 consumer behavior. And under the topic of consumer behavior, we will study what is consumer preference. Mostly we utilize the word the consumer preference when we have to study anything related to consumer behavior. And as per our knowledge, the consumer preference, it tells us that the consumer would rank certain baskets of goods. And when he ranks, definitely he will rank one at the upper level and the other basket of the commodities at the lower level. So the behavior of the consumer to put a basket of the goods or the combination of the goods at one rank as compared to the other rank that we'll call as consumer preference. And when we say the basket or the bundle, that does not mean that it should be a particularly practical basket. Here the word of the basket or the bundle means that it is a combination of the group or a collection of the commodities. And it not only can be the goods, it can be the services also that any individual is going to utilize. So when we have certain features related to consumer preference, we say that the consumer preferences, they are basically the relationship between the bundles. That if we are going to have two bundles A and B, what will be the relationship between these two bundles? But if in any other place the consumer is having the bundles of B and C, then what will be the relationship between these two bundles? So this relationship may vary from one place to the other and preferences have to do with the entire bundle of goods. It is not with the individual goods because sometimes a consumer is going to consume not only the single commodity and this is very realistic approach because in daily life, consumer is not going to have single commodity and then other commodity. Mostly we utilize the things in the bundle. If I tell you in simple words, then when you come to the class in the morning, when you have breakfast, then it will not happen that someone has to take only bread or he has to take only bread. It is a complete combination that you have to take eggs with bread or you have to take jam or you have to take paratha or you have to take curd. And similarly, if we look at the time of education, then this is a combination that if you want to use your copy to write, then you will have to see the ballpoint or pen route to write. So there are many things because our task is mostly in the form of a combination. So there is a bundle of goods that is being used. And the consumer bundle that is being used, now when we talk about the group of commodities, then we will show it from a list. There can be a bundle in which X1, X2 is present, there is another bundle. We are changing its notation and we are saying that we have a bundle of Y1, Y2. So what should we do in this? If we want to show the preference, then we will have to say that if the consumer is selecting X1 and X2, although both the bundles were available, then it means that the selection of those is expressing the preference. So it means the consumer is going to prefer the bundle A that is having X1 and X2 to the bundle B that is having the commodities combination of Y1, Y2. And in the same way, if we say that both these bundles are available and the consumer selects the bundle B instead of our bundle A, then this selection is expressing its preference. This means that the bundle in which Y1 and Y2 are present, it has preferred the bundle on which X1 and X2 are present. In the same way, if we look at it, then it is possible that the consumer doesn't prefer one bundle to the other, that is, they don't give preference, they don't give preference, in fact, they are between the two. If we say that they are different, they are between, or we say that they give equal weightage to both the bundles. For that, A also has the same weightage as B. So it depends on whether I get this bundle, then it is okay, whether this one is available, then it is okay. I don't find any difference in both the bundles. So when they don't make any distinction or make any difference, then in that situation, then we can say that the consumer is indifferent between bundle A and bundle B or the bundle of X1, X2 and Y1, Y2. Now, if we look at these two preferences, it means that the commodities have to rank somewhere, and for that rank, there are some notations that we use. Now, instead of writing the whole sentence in the notations, in the consumer theory, if we go in a notational form, then we look at the sign in which we will put this sign with X1, X2. So this means that the consumer is indifferent between these two bundles. But similarly, if we say that X1 and X2, and for that we will use this sign, then it means that we are using it mathematically for more, but similarly, we have a sign that is derived from this, which shows that it is preferred. And in this form, if I put Y1, Y2 here, which means that the bundle of Y1, Y2 is the bundle of prefer to X1, X2. But what we did earlier is that either there is preference, either there is indifferent. Similarly, we also have a third form in which we say that there may be preference, and there may be both are equal states. If there is indifferent in both, then we say that the bundle A or with the commodities X1, X2 bundle is preferred or at the same time is indifferent with the bundle of B with the commodities of Y1, Y2, or the bundle is weakly preferred to the bundle B. These relations, which if we say between group A and B, then this is of strict preference, this is of weakly preference and this is of indifferent. And in these bundles, if we look at it now, many times we have more bundles available than this. So, in that, in the notational form or in the write-up, which is of strict preference, if we look at it in the same way, then we will say this preference, in which we use the words of our English or in Urdu, in Haruf-e-Tahajib, then we use the words of A, B, P, T. So, when we know, we know that we have to come from A to B, B to P. In the same way, if we write a bundle first in the notational form and then after that, then this automatically means that the bundle which we have written before and we have not used any notation for it, it means that bundle is preferred to that bundle which we are writing after. And if we are writing in the same way that we have these two bundles, that they are indifferent, then we will give the sign of indifferent. And if we say that there is no indifferent, then it means that there must be a preference. So, we will have the notational form of some things and if we do not have a notation, then we will have to understand with its arrangement that it is showing the preference.