areas. Most all the residents of the nobility were built on top of small hills and eventually surrounded by the humble tuculs or cottages of their followers and servants. The structure of Addis Ababa at the beginning of the 20th century was that of a multi-centered settlement with the Gibi, the imperial palace compound, the Arada, the marketplace, the main marketplace, and the railway station areas in the church compounds of where the main landmarks. In 1936, when Italy occupied Ethiopia, Mussolini, the then leader, based on his ideas of demographic colonization dreamed of settling hundreds of thousands of Italians in the fertile highlands of Ethiopia that would produce raw materials and food and be exported to Italy. The Italian master plan, which was based on the fascist leadership's ideals, tried to use urbanity as a means of showing Italian presence and domination. It also used architecture and planning as one of its main acts of modernizing a traditional society by displaying colonial power and superiority. The segregation between Italian and indigenous quarters was one of its main features. A green iron plan was superimposed on the organic structure of the existing city. Even after the Italian occupation, the master plan of the Mercato Indigino, the traditional Ethiopian markets, special organization, where commodities are allocated to designated areas persisted. Some years ago, in Addis Ababa, one can still observe the traditional looking settlements besides the medium and high-rise buildings. Like most African cities, Addis Ababa's social fabric is still or was still mixed between rich and poor, which unfortunately, in growing urbanization, new real estate developments, these developments are exclusively for the upper or middle income groups and then came the condominium housing and so on. As a result, a gradual segregation started to happen. In the last 15 years, massive urban transformation is taking place in Addis Ababa. The construction of roads, high-rise buildings, and condominium housing blocks are transforming the city dramatically. The Grand Housing Project, which started in 2005, is one of the most ambitious government programs in social housing the city has ever seen. In this last decade, hundreds of thousands of condominium housing units were built in an effort to alleviate chronic housing shortage. These urban development efforts are major achievements by any standards and should be appreciated. This was the aim of this Grand Housing Program, removal of slum areas or renewal of slum areas, densification against horizontal expansion, creation of jobs, enabling the urban poor. These were the aims. Eventually, this did not only end in the central area, in the outskirts, also expansion happened in the city. Economic pressure has led to further elimination of the older housing stock and displacement of residents and the loss of urban heritage. The old inner-city residential neighborhoods of Addis Ababa did not only provide housing, a trend that could be afforded by low-income residents, but provided within these settlements a wide variety of employment opportunities, formal and informal. These areas which are characterized by intensive mixed use are also a major economic importance. Many households also run small-scale commercial activities. While this was going on, the seductive images of modern high-rise, shiny developments are irresistible to officials and real estate developments. These large-scale high-rise urban developments are too expensive and unrealistic for most African cities. The reality tells us that these developments are unaffordable and a drain on the urban economy and require massive hard currency. The cleared plots acquired by investors by bidding and leasehold end up being very expensive. Developers have to build densely to meet their expenses and make profit. Highland prices discourage the creation of open spaces, which are essential to the urban quality and habitability of the city. And in the last few years, in the last years, we have seen also the infrastructure and the railway. So there isn't much discourse or debate among planners, architects and engineers on how to plan and develop our cities. Decision makers are neither adequately informed, inadequately informed, and do not wait for alternative solutions and approaches. We do not understand and process the real-life experience which is right in front of us and look for solutions elsewhere. As late comers, we had the chance to learn from the mistakes of others, but we still are attracted to these flashy images. After the establishment of the Chair of Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage, we are trying to do research and collaborative planning with the Addisaba Plan Commission to understand and save historic areas of Addisaba. Through our research, we have realized that the protection of heritage in our cities does not simply imply saving few old buildings of the past, but also retaining the vibrant multi-layered street life which already existed in our cities. We are now at a stage where there is very little remaining, such as the parts of Piazza and Kazanches, like the one I show here. So understanding the importance of urban heritage is not only saving architecture, but saving the multi-layered, you know, wealth of the city. Thank you. Thank you, Faizul, and we will come back to that collectively to think about what does it mean to think consciously about our planning at a moment of rapid transition.