 The study shows that donors with a history of both infection and vaccination have more airway mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and memory B cells than those only vaccinated, and that infection induces populations of airway spike-specific memory CD4 plus and CD8 plus T cells that are not expanded by vaccination alone. Additionally, the study found that airway mucosal T cells induced by infection have a distinct hierarchy of antigen specificity compared to the periphery, and that spike-specific T cells persist in the lung mucosa for 7 months after the last immunizing event. Overall, the study suggests that peripheral vaccination alone does not induce durable lung mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, supporting an argument for the need for vaccines targeting the airways. This article was authored by Elena Mitzi, Mariana O'Dyneis, Asus Rayner, and others.