 Good afternoon everyone, myself Prashant the way and we will continue with the latex part of today's session. So before going to details what the latex is in engineering and in science we do two parts we do research another thing we do is the documentation part. So whatever we do in research is put in the documentation part and documentation also we put the results and all, but most of the time what we do we write that document in a particular format like what the title should be and what font it should be. So most of the time we spend on the formatting the text. So to save that time we will use we should use the latex, latex is basically type setting environment and see generally all people use MS office for the document creation and all. The approach in MS office is you write some document and then arrange it according to given performer. Now since it takes lot of lot of time we are shifting to latex since we are shifting to latex and we are hoping we save lot of time we will have to follow different approach toward latex. So we will have to think out of the box. So if someone tells me how to write a document so what I will do in general. So what I want to create a very good document is I just define initially something like my title should come in this particular format, this particular font, remaining text should come in that particular font. So at the beginning of a document I define this thing. Now wherever title appears or something appears I just put some tag to it like title. Now my document should take care of it automatically afterward. So in latex what we have different parts, first is the introductory part called the preamble. So basically latex is a type setting program. Anything like you can add figure, match and everything you can add to it. So it is pronounced as a latex. So you can write your papers, your reports, maybe your PSD thesis report you may even write books in it. Generally across the world books and everything whatever you get printed it is done in latex only. Now so suppose if you take a look at the slide there is a long formula given. If I am to type this in MS office it will take a lot of time. I may use some math tool to write it but in latex if I know latex I can use it very easily. So suppose I have a document in which I want to write what is the title, what is the author date. Then generate will come like you have extract, you write something in your section, then the appendix, references, you want to have tables, figures and it. So what we will do, we will see how to write a basic document in latex and how we can use that latex file to generate PDF out of it. So basically in the initial when we started I said that we will have preamble and wherever suppose title occur we will put a tag to it. So basically what we are doing we are marking that particular text. Now so it is a latex is basically a document based markup language. So whatever you want to have you just mark it, put some tag to it and then it will be processed accordingly. So whatever tag, whatever you can focus on the content rather than appearance like how to set the margin, where to put the figure and all. So someone ask a question here how to enter into latex. So basically what we will do suppose you will write the document in a particular editor, any editor you can use to write the text and using a PDF latex command we will compile the document. So what are the different editors that can be used? You can use as we looked in the previous session we use nano editor to write a text. We can use any other editor like g edit we can use, we can use vim also. It is recommended that initially you use g edit and then move on to different editors according to your need. So we will start with few of the examples like how to begin in latex. So first of all I have to write the preamble of latex. So basically if you take a look at this example. So first line says what is the document class? So in the curly braces it is written that it is an article. You can have different type of documents like you can have a report, you can have a letter. For this particular session we will be using document class article because we will be creating an article using some text, some mathematical formula and using some figures into it. Now once the class of the document has been defined using document class keyword then we will have to tell the latex that documentation has begun. For that we write begin document. Since we have begun the document there also should be a corresponding end document. So we will have begin document and the end document. Between this whatever text we want to have we can write that text as it is. This is very basic example in which everything is default, the font which will come is default. So we have defined the document class, we have written that start the document end the document and whatever text we wanted to have in the document. Now it completes half of the task, we have written the document. Now to compile it we will write PDF latex in the command prompt and followed by the file name. In this case is example 1 dot tag. So when we compile it, it says your transcript written on example 1 dot log and a lot of information it gives. So what it does? It creates a PDF file with the same name as a tag file. So to open the PDF file we will use the events command, the use of events command was shown in the first session. So after compilation latex has created a document in PDF, it is only one page because the text was too less in this, we have just written a line, this is my first latex document. Now so what do we need to run the latex? Latex is basically type setting environment, it compiles the text written in any editor. So if you want to start, so someone is asking that PDF latex command is used in a shell but command not found, it is because the latex is not installed in your comm. So I suggest you try this latex instead of PDF latex command in the shell followed by the file name which you want to compile. So if you want to start working on this type g edit in the console and the file name, if the file does not exist or it shows file is not there, just use touch to create the file and then open the file using g edit editor. So in the g edit you can edit the text which is written in the file. In this we do not have must text only in one line. Now see every markup in the latex start with the backslash and every comment is committed by percentage sign. So if I write percent and anything else, anything after that will be commented, it would not be compiled. So two backslashes add together you are used for inserting the output, inserting new line in the output and empty line marks the beginning of a new paragraph in the latex document. See you can go through initial few slides by yourself because it contains basic information like how to add new line to the document and all. I will go more into the detail of what the document class can do. So in the document class we used article as I said earlier you can use report, you can use book, you can use slides, you can use letter. There are optional argument also, if you look at the slide there are 12 pt, a4 paper and draft. So it says that 12 point size a4 paper to be used for printing but anything in the square bracket are optional parameters. Now to the document which was created which contains only one line now we would like to add some title, then the author's name and the date on which the document is created. So we will open another file which is basically an addendum to the previous file. So in this we have more information, we have document class article as it is. It says title, title for the text is python, then author, author says who is written this whole text is the Wikipedia and make title, make title wherever you put the make title it will create the title there. Then again begin document and the end document and between these we will write whatever text we want to have. I hope it is visible to everyone now. So we have the preamble, preamble contains document class as a title, what is the author. Then again begin document and document between these two we can write the text which we want to have it in our PDF. So again once we have written this we need to compile it. For compiling we will use again PDF latex followed by the file name which we want to compile. So once we when we compile we are seeing an error like it shows error at the make title. So make title should come. So basically any title should come within the document. It is outside the document in our latex document which we opened using gaddit we have put that make title markup before the document begins that is why it is showing an error. When it shows an error to exit that type x and then enter you will be directed to the command prompt again. Now to correct this we will open the document again and put the make title markup within the document itself. Now let us see whether it works or not. Now it works. So when you successfully compile the document at the bottom you will see this message that I have put written on so and so PDF file also transcript written on example 2.log. So when you compile something you will see many files are created each file has its own significance we will come to it. But for the time being the direct way to look whether we have got the right file whether it has been compiled successfully one way to look at the screen. Second thing open the PDF and then check. So in the PDF so in the PDF it has created the title it has written who has created this document as in author we mentioned Wikipedia and also it put the date it was created on September 3rd 2011 and then the text which we have put in our tag file. Now similarly most of the paper will have the abstract. So how to put abstract into it we will also see whatever we want we can put in our main tag document like we put the title we put the author name we put the date similarly we can put the abstract also we will just see how to do it. So as you can see we again in the preamble everything remains the same we add one more thing that is that abstract for that we as you know that when you start the document you write the abstract. So for writing the abstract we will have to tell latex that this is abstract part so we have to put a markup for that. So we put we write begin abstract then the content of the abstract and then end abstract. So we started abstract part we ended abstract part after that whatever comes it will be a part of the main text again once we have written this we have to compile it again whatever we write we have to compile it again and again. So for that similarly PDF latex followed by a file name again it will give you many files we will check PDF file using events command to see whether the output is in the required format or not. So we put the markup that this is abstract while compilation latex took care of it and put this thing as an abstract. Then from after that it put the main document in the whole thing if you noticed I did not care at all about my what should be the margin what should be the formatting style whether it should be bold it should not be bold abstract should come where in the middle it should come or not I did not care anything about that it was taken care by the latex itself. Anything which I did I mentioned that this is abstract put the text and it did it for me. So now we will move on previously we saw how to write the abstract now what if the main document contains different section. So we will take a look in the tech file see every document required some commenting how to comment anything in the latex is by putting some putting percentage sign before the line or before the text we want we want to comment. So if you take a look at the text so it initially I have put some comment using percentage sign then again the same thing we need to define the document class I mentioned specifically 12 point size and then article then the title title is latex then the author that is the fuzzy team that is all I can specify the date which it was created initially also whatever date I want to specify suppose I do not want to specify today's date so what will I write whatever other date I may want to write it. So in this case I have put August 2010 again make title now we will start with the document then the make title and then the table of contents one more thing which we have now is the table of content another thing which we look for in this how to write subsection in this. So again we have abstract this is a sample document that is a text of the abstract so begin abstract and the end abstract then we just write section first is the introduction whether it is a first since it is appeared first time it will be considered first section next time where the section keyword appears then it will be second section. So when we create the PDF using this tag document introduction will be first section structural elements will be second section then we can also write subsections in this. So subsection is document class within this section the structural elements there will be subsection known as document class again continuing those subsections there will be again subsections their titles text for those subsections and then finally end document so we started the document again defining document class then the title author date whatever you wanted to put begin the document again in the document first we since we have we want to have the title of and author also we wrote make title then the table of contents we have written table of contents also but we have not used table of contents anywhere in the text we will see in the coming few documents how to use the table of contents also now once we have written it how to compile it to compile it PDF latex followed by which file you want to compile. So it again says successfully output written on on example 6.pdf transcript written on example 6.log so if you just type ls ls if you remember we will give you the list of files available in that directory so apart from PDF file also it will give you different files like example 6.log examples whatever the file name.log.ogs.pdf and also each one has its own significance we will take a look at that also after some time. Now to see whether section has been created successfully or not we will open the file and see to open it we will use events. So if you take a look first thing was the latex was the title author was the faucet team and it was created on August 2010 we mention this date in the tag document itself. Now then the abstract part if you notice there is a contents file this contents they written the contents in gold this came because we mentioned if you take a look at your document again initially we define make title and then title then we have told it to write table of contents that is why it just created contents there then the abstract part and then the so introduction came in gold automatically it put number 1 second section was structural element so 2 was assigned as the section to it section number to it then subsection was document class so it was in a 2.1 then 2.2 2.3 whatever we want to have we can write it accordingly since appendices was the subsection or sub subsection of section 2.2 so it came as 2.2.1 now we will take a look at the slide again. So we have seen how to write section and subsection and sub subsection into it so what if I do not want to have I do not want to number any section how do I do I just put a star there to prevent it from putting the number of the section so if I have the document if I have this document in this I do not want to put the section to the introduction part so I just put a star there then let us see what happens when we compile it so the introduction part now it does not have any section in it since we put a star introduction was not considered as a starting or no number was put it was it is without number so we put the star after the section we write section star then whatever we want to write in the curly or the braces so this was done to prevent the numbering now number start from the next section so in the pdf if you look so previously it was structure elements was second section now it is become first section and the introduction it does not have the section number in it now we will move on so this was one type of a document now you can write your report or a book so your document class will change accordingly since book contain different chapter so instead of section you may you may prefer to write chapter 1 if you take a look at the slide chapter in break in braces is written as 1 so title of the chapter will come as 1 previously we wrote section and then whatever the title of the section was so basically this chapter word is a markup this says the title of the chapter is 1 and this 1 is a chapter similarly there is another markup for that appendix so if I want to appendix as I used if you take a look at this document we use sub sub section appendix appendices so it was basically we are not what the markup we are using to appendices sub sub section if we give markup appendix to it it will just listed at the end in form of appendix you can try this out this command by typing this appendix and then compile and see what happens you may try it out now see most of the scientific documents have 2 3 things very in generality they have figures they have tables so how to have table how to list the table of content in this so when we compile we noted there are different document or different files that were created apart from PDF file itself one was dot TOC in dot TOC format file name dot TOC this was the extension so TOC stands for table of content you may you can check this by typing LS in the screen so in if in your document if you use table of content somewhere backward slash table of content it will the file will be created since we have not used it see more on the table of contents can be discussed on the forum now there is one thing like see suppose I have some text how can I emphasize that text I want to make it bold how can I do it so we will work more on the example this particular example in which we created different section suppose I want to make something bold so how would I write I write EMPH EMPH means emphasize this so remember in the section introduction we are emphasizing latex and how to test it whether it is worked or not we will have to we will have to compile it and to compile we will use PDF latex to check it again we will have to open the PDF file so we have made emphasize it it has become it has come in italics similarly if you want to have if we want to align that text in the left was margin we can use flush left flush right or the center so suppose if I just want to like for emphasizing particular text I use backslash the way I want to I the command which I want to use and then braces similarly anything like there are different commands like you want to bold you want to make you can type BF command for that backslash BF anything in braces similarly there is a command text BF which will make your font bold face so there are different commands in latex the best way to learn latex is to type out more and more command then only you will be able to remember as well as use those commands now we will see in another file how to write enumerate different lines before that if there are some questions we can attend to it so please ask your questions one question I can see on the chat is the person using it got a fatal error during the PDF file creation see there may be different source of errors so while looking what exactly output you are getting then only it can be decided what kind of error you are getting okay the next next question is from VP College of Engineering Bharamati yeah please tell all the times while writing the papers for the the manuscripts for the books so some type of the are the same things are going to repeat again and again yeah so can we create a package for the same and we can use it everywhere of course of course you can write all the required things in one file and input that particular file at each place you require it to come so no need to type the text that is required to come again again so always keep in mind not just for latex but for bash latex python all the modules that we will teach any repetitive work can always be automated in a very simple way yeah so there will never be a reason for you to repeat any task in a routine way okay so your question can be answered by using the command called input okay is there any other question by you before we go to the next question no no no question thank you sir okay thank you the next question is from Saint Joseph College Kerala is the output file exactly PDF or we can have any other open document format something like that yeah yeah good question thank you very much so first there is to be only latex which made something called a DVI file which is called device independent file to my to the best of my understanding which one often made it into a PS file more recently we have this PDF latex recently I mean six seven eight years we have PDF latex that converts it to PDF because PDF is yeah I do not know the full reason why PDF is a preferred one it has it has it allows us for hyperlinks it allows us for searchability within the PDF document unlike unlike unlike some post script file unlike PS files so there is at least DVI PS and PDF these are the three formats I can think of yeah sorry do you have any more questions is it possible to convert back to text files PDF files to text files no no if somebody gives us a PDF file we can copy the text using a mouse let's say and paste it into a plain editor but the formulas will not get converted to tech form yeah and also from from a tech file it is possible to also convert it to HTML and perhaps also to RST but if you want to know if it can be converted to a word form then that is the answer to that is no yeah so it can be converted to various other forms HTML for example RST for example RST we are not planning to cover in this course but that's also an extremely powerful way of describing various documents so it is possible to RST HTML DVI PS and PDF okay thank you next question is from Shastri University, Tanjavur you want to have a section number along with the chapter number that is suppose if the section number is one I if the chapter is two I want to have a section number 2.1 yes yes this is an extremely useful feature often we would like to we would like that section number also has chapter number as part of it inside chapter 2 section should be 2.1 2.2 2.3 equation number also perhaps should have chapter number section number all this is very much possible yeah the default the default section numbers having chapter numbers is possible in document class report yeah so if it is not the default then we will have a look and tell you how to change it but such a change is very much possible the next question is from Don Bosco, Goati hello is it possible to change the fonts time to Times New Roman or Calibri like that of course plenty of fonts are available and the fonts can be changed to precisely what font you want yeah so one has to just use the right package one can use Roman times plenty of fonts of different sizes also so all those things are possible so there are some questions on chat how to convert JP JPEG to EPS okay then there is a question latex editors rather than GRT and we are customized for latex yeah so there is one question about latex editors can be used directly this is very much correct one can use something called Kyle which is so called integrated design environment there are some development environments which are integrated for example Kyle is one of them K I L E this is also free open source you can install it on Linux also on windows there is something called mixtec I think which within the same there is also a technique center within the same big editor you can also have latex and PDF latex capabilities you can include various packages all kinds of manipulation is possible within these environments and if that is easier for you we recommend that for you yeah so they are not the very simplest plain editors but they also are more customized for latex that is indeed true thanks for bringing this to our notice there are two more editors that are latex customizable yeah just a minute I will give the mic to Shrikan so there are two more IDs for latex one is Gini so you have to download one plugin for latex in Gini and the other one is L Y X so L Y X document processor that is the high level latex front end so those editors also can be used and they are more powerful for latex purposes another question is how to convert JPEG to EPS so this is also very relevant question often our figures that we want to include are given to us as JPEG forms or they are given to us as GIF so these all figures if you want to include into our PDF file maybe it helps to convert it to another form so one open source package that can convert almost any image format to any other image format is GIMP there is also to convert image formats GIMP is fairly versatile one can do almost anything but also I should tell latex and PDF latex will allow you to include JPEG files directly yeah it is not required the figures don't have to always be in PDF or EPS JPEG, JIF these are also acceptable only for example use package graphics is what he used in his latex in the start some such packages have to be used by use package command any other questions on chat please type please type the names of the latex editors we will type these names on Moodle and Sinitol if somebody of you already has followed this if you have heard of this you only type it on Moodle forum and initiate the discussion okay so if there are no more questions then we will continue with with latex and so Prashant Prashant will continue on this. So now we will continue with this so far we have covered how to write the abstract how to create different section then the subtract subsections into that how to emphasize certain text so basically latex is very vast field all kind of text manipulation you want to do you can do anything but you have to explore them more to do it now one of the common thing which we face in that document is like you want to put some bullets or number something so for that we use enumerate so if you take a look at the example so in this start with the document class article then begin document there is some text again then there is a begin enumerate so now the when I compile or anyone compiles latex will know now this is the point when the enumeration starts then what is the first item so for that we write backslash item backslash item says that this is the first item so first enumerate item whatever text you want to put you can put here for the purpose to understand this we have just write we have just written first enumerate item similarly second and the third one again in the item itself we can start we can write itemizing different lines also like first item second item and then again in the items we can write again more item itemize we can itemize more then and itemize again and itemize and end enumerate so whatever we start has to end we started begin document this has to end we started enumerating something that has to end we started itemizing itemizing something that has to end later we see if we write an equation also so we will write begin equation so it should have end equation also so once we have written this we will compile it using pdf latex we will see how the output looks like if you look at the pdf it says first whatever text we put then we have first item that is first enumerated item then second or third and within the third we itemize more text so enumerate will give you numbers while itemize will give dot or hyphen or whatever whatever we whatever put in the settings so first item second item then third item then the third item again contains some some some some item sub items you can say so first sub item second sub item third and fourth sub item so whatever we want to have an item itemize we can itemize we can enumerate everything now we will see how to write simple equations before going to the equations if I want to write some footnotes I will just write backslash footnote followed by something in braces whatever I want to put it will come as footnote so before telling you how to explaining you are discussing how to write the equation we will see how to put the figures into it figures is also very important part of our documents so if you look at the example prembles remain the same begin document but if you notice there is a use package I have the keyword use package has been used and in the brackets I have written graphics so basically it uses two packages one is g r a ph i c s another is g r a ph i c x so latex gives some basic things if you want to have some advanced feature you can use different packages which comes with the latex itself so you can understand basically these these are the kind of toolboxes which gives you additional features to use I use this in my document because I wanted to insert some figure into it in in the directory in which this example is or this tech file is there is a figure loyen underscore o r i g dot p n g this has some random figure now again begin document is required and document is required because I want to put some text then if you look at this include graphics include graphics then some parameters in square brackets these are optional parameters then in in braces the file name which you want to add to your pdf or or your file or document this include graphics will include this I want to have some more of add more option to it like what will will be the caption of this figure what there is one more thing called label how will it come into picture we will see so first include include graphics will include this figure the line just written just above that starting with backslash backslash caption is the caption of the figure like backslash caption c t a and loyen then c t a and loyen drawing byte one b b whatever now again there is a line where label figure colon loyen is written I have assigned a label to this figure in my whole document I can refer to this particular figure by giving reference to the label that is assigned as loyen how this this reference referring a figure works we will see when we compile the document so if we take a look at this again initially we began the document then put some text then we gave the figure backslash reference re f figure loyen basically I will be giving some reference to the figure at this place so the figure then the reference to the figure is a drawing byte one b b then begin figure label caption include graphics since we begin the figure we had to end the figure also then again the end document we will see how it works in comp in compiling so it has done successfully now if you take a look at the figure so a loyen image was inserted in the figure in the document and also it is whatever text we have we have put into this but if you notice when we started the document we write this line we wrote the line this document contains a figure this figure is a drawing byte one at the start and then after that we inserted the figure but in the final document it is coming above that line so the reason is in latex if we do not specify if we do not force it to place the figure where we have actually written the include graphics command or begin figure and figure it will optimize your space so if you take a look at the slides they written compile it twice the reason behind the behind compiling it twice is that your figure may appear anywhere in the document and reference may appear anywhere in the document your suppose your reference come before the actual figure has come in the document then when you compile first it just notice note down what are the labels in the second compilation it put the label where it has been referred it gives the it correlates these two that is why you need to compile it twice now suppose I have written some code in C++ or in Sylab or in Python or in any other language I just want to put the code directly in the document so how do I do there is a command called verbatim verbatim means do whatever is written as it is do not change anything at all when we write the preamble of the document we say make 12 point make such size it should be that thing this thing or that thing but when we write verbatim anywhere in the in the document itself after whatever after that verbatim command whatever comes will be written as it is more thing by which we can insert our code using listings packages so we have already seen what is the significance of using different packages for including graphics into the figure similarly listing packages will they if you use this listing packages codes written in different languages can be put in the in the document itself like if you remember when there was a for example in the bash session there was a for loop example which contains cat which was highlighted as a blue it was pointed out at that time also so when I use this listing packages and in this I have to put some additional argument also to use this package then certain keywords of particular language are highlighted they it it gives a nice appearance to the whole document so at that time cat was a particular command of bash that was highlighted because all these slides and everything they have been created using latex so for the figures I have already explained that you can use package graphics then the include graphics command can be used then there are some optional arguments as we see in the include graphics there was some optional argument in the square bracket like scale 0.8 angle 30 you can also have some arguments like what will be the height of the figure what will be the width of the figure and all but these are optional when you start using this you will realize how to use them in effective manner similarly angle angle is 30 so in in in the document or the PDF which I created to show to demonstrate how to add a figure into a later document the angle is specified as 30 so it means the image was rotated by 30 degrees so also as I said earlier it optimized the location of the figure when we inserted it it is possible to fix the position but we have to we have to write some additional character or known as a specifier in the begin figure in the end figure keyword like in the begin figure if I I can write t b h so accordingly it will do place the figure like if I write t it will place the figure at the top of the top of the page b for bottom of the page then h for where the command appears in the source code and exclamation mark if I use it will override let take internal parameters for good position so it will optimize it so you can take a look and you can just try it out how does it work what difference it makes if I write t what difference make if I write b h p and all you have also seen how to write the caption and how to write the differences how to label the images and one thing you should note is the figures are auto numbered we do not have to worry like it is figure so and so figure 1 figure 2 figure 3 figure 4 and all it is also possible to create table in a in a latex document so the type set is the label one important thing is we are never going to give explicit numbers to equations we are not going to give explicit numbers to footnotes to section numbers chapter numbers tables figures this is really important why because if you think that equation number some equation was equation 4.2 and you refer to that equation again again as 4.2 but then you might put another equation later when you are rewriting this before this equation and then this equation will be 4.3 and we do not want that situation that we are referring to the wrong equation so we will always use that label and ref similarly for figures tables always the numbering is given by latex when you compile it and that number is to be picked by using this label and ref combination so for each figure you will use only one label that same label can be referenced any number of times and each particular label you give should be given only once otherwise there will be a conflict similarly you can look up this table environment you will also put up some sample sample tech files having a table environment now when you have a table environment it is very important to say that inside each table inside each column things should be justified to the left or to the center or they should be in paragraph mode this particular symbol which we said is extremely important which is a pipe in basket produces a vertical line between these columns you may or may not want a vertical line but if you put the pipe then there will be a line h line is for putting a horizontal line horizontal line between rows while the pipe is a vertical line between columns so in latex one does not write the list of tables explicitly list of tables is created similarly list of figures also created depending on where you want it just like we already saw table of contents at the same place after table of contents one can also say list of tables please note it is all one word and then the tables list is created like table of contents list of tables and list of figures also for them to give the correct page number one has to latex it twice latex PDF latex whichever you are using you have to do it at least twice that is when all the labels will refer to the correct page numbers the strength of latex is in typesetting math in typesetting formulae yeah so this this is where it is extremely useful so AMS is a American mathematical society and they have come up with fonts for all mathematical symbols so one should use package AMS math at the top so all these use packages are typically called preamble they are used before the begin document to have any math symbol so one of the chat questions is what is the advantage of latex over adobe PDF so latex no other package can beat latex for math symbols that is precisely what we are doing here any detailed questions of comparisons can be taken upon Moodle forum so please pay attention to the discussion about math symbols while we are discussing that so you will put any math formula anything mathematical between dollar signs the first dollar sign starts the math mode as we say and the second dollar sign will end the math mode you can also put the mathematical symbol between such brackets yeah between slash round bracket open and slash round bracket close you can use B matrix for building a matrix so B matrix is very similar to a tableau environment you can use and to separate columns inside each row and for the next row you will put two slash two slashes two slashes in entire latex environment means next line new line instead of B so this B matrix is you can use in slash slash begin B matrix also similarly you can use also these environments matrix P matrix capital B matrix you can take an example and see the exact difference depending on how the bracket on the side opens and closes these have small variations we might want brackets we might want matrix with square brackets on the left and right that is then we will use B matrix most important in math symbols is superscript subscripts more complicated superscript a subscript inside a subscript a superscript inside a subscript all this is possible very easily using hat for superscript underscore for subscript all this will work only in math mode please keep note if you if you have a long list of characters all sitting in a superscript then please enclose them between curly brackets so summation integration are also symbols that have a superscript subscript and they will either put it right above the summation sign or right below the summation sign depending on the math mode involved if you have many equations and equation environment is better than just dollar dollar equation array also neatly numbers different different equations inside a set of equation inside multiple equations fractions extremely useful slash frack curly brackets so curly brackets are very very important in math mode overall in latex slash frack is a command that takes two arguments first one is numerator second one is denominator you can also write square root you can also have fifth root the square root sign with the number 5 at the very key place so those you can write using slash sqrt command so very important is that in math mode there is no space yeah space if you leave more space as you said inside latex whether you leave one space or 10 spaces they are all the same as just one space also whether you leave 10 empty lines or just one empty line it is the same as one empty line now but inside math mode you leave a space you actually do not get a resulting space yeah so you if you want a space then you have to put slash comma slash colon slash semicolon depending on how much space you want yeah quad quad and double q quad I have more amount of space you can also have negative space the slash exclamation mark greek alphabets are extremely simple yeah unlike math word I have also used math math word at various places so if you want these greek letters you have to go to a certain lookup table and search there you know that it is called alpha but you have to search from what all is shown there and we typically have plenty of such greek letters yeah so here in latex you just type alpha slash alpha every command has starts with a slash so these are all very very self-explanatory also when making a document we would like to have a big list of references a big list of bibliography so bibliography is an environment the bibliography yeah so you can begin the bibliography end the bibliography in the bibliography itself is more like an itemized so here the items are called slash bib item then you have a label and then you have a name the labels are the ones that will actually come in the margin for certain types of bibliographies this being a little more advanced you will do it if it is essential later yeah we can also pursue discussions of this one moodle so like we have label and ref yeah when you have a label you can keep referring to the label from different different parts of the document using ref if it is a bib item then to refer to it you will use slash side this is an important difference that way you will refer to this particular item if this particular item occurs as fifth in that list then the number five will come where you use slash side name it will come in square brackets again you have to compile twice because all these label ref label side these are places time these are all compilation where the first time it will obtain the numbers and second time it will put these numbers wherever they are cited wherever they are referenced most important presentation also latex is extremely well adapted for making very complicated fancy presentations this presentation you are seeing is also made on beamer so in the best part of using beamer for latex presentation for presentations is if you have typed all your mathematical formula with so much difficulty in latex then the same formula is directly you can take and put into a presentation so beamer is something that again is built on latex so the compilation everything is exactly the same only now you should use document class beamer the best part of beamer is because it is built on latex the entire latex whatever is typed all the commands they are all used used with hardly any change so one uses document class beamer for this and again to compile it one uses pdf latex or latex now the only information is we have to in a normal latex document it knows when to flow from one page to next page it knows depending on if this page is full it will start flowing into the next page but that is not how you make a PPT that is not how you make a presentation in the presentation you have to say all this has to come in one slide in one frame then you go to the next frame and then you say all this should come into the next frame so here you have to tell very explicitly all the information between begin frame and end frame there is also a theme this while I am showing this mouse there is this begin the top part there is also this lower part the lower part is in blue on the right side there is this page number all this is part of the theme in beamer you can also have all these links hyperlinks for browsing all this is related to a theme each frame can have its title subtitle you can have multiple things coming on the slide one after another for that we use the pause command yeah these are the important things more about the beamer can be seen using the beamer user guide when we download beamer package automatically the beamer user guide also gets downloaded and that has a really good manual of the beamer and also it has many templates so that completes our latex presentation we have some time for questions so Kolhapur Institute of Technology can ask their question can we have Roman numbers in enumerated list yes yes yes yes any type of numbering is possible okay sir yeah thank you okay we will listen to a question from Periyar Manai my Tanjavur but the doubt is yeah how to make a how to make IEEE format like a 3dm file yeah two column oh no no that's certainly possible document class IEEE tran IEEE on the IEEE website on IEEE transaction website for example they will list the class file cls file and you have to just say document class IEEE tran and that will make it to two columns default you can make it to one column if you want but two columns is default there so each journal has its own class file and one should use that class file in document class so we will take this question from Tanjavur now from Shastri University Tanjavur can we include flash type animations in latex animations if I understand right you asked can we make animations in latex right right right right only only two months ago I heard that one can make extremely complicated animations purely in latex one can also build circuits inductors capacitors all in latex I do not know how to do it there is a person called Sibiraj Pillai who is also a faculty member in IT Bombay we will certainly arrange your meeting with him when you come here in two weeks yeah I am sure it is possible thank you one of the questions is can we make a PPT in latex I understand PPT means power point presentation then the answer is no can you make just a presentation of course beamer is able to do that and our presentation our presentation is all made on beamer one can make many very fancy complicated presentations purely in latex by using beamer converting that to Microsoft power point presentation is not possible examples there are many examples on Moodle we will put them up on Moodle very soon one of the questions was can we get roman numbers for enumerate that is possible there was one question about shell script can you please ask the question again we have two three minutes for taking up one more question yeah please ask sir actually I was not able to follow with that shell script sir the remaining things I am very clear sure so I tried with that hash followed by exclamatory so followed by forward slash bin slash bash but it's not working in my system where you the person who said that bash is not there just sh is there in your system where you the person who said that only sh is there bash is not there no sir it is from Periyar money I am not okay okay sure see we we don't expect there is a problem if bash is working see you do like this whether your bash is working fine or not simple way to check is do control l and if that clears the screen that means bash is working on your computer yes sir okay now what is control l it's working okay good specifically what is it that is not working there might be a small syntax error which we can see only if you put the exact code on moodle yeah okay let us let us open that file and see yeah we will open that file and see immediately after we take up this question meanwhile can you just send me on chat which slide number of bash of you of using Linux tools yeah please send that on chat while we take up this next question okay sir I will I'll sir yes sir yeah is latex developed in python no no latex is not developed in python latex was latex was developed by one person called nooth nooth it was it has been around since 30 to 40 years 30 years perhaps 40 years it's been around since 40 years and it is not developed on python latex is built on tech to be precise let me speak to the person from well over in studio technology we appreciate you telling us most of things you have followed there's only this specific thing that you have not followed we will appreciate if you can write this on moodle also specifically with slide in bash all that we will elaborate again perhaps tomorrow yeah so we we we prefer stopping here