 So I am Bill Turner and I'll tell you a little bit about myself and then you can introduce yourself after I Show a particular slide and I started with this slide someone said oh, it's beautiful and the answer is I've received various blessings in my life and one of them is I now get to teach a four-day course in the Tetons for these folks on Moisture management and historic structures and new assemblies And I get to do that because I stuck my nose in a project four years ago as a volunteer and said I think there's a better way to do this and they said you're right come and teach for us so So I volunteering has been a wonderful treat in my life I got my first job because I volunteered to measure carbon monoxide and hockey rings in Boston back in the 70s when we had Zamboni's running around without Catalytic converters on them and the kids were in below the boards in the ice and they shut the ventilation off because of the energy crunch and And we were saying like these kids are being exposed like they were smokers when it comes to carbon monoxide So and then so I got stolen at that point by Harvard and got to work on a health study for ten years So so that's the background my intent after Talking with norm was to try to weave together climate change energy use and into air quality and explain to you How I think they're all related so I called 150 slides down to something less lots of them are photos and and Feel free to ask questions as we go So I actually set up some learn learning objectives, but I want you to know You know your son you said is an engineer in training I was an engineer in training But I learned best by doing because I grew up on a Sunoco gas station and from age 12 on I was fixing cards and But I started out cleaning toilets on Saturdays and in my history in engineering is fascinating because Back before Cambodia was invaded. I was like on academic probation and I sort of had a choice when I graduated go do nuclear power or go build weapons for Vietnam and So the fascinating thing for me was I saw this sign it and that MIT posted on a clean non-polluting car competition put together a design team and Enter it so I went into my academic Advisor who I knew quite well at that point because they were like if you don't change you're getting kicked out of here And I said can we do this and he said yeah, you're the leader And I put together a team and for the next the rest of my career at Northeast and I was on dean's list Because all of a sudden I had something that I could apply engineering to that that was real to me so Of course, I blew my parents away because I quit school the next year for a year and worked as a Youth worker for high school kids for the Lutheran Church doing planning process. What do you got for a youth group? What do you want to have? Are you going to get there kind of thing then I went back to engineering school and it was great to actually see projects I could do do measurable results on because when you're working with high school kids You're not always measuring the results. So that's my background So what I figured I'd do with you this this lunchtime is share my personal experience which actually measuring climate change a Summary of building science fundamentals, which you all need to understand if you're going to save energy in buildings I'll talk about indoor air quality and what we know about that And I'll talk about the real some real simple guidelines for new construction and adaptive reuse that could be adapted Because Maine currently has an antique energy code Maine goes by the 2009 energy code Which is a complete antique it lets you do things that are not real smart for a building is going to be in existence for the next 50 years and there's some easy ways to improve that all of the rest of New England has adopted the 2012 code or 2015 code or the 2018 code as people have moved forward for energy Efficiency but not the state of Maine which is very sad to be a resident of a state that's Doesn't have in my opinion the best energy and environmental leadership at the moment This is the engineers map of the United States that tells you this is climate zone 7 Or it gets real real cold, and this is climate zone 6 where it's often cold And this is climate zone 5 where it's sometimes cold Engineers have to design a building to meet a certain climate zone. So it matters What's your expectation of your ownership in your building as to how it should be designed and And and what criteria are you going to design it to now that said there's a lot of folks right now? criticizing ashray for your map is the historic 15 year climate zones We have no clue what the next five year Climate data looks like for any part of this country we can guess It's back to what do they say about stocks past history is no predictor of Future performance or something and there's some real concerns about what's our climate is arisen doing that you folks probably understand better than I So let's let's talk about climate change at the moment in my own personal experiences with any of it The data clearly shows that most glacier lies is melting doesn't come to it as a surprise to me Because I've stood on a bunch of glaciers for the past 40 years That's my historic mountaineering buddy, and that's he and I on Denali in 85 and If I'm gonna go climb Denali I'm also gonna take a carbon monoxide meter with me And we published the paper in in Alaska medicine on how to not die in a snow cave or tent because the minute you put a pot of Snow on top of a camp stove to make water You just created the best carbon monoxide generator you could because that snow is quenching the flame It's the same issue car engines face of you need the engine running hot enough to not produce the yo But has to be cool enough to not melt the pistons So so that was my initial experience the bad news is this guy And I tend to do a trip each year on the continental divide with the next Denali Ranger in the next Yellowstone Ranger and on the map you look at well Should I bring some crampons because I might be crossing a glacier and you get to the glacier and it ain't there anymore You're in mud You might have a snow field left, but the continental glaciers in the United States are drastically melting and changing So let's talk about carbon dioxide probably one of the significant actors and all that Why do I know anything about measuring carbon dioxide? Well for 40 years We've always had to measure the outside Concentration of carbon dioxide to compare it to the inside concentration in the building Because it's a surrogate for how much you're diluting the breathing ear that you're emitting into the building So I actually brought a carbon dioxide monitor with me. It's now reading 983 which tells me if you really want to be healthy in this room by the time we're done You open a window and let more fresh air in because the standard for indoor buildings is if you go above 1100 Pots per million you're not providing enough Dilution air from outside now the alarming thing to me this morning at 8 o'clock as I plug this instrument in outside my office To see if it was going to read 400 which is typically what outside is it read 500 this morning I went down and got another instrument and plugged it in and it read 500 now I didn't go get the calibration gas and try to calibrate the instrument because I was running short on time So you never make Decisions, but with 129 dollar instrument which what's that is I wouldn't got a $600 instrument and plugged it in it read the same thing So I have no clue whether this morning's co2 outdoor levels were really that high Or the instruments need better calibration back when I started doing environmental measurements 50 years ago You had to calibrate the instrument twice a day to get data that was dependable Typically today's instruments those are infrared you calibrate that once a year to get In Harrison and it's the woods and and I'm not running a wood stove these days So so if you were near the main turnpike or downtown Portland So someone said to me I had to realize the wind direction has changed right now It's from the northeast that means we're getting air that came from New York and has gone around and is coming back on land again So there's some fascinating Climate stuff going on so so that's my experience with co2 The ice is melting no question about that the data We have says we've got the smallest ice pack on the planet at the moment You say well have you been somewhere to measure it and my answer is no But the guy I hike with all the time has been to both the Arctic and Antarctic and done work in both places What we hope is that the that fresh That melted seawater doesn't get underneath the ice cap and the Antarctic or we're gonna have lots of problems on the planet Because ice floats which is good, but because it lets our climate work But if you get melt water underneath a piece of ice it tends to melt a lot faster So the real interesting things going on Talk about ocean levels. This is data that in my opinion is not disputable The oceans are rising. I actually heard that there's an excellent woman on NPR last week who said hey You know you don't have to believe in gravity to see the effects And her comment was you don't have to believe in climate change to see the effects But clearly the effects are happening. It's like duh. Yeah, the oceans have risen a foot in 10 years That's New York City. I actually got to teach in New Zealand two years ago You got farmers losing their fields to the ocean that's rising around the planet never mind people losing their housing Throughout the planet, so I don't consider ocean rise in any way Disputable it's happening. Yeah, you got to do is look at the main coast Or any place else and it's like You know this is going on so we have got data we've got great satellite data that says the global temperatures rising And the answer would be well that ain't anything compared to the the temperatures that are rising in the oceans And when you warm up water what happens to it? It expands so we think at least half of their increase in and sea rise Changes from water expanding in addition to the extra water you're putting into it And then there's the Gulf of Maine climate data, which says hey something serious is going on in the Gulf of Maine and It's not On the planet. There's only two other places that look like they're rising faster than the Gulf of Maine So so my slides all have references on them wherever I get this stuff Which you folks are welcome to track down if you want so I'm gonna switch gears Because right now other than some of the committees you all are on which I find real exciting because I don't know a lot about them yet Voting and education is the best thing. I know I can do about climate change at the moment So I'm gonna talk about buildings and then their air quality, which is what I've done for 40 years as a profession, so Let's focus on buildings The good and bad news is buildings in the USA use and waste a lot of energy compared to the rest of the planet The good news is so this is commercial and residential buildings and energy use This is the the energy flow of the United States. Okay, this is industry Most people think us injuries some of the most efficient industry on the planet in terms of how they use energy In transportation energy as long as you don't mess with the transportation standards too much It's gradually drastically changing, you know, I have a Baby diesel powered pickup that I go traveling in that gets 25 miles per gallon all the time Which you know 10 years ago would have been 12 miles per gallon. I just bought a clarity plug-in To change my footprint clarity behind the clarity plug-in I'll do 40 miles on a battery charge And then there's an engine that turns on you can put them both on if you want to play sports car So transportation sort of taking care of itself if you don't mess with that you and industries Doing a pretty good job of being energy efficient What's left is is buildings and you say well, why does this matter? Well, you all know why it matters because those who harvest energy Don't particularly have safe or healthy jobs whether you're a miner in the Ukraine or a bird That's been soaked with leaked crude oil or God forbid the the folks who live near Tarsians project. This is not good stuff what we going on or Those tall chimneys on coal-fired power plant is what give us acid rain We've been dealing with acid rain in New England in New York for the 30 years. I've been aware of it and We know the Osage Oceans are dealing with acidification from both co2 in the sulfur that we throw into the air So so get to get to a positive note. There's a lot of great stuff. We could be doing on buildings So I'm gonna quickly go through what building science is you have to understand building science If you don't want your building to fall apart from rot We started doing energy conservation in buildings 35 years ago without training the staff that do it Adequately and we ended up with some problems in buildings So the Department of Energy went back and researched all that and actually started training crews to do energy conservation Appropriately so you don't make someone sick in a building. So my learning experience in this whole field started in 81 This is what I live in in Harrison. I Bought it when my neighbor said you don't own anything yet. Why don't you tackle this thing? So that was a summer only house on the shores of Long Lake and Harrison and Had never been lived in in the winter time. So I six months later owned it and Proceeded to learn a lot from it and the lessons were somewhat painful and I'll go through some of those at the end The end result is I know a lot about what to and what not to do in buildings this day So I renovated it because someone told me don't make it too tight. It has to breathe because we aren't perforated, right? We have controlled apertures to breathe through My house did not have controlled apertures to be through after in it had 270,000 BTU wood stoves And I rented it to a young lady who was a elementary school teacher who called me up and said I can't eat this place I'm freezing get yourself up here and figure it out. And I'm like, what do you mean? I can't read it I just spent 20 grand money putting insulation in it, but I didn't make it tight So I actually hired David Hargy and Gautam Dutt who were at Princeton at the time developing the first house doctor methods and we figured out that I had created a leaky sieve of Of a building even though I'd put five and a half inches of fiberglass And all the walls under my feet to twelve inches of fiberglass in the attic when it got cold The air just flowed through the building it in great quantities and I couldn't heat it So so let's do the basics of building science building science is real simple heat moves from more to less You can't stop that from happening. You can slow it down with what we call insulation You can redirect it Maybe with what we call insulation, but you can't stop it from happening That means in main area the other place you heat a building air would like to get out the top and come in the bottom Can't stop that from happening other than the wind blowing 30 miles an hour making it go the cold air come in one side and go out the other Instead of coming in the bottom and going out the top well in the summertime the attic gets hot And it still goes out the top because the minute the Sun beats on a roof that surface temperature about 140 degrees which then heats up the attic which then makes air leave which is actually what keeps roofs in Maine dry a Good part of the year All of that sucks in radon from the earth and if radon was valuable We'd all be retired because Maine has like 400 to 4,000 pico curies of radon gas per liter in the soil underneath all our homes The good news is if you simply put a small fan in create a tiny suction underneath your concrete floor You'll make the air go down and out and take the radon with it as opposed to it coming in for your home So for most part for $1,500 or so you can stop from breathing radon In a house that has a concrete floor if you could do it yourself You would you're paying $200 for a fan that lasts for 30 years and some plastic pipe as opposed to paying a Contractor to do it Maine has all kinds of laws that govern who can do radon if it's a rental property or something you're selling That's pretty good. So The control a high performance building you need to control the wind not let the wind blow through it Need to control the air leakage so all the heat isn't going out the top and you need to make sure the air then goes where you Want it to go so you don't end up Downdrafting a combustion appliance and sucking your wood stove fumes into your living room because you turned on the exhaust fan in the kitchen because you were going to cook and We'll go through some of those quickly so Here's the rules of moisture I mean you just switch from air to moisture. Yeah, I did because moisture in this climate becomes real important Water drains down. That's why we put drains around buildings except for when it wicks up. How high can it wick up? anybody How high is the highest redwood tree? So you put a concrete wall of a house in a wet Earth because it rains a lot in Maine and you don't do something as a capillary break to stop Capillary suction you now have a wet wall in a basement even though you didn't want that So builders have to learn and relearn anytime you're going to finish a basement How do you not have damp concrete behind your wall rowing stuff because water wicks up concrete? The other thing that's interesting is the sun drives moisture from more to less So if it rained out the night before and your clapboards got soaked from Wind-driven rain and the sun comes out and hits it it just drove the moisture into the wall and if you happen to have oriented strand board in there and not a good drainage plane and and Drain plane in between that water and your oriented strand board It now turns to mush and your rot your wall rots away So we now know about enough about this to train builders to do it right And in fact that I'm in the middle of teaching a four-day Residential construction series training with a Maine on to our quality council on how to build healthy new energy efficient housing Because we know how to do that these days I I have one handout for you. It's it's one page if you didn't get one pick one up later It tells you how to do 40% better than the antique Maine energy code It's free to you to download off of this website I've highlighted at the bottom and in the arrows I put on the back tell you what it does better than which is a 2009 code that Maine has in place because the 2009 code is the absolute minimum You could possibly build in a house to think about heating it in the state of Maine There's all kinds of guidance on how to do a lot better in simplistic terms It also will tell you how to manage moisture So the the rules of moisture looks something like this You got to drain the water away or you end up with a problem in your basement and If the winds blowing wind driven rain at your house and there's holes in your house The water will get past the outside and wet your wall and you need to think about how the wall is going to dry out And there's all kinds of ways to build that and this gets even more challenging in the climate of Maine Because this is not Utah where I own another property. This is 60 plus inches of rain a year not ten inches of rain a year But there's all kinds of guidance a lot of it from Building Science Corp on how to do this and build a wall That'll last in any climate In simplistic terms Drain the water off the building and away from your foundation Simple as things is kick out flashing with this roof engages this wall kick the water out Away from the building because if it runs down the building this wall will eventually Rot away, but there are people still not doing that Drain the water away from your building if you got a hill above your building you need to swale Before between the hill and your building you need to pitch all around your building five percent away and even for ten feet on the Uphill side you need to pitch it away That's a real basic thing that not all your builders are doing plus the water The the earth around a building tends to sink in the first year because you didn't compact it real hard So you actually have to build it higher than the five percent grade so by the time it sinks down it still Drain's away from the building and what's the lesson in this slide? I mean we build buildings in and crazy places that that maybe You need to do something different if you're going to build it there. This is the ninth Ward two years after the flood of New Orleans and You know, they're now they put parking under these homes So the next time it floods in the water gets up to here Everything in your house is still above the water line and once the water goes back down you put things back together and go forward And lots of folks are saying hey the flood maps now say When it rains a lot when we get the hundred-year flood every ten years You need to think about rebuilding differently. Are you going to waste a lot of somebody's money? You don't need infrared Thermography or a lot of knowledge to know that that building has air leaks You would never have that much melting off the roof if there wasn't air Leaking into the attic carrying heat with it So in addition to needing replace the glass because the ice is breaking it Somebody before the next year needs to figure out where the air leaks are and fix them There's a building's going to continue to attempt to heat the outdoors, which is what's going on when the building leaks heat It's attempting to heat the outdoors, which isn't a very productive thing to do So this is an infrared thermograph taken of the outside of a building Where this X is it says it's 19 degrees there. So this is a two-story building or more. It's dark They actually did a great job of insulating it See these wispy light bright spots there is where the heat's leaking out of the building And and this this has taken I got a couple of ten thousand dollar cameras But in the advent of of stuff, this is this is now This is an infrared camera That will plug into your Smartphone For 300 bucks. So you don't need a ten thousand dollar camera anymore to figure out where heat's leaking out of a building This was bought from my galaxy four and it worked great I had to put an adapter on it to make it work on my galaxy eight, but it it still works So but now you've gone from something this prohibitive for someone to own that Hey, if you've got if you aren't on fixed income, just billy vakin at 300 bucks is a manageable expense To be able to figure out Where is this building leaking heat that I can do something about it? So Pretty amazing. So so we now have hundred and twenty dollar carbon dioxide monitors We have 300 dollar infrared cameras We actually have $300 instantaneous radon monitor so you can put this in the house in in 24 hours figure out whether the radon's at acceptable level or not none of this technology existed five years ago So the knowledge that's available for having good indoor air quality And comfort is incredible and you can go to any auto parts store and for 50 bucks buy an infrared thermometer That tells me that wall is at 70 degrees f Um, so you don't even have to buy an infrared camera if you just want to know the temperature And this is my last show and tell toy This is what I teach the course and the t-tons with this is a 45 dollar available from Lowe's or home depot moisture meter And it will tell me if i'm alive Um because it it measures moisture content and as long as i'm alive It'll tell me how you're wet. This is what any painter would have To make sure the wood's dry enough to paint But this is what you need to figure out if a building needs to be dried out so it doesn't grow mold Um And so the advent of equipment is pretty phenomenal compared to what we had 10 years ago If your attic looks like this Someone sold somebody Something that didn't work very well if you go into your attic and you see something that looks like Cotton candy And they tell you oh, it's an r35 attic Well, not really because if it's cotton candy the cold sinks down into the Insulation and it doesn't work very well if that's two feet of cellulose as long as you keep it dry You don't have a leaky roof. It's a wonderful insulating system But the rv the rated r value of this is the same as the rated r value of cellulose But they don't work the same they don't perform the same when it's especially when it's 20 below zero What is it it's fluffy fiberglass? Yeah, it it could be mineral, but it it's not uh mineral will actually would pack down better So it's blown fiber it's it's blown fiberglass It's blown old fiberglass some of the newest fiberglasses can be blown tight But this is when it looks like cotton candy it Performs like cotton candy cold air just sinks down into it So the the rest of this building stuff is you got to plan the air flows in a building You don't want the kitchen exhaust fan Downdrafting the chimney and it coming out the fireplaces So you tighten the building up and you plan for Not having radon come in and not having leaks in the ductwork And in fact, you don't put the equipment here unless you put the insulation up here We have this terrible habit of putting hvac equipment in Unconditioned attics, which is the worst place you could think about putting them other than maybe in your garage Um, which is they actually do in the pacific northwest because the climate's not as brutal So equipment should always be put in that in the Thermal envelope of the building So let's talk about indoor air quality This is what i've been doing since 1975 grad school. I got stolen to work for harvard Um, I got to work in the harvard city study I got to measure tobacco smoke in homes and gas cooking in homes and nitrogen oxide in homes And after 10 years of doing that I left to move to main to start consulting work And that data all got used to help understand. How do we make healthy housing? Including how do we not have tobacco smoke in the house because I think one of the conclusions was The respiratory disease for children before the age of six doubled if there was a smoker in the home norm you may know other salient facts of of that research When we started out doing the research we didn't have microwave oven So all of a sudden people who were making tea on a gas flame were not making it by the time we ended up finishing the research So you took a combustion appliance Out of the buildings there has never been a a mandatory requirement for kitchen exhaust fans The 2018 code says you shall put a kitchen exhaust fan Over all cooking appliances because when when you burn something really bad, it's not much better than water cow dung or Tobacco that you burn. It's it's nasty stuff. That's probably carcinogenic so We don't want to live in houses this way. We don't want to live outside this way My wife's about to embark upon a trip to china and she's taking a mask with her Pardon, no No, not one that's that good But the good news is for those of you that play with Hobbies you can now buy an n95 dust mask and Walmart home depot napa etc For like four dollars and it will protect you from most of the tiny particles you would get doing a hobby And you can buy it with a bleed breathe valve in it So when you exhale it it doesn't fill up with moisture inside and none of that existed to the public 20 years ago and you can buy it in any hardware store now. So we've come a long way in personal protective equipment for hobbies There's 1500 miles of passageways in here. It's why people breathe stuff in when they do drugs There's what's the what's the space between the air passageway and your blood anyone know it's one cell with So anything you put in your lungs if it's worse if it gets stuck in there It's even worse like asbestos which behaves like a needle So it's really important not to have people breathing nasty stuff So it's important also because we spend 90 of our time indoors And uh OSHA by the way assumes hey, yeah, you can be allowed. It's an it's an it's not an it's The economic burden of of work allows you to be exposed for this The economic burden and health risk allows you to be exposed for this for eight hours And then we assume you go home and out gas for The rest of the time well if you don't go home and out gas for the rest of the time Your exposure is actually very Different so it's important to have both workspaces and houses not be sources of major pollutant exposure And so we have this guidance on ventilation. So this is Don't pass out in the ship. You should pump in five cubic feet a minute of fresh air This is Florence doing some fascinating work in which war At Crimea war saying soldiers that are in a hospital with operable windows get better faster than if you have the windows closed This is work in boston and other places that said that these transmission rate in schools Is lower if we pump air through the school or have operable windows and what happened here This is uh, you can go back to don't pass out in the ship because Oil and costs so much compared to what it used to cost oil right now is actually With the cost of inflation is cheaper than it used to be like 40 years ago And this is by the way, and you have nasty stuff in the air You need to dilute the heck out of it and it's still not safe And after the the running mean like out of all of this is still somewhere like around 18 or 15 So most folks today would say ought to have 15 cfm of outside air in a building to dilute the bio effluence that we all either exhale or omit from from sweating or from Bio effluence in other parts of your body and as long as you're less than a thousand 1100 we're at a thousand so the vent the ventilation in here actually isn't that bad compared to some places I teach So there's all kinds of guidance on how much do you dilute air in buildings? There's all kinds of inexpensive equipment now for how do you measure that to keep people safe? This is actually in a log building in britchton that we renovated And the solution there is it's a manually controlled ventilation system And when you put 40 people in the conference room you watch this gauge And as as it goes past 700 to turn the fan on the low speed and suck some of the bio effluence of the people out And as as it goes past 900 to turn the high speed on and open the windows in the conference room It's a manually controlled ventilation system with variable apertures. We call those windows I already alluded to the fact that the codes recommend a minimum of Ventilation in a kitchen and if you've got a nice efficient flame like this You also have a carbon monoxide generator when you put a cold pot on it. So it's another reason to exhaust Cooking you can't just say just exhaust gas and not electric or you get sued Because of fair trade laws So So it's interesting politics of what we have to say about cooking the bottom line is burnt food isn't good for you either Neither is carbon monoxide the worst thing you can do by the way is For health wise is heat your house with the oven Which is so some people are resort to But heating the house with your oven means you're putting carbon monoxide in your house You're also putting extra moisture in because for every pound of fuel you burn you get two pounds of moisture Which may help your nose, but it's bad in terms of growing mold somewhere So Ventilation can't fix everything you all know we all know smoking is terrible Senate candles are no bargain Let's put some oil in with the wax and starve it in the jar and we'll produce all kinds of soot And you turn on a laser particle counter and light a candle the laser particle counter takes off like you're behind the exhaust pipe Of a car or truck. You just can't see it very well Plug ins I had to convince my daughter Once she was on her own or in a house that I don't like smelling the dogs We'll turn up the air to air heat exchanger because Plug ins aren't plug ins make your nose sort of dead. So you don't smell other things Plus then the question is what else do they put in the air? If you want to if you want to convince your now 31 year old daughter Ask her to google health effects of something and And maybe she'll listen to you more than she would listen to her dad But we're doing pretty well And the last one I put here is summer humidity and you say well summer humidity is a health effect Well, yeah, sort of summer humidity is what drives mold growth In Maine and we know enough about human health and mold that that stuff growing in your house Isn't probably a good idea stuff growing in your garden is part of the natural process of growing a garden And we we have to have decomposition of leaves and all that whole cycle and it's all natural But that shouldn't be going on inside your house if you're at all sensitive to mold So if your clothes look like this This is not good if your door looks like this It's not good. Um, how bad is it depends on whether you're allergic to what's growing or not If you aren't allergic to it, maybe you'll develop an allergy to it So for the most part there's all kinds of guidance on don't let mold grow in your house We say well, why would mold grow in Maine? It's because we get Orlando air In Maine sometimes we get 75 degree dew point air It's the same as what they're dealing with in Orlando. They turn on an air conditioner and dry it We may or may not have a dehumidifier air conditioner to dry it Um And so if you were to look at the climate map for Maine for four months of the summer the dew point Tends to be above 60 degrees in the winter time the air is so dry that we walk around with with problems with Contacts and eyes drying out spring and fall just open a window right and you get Nice air so so your challenge In Maine housing is this is the miracle that keeps plants alive In in our climate and many other climates that when that happens in your house It's not good. This is because someone said you need a dehumidifier, but open the windows Now you need to close the windows in july and august and run a dehumidifier But you need a a cold temperature dehumidifier not one that was designed to run at 85 degrees And i'll show you one of those later the bad news is this is like 250 bucks and a cold temperature dehumidifier is like a thousand bucks So this not not till they've had a moisture problem in their basement and found some money to buy a thousand dollar dehumidifier Most people don't own it if you'd like to make it worse Put carpet down on your concrete floor in your basement and let it hide the moisture And then grow stuff Yeah, so we learn what not to do now Efficiency main will actually help you buy A heat pump water heater the byproduct of a heat pump water heater is it actually drives the air And one of my engineers put a heat pump water heater in his house And actually managed to turn off the dehumidifier and still have a dry basement in the winter Because he had three people taking showers so one person taking showers I'm not sure you'd dry the air enough but in a normally occupied house with a full-sized basement Closing the windows and letting this thing dry the air meant he's he got his electric he shut off his boiler and his electric bill was no different Than running the dehumidifier so he eliminated his oil bill and had a dry basement And what's the rebate anyone knows that 500 bucks or more now From efficiency main for putting so if you need to do hot water heater in your house and it's electric think about putting in a heat pump water heater If you got a stone basement in an old house and you can afford to do it I don't particularly like two-part spray foam, but it's the best thing you can do to a rock Basement you'd cover from the sills down to about two feet off the floor With two-part spray foam with the ignition buried over and you go from a damp and dingy Basement to a dry and warm basement. You just cut your fuel bill by a third You can even carry it onto the floor if you put in a drainage system I'll show you that in a crawl space in a minute So there's some amazing technology and tools available for making old homes healthy This is what underneath my house looked like the first time I tried to insulate it It's not what you want to do in a crawl space There's a couple of things wrong with it, but I'll show you how I fixed it That would be a good thing to do in a crawl space Insulate the walls and the floor with two inches of spray foam Put a drainage system under it and take the insulation above your head out So now you've got a warm and dry crawl space along with a warm and dry home Again, I don't love two-part spray foam, but for some things it's an amazing effective material That's your standard crawl space dehumidifier goes for like 900 bucks or 1,000 depending where you find it on the internet I actually believe there's a couple of folks in Maine now stalking these That removes like 100 pints a day of water where the little thing that sort of might work before it turns to a block of ice is like 30 pints a day So in this case you get what you pay for And you got to block up those windows in a basement or crawl space in July and August Or the area letting in on most days is just soaking the crawl space or basement People eventually figure that out This is what under my house looks like now it it was built in 1925 They dug down to the hard pan put in granite blocks and then put six by sixes On top of the granite block. So I dug it down a foot by hand back when I was much younger And and this black e pdm roofing on the earth to keep the moisture from evaporating And above my head there's either three or six inches of bluer pink foam Screwed up to the bottom of the floor joist And it's not the place to go in August Why But do I find it this time of year it'd be a nice time to crawl around and they're accepted to dusty What's it like in there when in in august? It's soaked Because the outside air is coming in hitting dew point on the plastic not causing any damage to the plastic And then dripping down onto The floor so you crawl around in mud In august now that's completely isolated from the breathing air of the building So under here it smells musty in the building you never smell it because it's completely air sealed meticulously by your personally Both inside and outside Because making it dry and warm was not feasible It's like four feet deep on one end and six inches deep on the other end And the the water tables like sitchens is down on this end and It was much better to isolate it than make it try to make it warm and dry So mold is pretty straightforward all kinds of guidance on how do you get rid of it? It's not kill it. It's get rid of it remove it under containment. Don't make a mess All kinds of guidance available on on how to do it And if you got a lot of it you probably had to provide a higher A trained professional to deal with it They know that real well because they've learned on asbestos And the the principles are all the same So let let's wrap up and talk about high performance homes Department of energy is now having great success marketing net zero ready home Build a home like this when you can afford it stick pv panels on the roof It's a net zero house This is not new Okay, it's new marketing In simplistic terms if you want to have a net zero ready house You put an r60 cap on the attic or roof You make walls that are r35 plus and you make the earth contact ground at r20, which is four layers of foam Make it tight You're done This was first done by my colleague in teaching 1982 finished in 1983 in gore main Dave johnson and company. Dave has been teaching with me since I met him in 82 This is not rocket science. There's all kinds of ways to do this But if you're only building the minimum code no one's Doing it there's lots of people who will sell you proprietary systems for doing it on the web or by their creation But the it's it's relatively simple to do The old code that main has it's an antique says that house shall leak less than seven air chains to per hour at 50 past skels My retrofits down a little bit below this the new codes say by the way you need to be less than half that Otherwise you still have too much air going through it when it's 20 below zero And you're going to complain about your energy building Doubling for the month that it's 20 below zero compared to 20 above because Air movement through a building is not linear It's exponential difference. So when you guys start to get below zero I burnt more wood. You know, I'm only burning a cord this year I burnt more wood in the two weeks of we had below zero every night Then I burnt all the rest of the winter Because of the driving force of that temperature difference And there's all kinds of guidance on commercial buildings now and part of my staff makes its living Testing commercial buildings as they're built to see how much they're going to leak because most universities know they don't want Our schools don't want their building to leak when it's finished This is my office in Harrison built in 93 with the same technology as 83 You can see in the summertime there's good shading here So we aren't getting a lot of solar gain in the summer and in the winter of the sun The guys have to actually close blinds to be able to see their Computers, but we're still getting heat in that window cavity And in Five years ago. I added some pv to the roof I have a simple mantra as long as the code guys don't make you do otherwise Put on as much as you could possibly think about affording because you can never have too much electricity Which is now why I bought a plug-in Um, that's my brother's home Same technology from 82 applied to his house the pv's on his garage And this is a hot water system. That's actually a solar-assisted Geothermal heating and cooling system It's net zero has been since he built it in 2013 and he loves it Those are websites where you could find all you ever wanted to know about that house But in simplistic terms Whatever you're going to do should have two feet of cellulose on top of it So this is a trust system with two feet of cellulose. It's what david's house has it's what my office has It's what my daughter's house now has it's what my brother's house has Why do you bother with r 60 in the attic or roof because it's cheap It it leaks the same heat out everywhere it can by conduction So you do an r 35 in a wall because making an r 60 wall is hard to do and expensive Making an r 60 attic or roof is easy to do And not that expensive and making an r 20 earth contact with Forges a home is the foam is easy to do Basements are fairly simple anytime you're going to put down foam put down two layers stagger the seams So you don't end up when it shrinks a little bit losing your insulation value So that's why that seam is staggered And and if you're going to build a wall system it needs to have drainage It needs to have some kind of drainage paper It needs to have flashing above the window flashing below the window The one thing you don't want is a leaky attic catch You don't want breathing air going into your attic Lots of folks would sell you now various devices to put if you have one of those spool down staircases Lots of folks will sell you some kind of device to seal that And passive house tightness requirements are real stringent You can actually buy now a pull down ladder that meets the passive house standard for building tightness and energy efficient But it cost you a thousand bucks But it does give you access via stairs to an upper level Most folks would say oh don't even do that figure out how to get into it from some other place besides cutting a hole in your ceiling But the the fire folks would like to be able to get up there And require some kind of opening to get to in case there's a fire up there Ventilation pretty straightforward. This is an air to air heat exchanger Which many people are putting in new construction. That's a through the wall unit This is courtesy of a new air. I forgot to put the credit up there And yeah, that stuff's going to add a couple of thousand bucks to the cost of new construction But it gives you planned ventilation all the time With the right amount of air and you don't have to wonder whether you're getting enough outside air to meet Requirements. We're now switching to high performance retrofits Um if you want to know how to do high performance retrofits literally google the thousand home challenge I became aware of it through linda wiggington who started it who norm knows real well at this point linda was my inspiration for Hey, I've been building a house for 30 years. Can I actually Reduce the energy used by 80 percent And I now have three entrances in that And my answer back a few years ago after I met linda was I think I know how to do this now After 30 years of learning this stuff. I think I know how to do this so This is that lake center and bridged in main But we took a log cabin a breezeway and a garage and turned it into a lake research center This is six inches of rigid foam being added to the existing log cabin roof This is the finished product. This roof is our 40. This roof's our 40. That one's our 40 That one's our 40. These walls are now our 40 This is still logs And this is a laboratory and training area for kids This is a reception area. This is housing for three people. This is a conference room So this is inside the conference room upstairs This is a heat pump a radon mitigation system And it has a renew air energy recovery unit. That's 80 efficient So whatever you're throwing out that you don't want in the building anymore You get 80 of the heat back or in the summertime you get 80 of the air conditioning back That's a mini split Which will give you heating and cooling and that's a condensing propane fired boiler for heating the basement of the log cabin building that picture earlier was The co2 meter in the conference room of this building used to to tell people when to go turn on the ventilation By the way, the first year of the building we're like, oh, we don't need that thing And I I did data logging in the conference room and it went up to like 3000 one day and they're like Well, I guess we do need an exhaust fan. So we retrofitted a two speed exhaust fan into the building This is another one of my learning experiences I bought this in 2008 Because my son needed a place to live in utah when he was going to the university of utah And it was the cheapest thing I could find it's a log cabin It had a dirt floor basement and water ran inside one of the basement and out the other And I figured hey my son and I can rebuild this. So the next summer he and I spent two months Changing it so it worked better. We added four and a half inches of foam to the roof again with staggered seams we Excavation by armstrong in the basement. He had a summer job Wheelbarrow pick and shovel he excavated the dirt down And went the upper end of the bill and we put in rigid foam and concrete The only thing I do different is there's only an inch of foam here. I should have picked two inches of foam It's nice and cool in the summertime, but it's still a little cool in the wintertime I should have put more foam in it at the time We had a disagreement on how far this was supposed to be shoveled down by the time I got there We didn't have enough time to shovel it down another two inches It's clay that you you literally rented jackhammer And jackhammer away at the clay to get it to break up Above your head we took out the fiberglass and we put two-part spray foam on the end of the band joist So this is the finished Basement after we renovated it. This is what it started out looking at Okay, so it went from an unusable space with two washing machines and a dryer parked in it What we call the tv room By the time I was done it still is it's below that seven because making an existing building tight That's logs is a challenge But it it's reduced the energy use by like 70 percent or 60 percent I haven't quite met the thousand home challenge yet, but it's close Part of the problem is I have a hot tub on the porch that's used in electricity And although I've buried it in eight inches of foam It's still wrecking my energy budget, but The great news is it went from a building that would be 70 here 85 in the loft and barely Manageable in the basement to a building that's comfortable throughout and this is now a storage area So drastic change in comfort and use by insulating the basement and the attic and air sealing the logs This is a museum in concord new hampshire. Anyone ever been there? It's a great great building We got involved a couple of years ago and gorge is building Historic structures, so you got to figure out what can I do to this building to make it energy efficient without changing the looks The one thing we agreed upon is all those skylights Are now covered and insulated and this is led lighting So the skylights still look like skylights except that dropped the heat leakage from the upper area of the building by 50 percent eliminating those skylights So major difference in heat leakage. We put in new boilers and an air handling system So these are condensing gas-fired boilers Drop the energy use in half The cost by 80 percent The electric is 20 percent lower. So you asked about renovation The the only real challenge I see with renovation is someone coming up with the money To do it the technology is there. This is a hanaford store in vermont I saw an excellent presentation in vermont last year. You can notice it actually has doors on the refrigeration section So this isn't the frozen section. This is the refrigeration section So instead of the cold air all falling down on your feet and you be it in there going I can't wait to get out of here people now like hang around Figuring out what they want to buy and then open the door and get it and it's got all led lighting Making the food look attractive and you can see the quality of what you're about to buy Um, so this is the store hanaford store They by making the energy efficiency changes It went from the worst performing store energy wise to the best performing store And the sales went up and they had a 70 a seven percent increase in customers coming into the building So the real challenge is how do you find the money to do that? They will look at it. Could we justify it on sales increases alone? By modernizing this stone by efficiency vermont gave them some money to put into it This is work in boston where they simply went in and changed from old boilers to gas fired condensing boilers So you go from a building efficiency of 50 percent percent of your fuel the rest is going up the chimney To less than six or nine percent of your fuel is going up the chimney Um, they drastically reduced their energy bills by like 30 percent just from change in the boilers They put in variable frequency drives on the pumps where if you slow a pump down by 20 percent You cut the electric use by 50 percent So so that that's all utility I don't know what the agency is called in massachusetts But for section eight housing they completely fund all that work because it's a gas and electric utility doing it So let's close. This is the thing I bought in 81 Um, all the ones I've showed you we've done full papers on and presentations at conference This was a thousand home challenge candidate in 2015 and then I started plugging away at it So this is back in 81 where we were tearing out windows This is infrared thermography of after my first round of dense packing with cellulose So we put two feet of cellulose on the attic. I built ramps down the two Attacks so I could still get to stuff if I wanted to and we filled it with cellulose And this wall has all been dense packed with cellulose. You can see there's actually a cast iron vent that goes up through here, which is why you got some heat leakage This is a an r of 35 roof. You can see it's cold, but you can see the wall roof interface Is not cold. So I said I want to make this place so I can live here another 15 years or 20 years if my body will let me do that So let's go full bore We took the fiberglass walls Cut holes in them in dense packed of fiberglass bats With cellulose to try to tighten the house up. So this wasn't just that insulation It was dense packed cellulose To tighten the house up and when you dense pack a wall, you could actually take the wall down and the stuff stays there That's how dense you put it in And this is dense packing the space between the second floor and first floor, which we never got to in the first round of of work And so this is a fiberglass insulated wall that again, we're dense packing with cellulose To to tighten the building up. So that leakage went away when we did that We did we addressed lead pain at the same time So the our value of my retrofit now is our 60 attic Someway between r 35 and 40 and all the other surfaces R 30 with that foam screwed up in the basement Now when I heat the living room to 72 degrees, it's 68 on this There's no heat on the second floor of this building The kitchen is a little cooler of all the heats in the living room I fixed that and and this this is a valve pit to get sewer and water in and out And it typically stays around 60 in there. So we're back to my mantra of r 60 cap r 35 plus wall our 20 basement you're done it it will work right if you do that Without a mini split or a dehumidifier. That's my wife's hiking boots So you're still stuck with july and august you need to dry the air that's moving through your building So I now have two mini splits We moved the little one I put in the living room first to the north side of the chimney Which I now have a back hall. It's no longer freezing cold when it's cold And I put a bigger unit in the living room in january and I turned it on the week of the The second week of the 20 below I can now heat my house at 20 below without firing up the wood stove or the backup boiler So that that's how good these low temperature Heat pumps are Compared to what was around 10 years ago So I've gone from 12 cords of wood back when she said you can't heat this place Down to one cord of wood, which means I've drastically changed the amount of work I have to do Or or my neighborhood air quality It now meets the option b requirement in the thousand home challenge, which you could go there and figure out I've reduced the energy use in that house by 80 percent And my folk my kids and my wife have lived through this experiment So I thank them for that If you want to some idea, how would I do this you can actually go to the thousand home challenge websites And there's 10 steps to reducing your energy if Your energy use and improving your health on that website Which is basically plug away at figuring out what you need and once you've done it verify that it's working And once you've done that you need to figure out how to Document it especially if you're burning you have to weigh the wood if you want to meet the thousand home challenge criteria So in summary, I only see two issues with this Somebody's got to come up with the money to make these kind of renovations Landlords could do it, especially if they were paying the heating bills because then there's incentive to do it homeowners This this like no my tax deduction for improving my energy efficiency Was sort of a joke for a while. It doesn't does it eat now anyone know? I think it ran out in 2016 I don't know but but let's just let's assume you need somewhere between 10 and 50 grand to cut the energy use in a house by 80 You really want to do that figure out a way to come up with the money through the tax system You know Do you really want to give the 1% another tax break if you could be changing how much energy we use? That's not my decision But it's certainly a decision that could be made You could give landlords all kinds of incentives for reducing energy use in and rental property You probably still need to think about resilience People being prepared for climate change Whether it's putting a hand pump on their drilled well, which actually exists as a company I think they're in Maine, but you can google that company They make a hand pump to go on your drilled well So you can get water if you don't have electricity And you need to think about planning for how am I going to take care of my family If we don't have power for 10 days I've lived without power three times for 10 days To make a long story short If you think that you've exhausted all possibilities Rethink it so so here's the deal. Oh, by the way, mi aqc has a great conference coming up in may on energy This is my next endeavor, which you guys asked me to mention something about The deal I made with my wife is I'm going on a 10-week bike trip This summer from Portland, Oregon to Portland, Maine Raising funds for the Fuller Center For housing, which are the folks who started Habitat And the deal I made with my wife is twofold. You're going to be gone for 10 weeks I want backup power So I went about buying a propane fire generator and it's all set up and it actually worked Last month and the power went out at 10 o'clock at night it kicked on and my wife's there. Thank you, Lord So I've tapped that part of the bargain The rest of the bargain I have with her is after I've gone for 10 weeks riding a bike with a group of great people We get to go camping for a couple of months So she gets her time and and I get mine So that's my last slide. Thank you. I went a little over. Sorry