 Good morning everyone. Just trying to delay things because I know it's keeping people out, but We'll go on and get started. Dr. Hatch is going to talk for us this morning. I think most people here probably know him, but a few extra things about Dr. Hatch, he went to, he just gave me his whole schooling rundown. He went to grade school at some school here on campus, high school at East High School, undergrad at the University of Utah. His dad said he had to leave Utah at some point, so he went to med school at Temple. And then he went to the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary for residency. And for those of you who don't know, he does the Pony Express every year and wrote a book about it, which I think is up in our library. If anyone actually wants to check it out, he'll show you a copy. It's pretty good. And his wife is here with us this morning. So we brought part of the Hatch family with us. Well, it's a pleasure to be here this morning. Dr. Orson White was the first chairman of the Division of Ophthalmology at the University of Utah, and he was practicing downtown at the time. And there was no residency here, and you might say, why have a chairman up here? And there are probably some pretty good reasons. I'll tell you one. I know at least one General Surgery resident who thought it would be a delight to add to his resume that he'd done a few cataracts. Now, I suspect that if someone went to Jason and said, I'm a General Surgery resident, but I like to do a couple of cataracts for kids. Jason might look upon it with less than full enthusiasm. And then there's Tom Olberg. He's at the VA right now. And if somebody came to Tom and said, would you mind if I did a couple of your cataracts? I don't know what Tom would say. Maybe you'd say, well, I think I can trade a cataract for three hernias and a gallbladder. Laparoscopic, of course. But I think he'd just smile, let Marine smile, and then do not to mess with him. So Orson attended grade school at the Webster School. His family home is on 8th East and they're about 7th South. I don't know the Webster School must be in that area, but he also went to the Stuart School on the University of Utah campus for junior high and it is still standing. The building is still standing. It is the Department of Anthropology. It's located just north of the Pioneer Memorial Theater, but it's still right here on campus. Then he went to East High School and then he attended the University of Utah and he was ready for this on a wrestling scholarship. And he became the champion of the intramural sports at the University of Utah in the 152 pound division. He had other reasons to come to the U, however. Orson went to the Harvard undergraduate previous to his medical school experience to study astronomy. He was very interested in astronomy and the astronomy teacher there, the professor was someone that he wanted to hear from. And so he did that many four years at Harvard Medical School. He served a one-year internship in straight medicine at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and three years of ophthalmology at the University of California in San Francisco. Sounds a little bit like the University of Utah ophthalmology program, straight medicine for a year and then three years in residency. Dr. White served. Let me show you the picture of this family. This is from a Christmas card quite a long time ago. That a lovely picture of the White family. Dr. White served in the Navy. He was in the Naval Hospital at Newport, Rhode Island for two years. Basically, and then he came back and started his practice in Salt Lake City. And he was really getting the practice going pretty nicely when the Navy noticed that actually he was at Newport, Rhode Island a month short of two years. So the Navy invited him back in, not for one month because Dr. White served for two years. They invited him back for two years and at that time he became chief of ophthalmology at the Naval Hospital in Guantanamo. Orson had an interesting experience in Guantanamo. He loved swimming and he was an expert swimmer. He loved swimming in the ocean. And he was not swimming one day while he was on his Guantanamo cure and a shark showed some interest in him. Orson kept his eye on him and then the shark turned around and came right at him. Orson happened to have a spear gun with him and Cool-headed Orson didn't prematurely release the spear and he just set it firmly against his shoulder and got ready for whatever and that shark hit with a real thud. It was an awesome collision and it bent the steel spear after which the shark went away. It doesn't pay to take on Orson, even the shark knows that. Occasionally we've had visiting professors come to Salt Lake City many years ago to give a talk. And if Orson asked a question and they tried to put him off with the you guys out in the sticks don't know much and I'm the big guy. Orson had asked a few more questions and if you didn't know the answer to what Orson was asking you better say don't know. And that shark found out the same thing. Orson had very eclectic interests. He was particularly devoted to, he wrote and presented numerous papers on a wide variety of subjects. He was particularly devoted to the Court of Society in San Francisco where he did his residency. He really liked the Pacific Coast Otoophonological Society where he served various positions and became its president in the Utah Ophthalmology Society where he also served as president. And he's had an exceptionally gifted mind. He was just awesome. Well, one died that way and his papers to the Court of Society and he presented one every year. He always had something new and they were so eagerly received and enthusiastically responded to by there that people look forward to when Orson would have another paper. And I'm deeply honored to have been his friend. Interestingly enough, I knew him through our younger years as well. Our fathers were the first two Utahns to attend Harvard Medical School. Orson loved to fly. His airplane was named N9471X-ray. Everybody knew it, they might have forgotten Orson's name, but they knew N9471X-ray and quite a few of Orson's friends have flown with him. Annette and I have flown with him and his lovely wife, Dora, numerous times. Let's just take a little look of what it's like. Here's, we'll take you on a flight, a little shot of the Assembly Hall in Salt Lake City and there's Orson by the plane wearing his usual uniform. We had him put on that funny cap World War I. I think we found one. Just as a special little addition, we wanted to show this to the Pacific Coast, Otoa from the Logical Society Board to see if they'd want to come to Salt Lake City and they did so. And here you see the, we flew over the Capitol building, you see some of the Temple Square. This is the Salt Lake Country Club Interstate 80. It's a little shaky in the plane because the plane shakes. It's not totally the photographer. This was taken in late May, late March probably. Skiing was still going on. So we flew up Mill Creek Canyon first and then we flew across Mill Creek on toward Alta and then on toward Snowbird. This may be just going over Big Cottonwood Canyon. I suspect this may be down in Big Cottonwood Canyon going on the way to Brighton. And then we flew from there on a little further. And Alta'd be on this side of things. Maybe the baldy shoots up there, but this is the top area of the Snowbird Tram. And here's one of the one of the Snowbird Trams right there. That's with the telephoto lens. It looks a little closer than we really were. I felt very comfortable flying with Orson. This is down in the Snowbird lower parking area and some of the lodge, the first lodges and so on. Good ol' little Cottonwood Canyon, a straight shot down into the valley, which had an inversion like we have so much this winter. This may be Mount Superior right here. Let's talk about some of Orson's writing and papers. Over a year ago, maybe a couple of years ago, I don't see him here. Bob Hoffman, no Bob. Bob said something out of grand rounds. He said, you know, Orson White was such a fantastic guy, and he wrote papers. I know he wrote a paper every year, and now those are all lost. It would have been so good to have some acquaintance with them. I just sat there quietly. I knew that I had what he was talking about because I have quite a few of his writings and papers. And after a year or whatever, I decided maybe I should talk to Alicia and ask if she could find a grand round slot so we could all get better acquainted with Orson. It was a real joy that Orson and I assisted each other in surgery. We operated together in those days. A lot of people did. And after we'd operate, we'd sit and sip a Coke and talk about all kinds of things. I learned so much from that man. It was just wonderful. He was a dear, dear friend, and he was so full of knowledge. It was just awesome. And Orson and Doris daughter Laurie's here with their husband Bob McCrae, and we're pleased to have them at our grand rounds. That's that's our pleasure this morning. Dr. White's articles and correspondence cover a wide variety of topics. Let's just touch on some of the highlights. You have four of them in your folder there. Read them. You may not not this instant, but sometimes please read them. You may not find that you understand every detail of every paper. I certainly don't, but they're fun. And we'll just talk about some of the highlights of them. Some of the things in these papers correct misconceptions that most or all of us learned in quotes in our training, but they have the corrections of mislearnings that we've had. I'm a dedicated disciple of Orson. I do not understand everything about some of his great papers, but I do accept the truths. That seem to challenge many or most of our colleagues. I'd like to start out with something. I'm going to, the first question I could ask, I won't ask, I'm going to tell you the answer. First question I might have asked is, what's the first most important lens of the eyes? Light goes toward the front of the eye, toward the back, and the answer is not the cornea. The cornea is not a lens. If you leave here with nothing but that, your way ahead of the world, your way ahead of all the other ophthalmologists in this country for sure, and probably everywhere, we teach the cornea as a lens and it isn't. And we'll get into why it isn't. It's a cover. It's like a cover glass. It's like looking through a window. It's a curved window, but it's not a lens. Well, if the cornea isn't a lens, let's ask the residents, there must be some lenses. And yeah, where's the next lens behind the cornea? Let's assume that we're looking for something with a front curve and a back curve and a refractive index. Okay. Beyond the cornea, which is no lens, where is that first lens? The aqueous, beautiful. The aqueous is a lens. We'll talk about the details of that, too. Don't forget that. The aqueous is the first lens. The next one's easy, it's what? The lens? Did I hear that? The regular lens of the eye that we all do know about. Is that all? Is there another lens? Is there something else behind that that has a front and back curve? The vitreous. Orson said, that's the most important lens of all. If you're making compound lens systems, it would have cost more to make a vitreous lens if you're making them out of glass for a telescope or a camera than any other. The eye is a three-lens system. Orson was published in General Ophthalmology. Thank heavens he got published on his major things somewhere. Because the things he did for the Pacific Coast Auto-Othemological Society that were published in the transactions there, I think, are not indexed. So you couldn't get to them there. But he is in General Ophthalmology. This little book, which we've seen around. Dan Vaughn, with a dear friend, the Orsons, in mind. But he and Orson knew each other very, very well. And Dan thought, Orson, you've got to have your stuff in there. And so his material on optics and the three-lens eye and ray tracing that we will talk about a little more, which is the pure way to assess optical systems. And also pressure dynamics in the eye important in those who are involved in glaucoma. Now, by the way, Orson, when he wanted to study something, he did what I have never done and don't think I could do. If he went to the original source, if he wanted to study something about pressures within closed systems, he would go to the original writings of Boyle. Read it there. He wouldn't go to his college physics book, which is what I would do in desperation. He went to Boyle. Well, let's look at the three-lens eye concept to start with. These are Orson's words. I'm going to read it. You can read it. Well, let's just go. Contrary to popular belief, I'll say popular, all the school children learn the wrong kind. You've been taught the wrong eye, certainly was. I'll bet all of you have. The corny has almost no power of refraction in the optical system of the eye. The normal untouched corny has maybe half-diopter power or something like that. It's certainly not a 40-diopter plus lens. Since the corny has been regarded as the most important lens of the eye for over 300 years, some explanation and proof is in order. The corny is important optically only in shaping the anterior curve of the aqueous lens, which the residents told us is the first lens, good for the residents. If the corny has removed mathematically, but the aqueous is kept in its former shape, ray tracing methods will reveal that the image location and quality are for all practical purposes the same. And here it is, corny, no power, anterior chamber, first important lens, lens lens, version used to call it vitreous, and that is it, assembled. We have to get beyond where we are now and at least teach that concept. It is so wide. I mean, we deal with the eye all the time. Say the corny is the most important lens of the eye, we're off to start with. Orson is at dinner with some Chinese physicists one night. There are four Chinese physicists and they said, well, Dr. White, what's interesting in your field? What captivates you? And Orson said, well, interesting you should ask. My colleagues think that the corny is the most important lens of the eye, but let's take a look at a goblet here in front of us. And look through it, the banana's there and the banana's here. It's not enlarged, nothing's changed on it. You see other things through there? It's just fine. Here's some Christmas chocolate coconut. Let's move the lens, let's move the non-lens, the corny analogue over in front of this. And the stripes are the same width on this as they were before. Let's put some water in it. You made equally a tumor out of the glass there. Orson did it with wine, and I think about that. That's where you get to drink the real lens, okay? And if you forgot your breakfast, you're reading the glasses and you're there sitting there at the table for breakfast. Well, no problem. Just put the newspaper behind the new lens and there you have it magnified nicely. Okay, last moment here. This material, by the way, is in the 10th and 11th edition of general ophthalmology. The chapter 24 covers optics and ray tracing, the pressure dynamics and glaucoma materials in chapter 14 in those two editions. So Orson is in print somewhere. By the way, Orson remembered all of his mathematics and physics. He didn't forget anything. We often hear the term, by the way, back to the corny that is in the lens. We hear the term cornyal power all the time. I go to that wonderful, I didn't go this year, but I go to that wonderful meeting of Al Crandall up at Deer Valley. And those fine capable people come and they're capable in every way, but they're stuck in some terms that we have and they talk about cornyal power, but the cornyal has no power. It'd be far better instead of cornyal power to talk about cornyal curvature and aqueous power. That's the real thing. And another thing is the cornyal has a different curve one way than another cornyal astigmatism isn't a real thing either. It's aqueous astigmatism caused by a corny that has different curvatures. And by the way, of the three lenses we talked about, none of them are thin lenses. So the algebraic thin lens equations are no good. You've learned them, you've seen them, you've done, tried to make out a few problems with them. Forget it, algebraic thin lens equations are no good. This being the case, if the optics, if the eye changed when you do radio carotonomous, because what happens? Anybody back there want to say out loud what? Again, what? It changes the aqueous humor lens. And actually it flattens the front curve and that makes it less minus. If our wonderful oculoplastic surgeons work on the cornea and take away some tissue, then you can have a cornea that is a lens. Then you have a four lens eye because if you make the cornea a minus power lens, for someone who is in need of minus power, then yeah, it is a power lens then. Other than that it is not. Let's just read the words of Orson again on method of ray tracing. Classic reference for ray tracing. The Orson is found and believe me, that is it. Is applied optics and optical design by Alexander Eugene Conraddy. Volume one published in 1929, which was a long time ago. Volume two is delayed by the death of the author, but completed and published in 1960 by Conraddy's son-in-law Rudolph Kingslake. Conraddy must have been thrilled to death when his daughter brought this Kingslake along and he was capable in the same field that Conraddy was. Anyway, Rudolph Kingslake studied under Conraddy at the Imperial College in London. He was director of optical design at Eastern Codec for 30 years, taught lens design at the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester for about 45 years. Orson met Kingslake. They talked. Sometimes I think I have to try to read between the lines when I read about letters that Orson sent that other people and so on, but he met Kingslake who was on his way to a class reunion, Harvard class reunion, his medical school class. And I think, and he told Kingslake that we believe that the cornea in ophthalmology, he didn't, but virtually everyone believed that the cornea was a lens and Kingslake was, he just couldn't believe any of that. Orson might have asked his help. He might have said, what can we do to sort of teach things and make it better? And I think Kingslake didn't want to have anything to do with this. We were so far off the edge that he didn't care. There must be people of Kingslake's credentials who could help us get up to date and educate our colleagues on that. By the way, to the residents, when I'm teaching who is true, I would be careful if you're taking an oral exam. And the senior examiner asked what the first important lens that I was. You might try and answer like, well, I've been taught that that's the cornea. That would be true all the way. And if you try to smile and not quiver or anything, you might get by with it. But I wouldn't try to educate that senior examiner. That might get you in trouble. But somewhere along the way, we've got to do better with people understanding what the real thing is. By the way, Orson's ray tracing materials are present several places. There is an article on optics and ray tracing in here. One other thing, the article on pressure dynamics in the eye and the article on ray tracing have a date of 1992. And Orson passed away in 1993. He knew he was not well the last year, whatever. And I think he knew that it might be a good idea to update some of his fine materials. And that's why that has that particular date on it. The materials are in there. There's a lot of stuff in the pressure dynamics in the eye. But I want to just touch on one little thing. Orson talked to me time and again. He said, well, it's on pressure tension and strength. And he said pressure and tension are not the same thing. And we talk about like we all do. We all have pressure tension. But they aren't. This, who knows what it is? You know what it is. Tell me, Jason. Oh, chiottes. Chiottes tenometer. I've used it a lot before the gold ones came along. But the chiottes tenometer sits on the eye and a plunger indents the cornea a little bit. And there's a scale so you can see. Well, if you read off of the scale on the chiottes tenometer, it's so set up that one-tenth of a millimeter of indentation in the cornea results in a one-millimeter difference on the scale. So it just makes it easy to read. And then you can look at the chart depending upon how much weight you had to put on. If it's a real hard eye, you might be up at a seven-half or even ten or a rarity of 15-gram total weight. You get a reading. But you're reading tension. And here's an issue we all know about. And there's that lovely golden tenometer. Those are pressure instruments. And pressure and tension aren't the same. But what does a brand chart say? It has a capital T, capital A, where you write down the results of whatever you do there. You write down what you read on that under T, A, which I think might mean tension aflination. Well, there is no such thing as tension aflination. There's pressure aflination. You're talking about that. I think our chart maybe should use a P where that T is. Thousands, hundreds of thousands of those charts have been made and why not be accurate? Okay. Morrison got interested in oxygen toxicity as a potential problem for ultra-rental fiberplasia. He gave the paper in 1951, the one in your V papers in your folder here, too. He gave the paper in 1951. It's dated 1952. Or he wrote the paper at least in 1951. And Morrison was interested in diving. He is interested in oxygen circumstances. He's interested in high oxygen problems that had been studied and had been reported. And for a while between 51, 54, maybe about 54 is when everyone accepted wow, too high of oxygen. That's what makes this retro-rental fiberplasia problem. Is there something here? Oh, I'm brushing on it. Sorry. Thank you, Jim. Morrison felt that oxygen was the problem. He went to his professor, Phillips Tigerson. I think most of us have heard of Phillips Tigerson. He was one of the fine great professors of ophthalmology at University of California. He said, what? Can we do something to get the National Institute of Health to step in and help out on this? Because this looks like this really is it. And that time, the thinking was, it's the abrupt removal from the children and the incubator and the lower oxygen that was getting in trouble, which, whereas it would have helped them. And when that was presented to the NIH by Phillips Tigerson, their answer was basically ridiculous. They didn't give any credibility to it. Three years later, it was the answer and everybody knew it. Morrison felt really bad about all the blind children over a three-year span when nobody listened, when he had something. And Dr. Hagelman spoke last night, I think he went to the NIH and our wonderful researcher in macular degeneration said he was interested in that and the guys in NIH said, well, that's a dead issue. That will always be a problem and there will never be an answer. So why don't you go do something worthwhile? Kind of. So the NIH did a lot of good stuff, but occasionally, don't go to them for your last answer. Some other interesting things that Morrison invented the battery bug. I have one. He didn't really get it out commercially, but I have one. It's really funny. It's a one-and-a-half-volt battery tester, one cute little thing that he put together. And he developed an underwater swimmer's lens. Morrison liked to swim. If you are swimming without a mask, you're way, way hyper-opic. But if you put that lens in front of your eyes and want to go, it's wonderful. You see really clearly. However, the first one had a lot of aberration. I didn't discourage him totally. He developed a subsequent one. I think he gave one to me and got rid of the aberration. He cemented the two together with high-tech white silicone that you get at Home Depot. He used whatever was necessary to get the job done. But another one, it was things. Morrison had a family that all had congenital cataracts. The mother did, the father did. All the kids did. A whole bunch of them. They were patients of Orson's. I'll bet they were all legally blind. Nobody saw very well at all. When the new baby came, Orson was so discouraged with the other kids, they developed nystagmus so fast, so early in life. And Orson decided, I'm going to get in so early in surgery and I'm going to do something and try to get around this nystagmus problem. So he operated with linear extraction where you didn't needle the capsule and stir the lens cortex around, go back a week later and irrigate and irrigate it out. At that time, he glued a contact lens. Just as polymethylmethacrylate contact lens, I don't know what the power was, plus 18, plus 20, a lot of stuff on it. He glued it on the cyanohacrylate glue, of course. He thought, this is just wonderful. And he said that baby didn't have nystagmus. He thought he could see a big difference between that child and the previous ones he's had. This is anecdotal, I guess, but it sure impressed him. And unfortunately, epithelium grew underneath the contact lens, covered the cornea nicely, no sequelae there, no problems. And that baby had far less of a nystagmus problem. And that child at age 14, when I saw 2025, Orson was quite pleased with that. We were both doing some plastic heat molding of the cornea, putting a few dots of heat right at the edge, usually the corneal graft. Both of us did corneal transplant work. I was using a hot wire cotterie at first, but Orson said, hey, I'm using this thing. This is really fun. This is a Weller soldering station. So why not use a soldering iron on the eye instead of that crude hot wire? And here's the tip, it's really quite delicate. We hold it far down there and probably usually with a loop. And we could correct the curvature where they had some of your corneal transplant weren't round. Everybody knows that. I asked Jerry Bentman in San Francisco, I said, okay, after keratoconus, get all the silk out. What's your average astigmatism? He said, oh, five and a half diopters. He was one of the very, very fine ones. He admitted it was about five and a half, which means some were really good and some were a lot higher. Well, we could steep in the flat curve by putting heat there and it would shrink the collagen. And everybody was happy, the patients were happy, the doctors were happy. And those corneas remembered exactly where they used to be. And oh, four, six, eight weeks later, they'd be back just like they were and they'd put them on the keratometer at the same reading as before. It was a fun time to try to make something happen and I hope conductive keratoplasty is better than what we had with the hot wire. Worsen set up some software and he had a Packard calculator. This isn't the first one he used. He used an earlier model in this 41CV. But he put it in software package for me and it was Joe's office practice and it was on the screen. It popped as I called it up at a J-O-F-P. It was wonderful. It gave keratometry extension. I used it much along keratometer and a lot of patients, one of my patients were way off the scale. I didn't get a reading, but if you put a plus 1.25, I think it was, or plus 2.25 lines right in front of the keratometer, then you got something you could read and you had to go to a chart and see what the reading converted to. Worsen had it all in here. He had spectacle addition and subtraction in there and they were wonderful. They faked patients and they were playing around once upon a time. They had thick glasses and if they went back and forth behind the ferroctor and you were just refracting them and they didn't have their glasses on, you had a vertex problem in your power line and they all went great, but if they had their own glasses and you knew what the power was and refracted them with their glasses on, then you just spectacle add what they were wearing, what you found, order it and it was wonderful and subtraction is good too because if you refract somebody who doesn't like their old glasses and there's a change, you subtract one from the other and you can hold up the difference over the old glasses and they say, wow, I love it and there you go. That's not all that necessary now. Our techs are so dang good. I just love writing down what they find. I'm thrilled with the techs at the Moran. I said, they're just superb. My hats off to all of you. Some of you are here. And on the 41CV, Orson put all of the ray tracing material in there and I hadn't used that. I should have said, Orson let's get together. Let's just do a few problems together with it and I didn't do it. Bad, bad, bad oversight on my part. Orson wanted to do something on the path of physiology of eye trauma and he said it at first, to show one thing, he set it up so that he had a beaker sitting on the snow in the wintertime and he knew the laws of ballistics are very interesting on this. If a missile, let me just give you the words. I wrote it out and be careful. When a missile penetrates a fluid it continues onward until it has displaced a mass of the fluid equal to its own mass. And in the formula it's real easy. You divide the specific gravity of the missile by the fluid into which it goes and multiply it by the missile length. Well, if it's in specific gravity of water, there's one bullet going in there with specific gravity of 11. That gives you 11 to multiply by the length. So, kaboom, you fire a bullet into water. How far does it go if it's one inch long and made 11 inches? And then it flutters down to the bottom. It doesn't go a long way in there. Some aviators in World War II were on a life raft when their bomber crashed. They'd been out for 27 days and they'd gone over a thousand miles south and west. There was a reciprocal engine coming up and they thought, wow, maybe this is our guys now. They care of as well as the enemy. They opened fire on these guys. They went over the side of the raft and swam underneath. And they could see the trajectory of the bullet from the water. They found it only went just a short way and then it dropped. Very astounded. That's in the book Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand. Amazing book. Anyway, Orson wanted to get some pressure on this beaker with chilled carol syrup, which must act like it has a high specific gravity. So he took it out on New Year's Eve, which as he stated it, he went out to do this in New Year's Eve so someone might not call the cops. He fired his .357 magnum into this beaker with the chilled carol syrup and poof went down. It didn't break the beaker and then that was part of the setup for his experiment. Fertile mind. He developed the depth gauge for divers. He was always interested in swimming, always interested in diving. And he developed the depth gauge for divers so you could go down, down, down with pre-scuba. And he put an awful lot of whatever money he had, not that he had a lot, but he said he expended a major part of his modest resources. This was in 1947 to clear the depth gauge for swimmers for a patent. But then he couldn't get anyone to finance it. They said, who wants to know how deep in the water they are except for you. They wouldn't even listen to him. Well, later others did care with scuba and became a craze. But that's something he had. He had the depth gauge and it never happened. Well, I don't know who Reuben is at the American Academy. Anybody know Reuben? Who bad the professor Randy isn't here. Anyway, Reuben turned down a manual that Orson had developed. Had he prepared it for the American Academy? Okay. Well, some of the higher-ups in optics, I think we're a little afraid of Orson because they didn't understand what Orson was and what he was talking about. But Reuben turned down this manual that Orson had prepared on ray tracing, saying it was too complicated for the residents. Orson agreed that all residents would not want to learn this but all should know it. Know that it exists and it's the proper method, as we've been talking about today, even if only 12 knew it. Or even if only he, Reuben knew it. I think Orson is so frustrated across the ballot, Reuben, in the letter that I don't think Reuben understood it at all. And I don't think our residents are incapable of learning that sort of thing either, so I don't take any part of that in. But others high and high places have been resistant. I think we are the point where we hope that someone will come along and help get this proper information propagated. I know there are people who care about ray tracing. The Lloyd-Williams of the world are the ones maybe we'll have to count on. Lloyd is interested in our own Lloyd-Williams. And isn't that wonderful with an engineer off the mullet just? Because the optical engineers all believe in what I'm saying. They don't have any problem. We have a problem because we learned something else. Well, Orson was a remarkable and productive and capable human being. He was patient with those who did not yet understand what he was saying. But we're trying to do so. And he made a great sense of humor through it all. I just want to tell you one little story and conclusion. We were operating one day, I was doing a cornea transplant on a Native American. And this Native American was a stand-up comic. He was lying down for his surgery happily. But he was a very funny guy. And he said, in the middle of the operation, he said, hey doc, you ever hear about the three cowboys in the cowboy? I said, no, tell me this story. Because he told me so many funny stories. He said, well, the Indians set up a deal where the cowboy could use some of their land for grazing land. And so they were smoking the peace pipe. And the first chief, he looked out of the water and he thought how his canoes went so smoothly over the water and he could fish in the water for fish. And he loved that and he just thought about that part of the beautiful environment where he took a puff in the pipe. The second Indian took the pipe and he looked at the sky and he thought that the eagle flies through the air and the eagle needs so much to them. And the rain comes in the air and they did have some corn crops and he appreciated all of that. And so he took a puff. And then the cowboy took the pipe and he looked out over all the waving grass and he thought how his cattle would get fat on that and streams were running through it. He pulled out his handkerchief and he wiped off the end of the pipe and he took a puff. And the last chief he looked in the forest nearby and he thought that's where the deer run and I'm a great hunter and I love to sneak through the forest so easy to go through there quietly and just enjoy that. He pulled out his knife and he cut off the end of the pipe and he took a puff and at that point he said you, he brave Indians tell a story like that about cowboy while white man had knife in your eye. That was worse and he was up to the situation whatever. So wonderful to be here and talk about these things. Are there any questions? It's in there. Read those things. Read them all. Read them through. Word for word. Think about it. And we need to educate our colleagues. I hope you've enjoyed this. The things you've heard today are true. Thank you. I'd like to thank Randy Miller for helping me. He helped. I did some of the setup before I came Randy but he helped get that little movie of the flying put on there. He helped me with many, many things. Randy is the best. We all know that. Thanks Joe for doing that. That was really interesting. Do you have a picture of what he looks like? I came 7 and I'm sure I met him but I don't know where he is. Of course, you know. I'll look into that for the library. Would you like a biscuit at the PowerPoint? We're going to put that into our repository. We'll put that into it. We'll scan it. Thank you.