 Our next speaker, his name is Dr. Mike Mu, and he is a dentist, more specifically a orthodontist who's been practicing for over 20 years. He's London-based and an expert on dietary effects on facial growth. His researching treatments to affect facial growth to avoid orthodontics and other problems. And he's also a third-generation dentist. His grandfather was a dentist, his father was a dentist, so we're in good hands. Let's welcome Mike. Thank you very much. Okay, thank you very much for inviting me along and thank you very much for listening to me. I'm going to approach something that kind of seems very obvious when I say it, but I would imagine it's going to be something relatively new to most of you. We have to ask the question, what makes us beautiful? We could ask what gives us a good body? Well, undoubtedly genetics plays an important role. You couldn't grow without your genes. Also, of course, diet's important. We've heard a lot about that, and I'm not going to stray too much into diet because that's not the direction I'm coming from. There are specifics of the diet. Of course, use, how much you use your body, I'm going to talk more about that, and I'm going to talk about posture. No one would doubt that use can change the form and shape of your body. We don't talk as much about posture, but you know that people who posture well have good physical shape. Now, what gives you a good face? It's a general rule most people think is pretty genetic because we look similar to our parents. So the assumption has been there that it's genetic. Now, I'm Mike Mu. I qualified at the Royal London Medical College in Whitechapel, which for those of you who don't know the area, it's literally a couple of miles further east from here. I then went into facial surgery. I did some in South Africa. I also did some in Brighton. I studied my orthodontics in Denmark because it's the best place for orthodontics. One of the best in the world and probably the certainly the best for adult orthodontics in the world. I learned orthotropics. Well, it's a concept my father came out with, looking at some of the ideas and concepts of my grandfather. I did learn it with the practice and pearly why I work with my father, but you know, I've been listening to this since I could first learn to talk and walk. Now, studying as orthodontists would always struck me as strange was we didn't know the cause of what we were treating. This diagram here, it talks about 60, 60 plus percent of the population having some form of malocclusion, which is crooked teeth. That's slightly arbitrary. You could argue that that's higher. It depends what way you define it. Now, most interesting thing is we only know the cause of 5%. So we've got a problem, a disease, if you will, that affects the majority of the population. We only know a small percentage of the causes. And those causes tend to be people with diseases, people with syndromes, traumas, infections, the obvious ones. And I would argue that that 5% has been fairly consistent through history. It's this big 60%, or it depends how you define it, larger group, that we really don't know. So if most of you have crooked teeth, we don't know the cause of what you have. I can't put a finger on it. Now, we're talking crooked teeth and jaws. That's the definition of malocclusion. Now, how are we treating it? At the moment, we're taking teeth out of this too many teeth, and then we're pushing the rest of the teeth into position. Sometimes we'll widen it to reduce the number of teeth we have to take out. But either way, it's a surgical mechanical correction. You usually do this if you've accepted an inheritance. So we've kind of come to a decision that is inherited. So the suggested cause is a mixed inheritance. The suggestion is that, well, now that we can travel, we get one group of people mixing with another group of people, you have a mismatch with the genes, and that's what's causing the problem. There's another theory that there's a trend to a smaller jaws. Our ancestors had bigger jaws, or rather the ape ancestors we came from had larger jaws. And so it's just an actual progression. That's the way it goes. Really not much evidence for either of those. Now, what interests me is we've been anatomical humans for the minimum of 160,000 years, maximum something like 220,000 years. And by anatomical humans, we've got all the bits that would go to make us humans. 40,000 years ago, we were effectively what we are now, which is Stone Age Man. Now, most of that group, right the way through to about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic period, there was less than 5% of these crooked teeth, no crooked jaws really. Now, by the same definition, as different from the previous slide, there's now 95%. That's a huge change, just really from the Neolithic period, and it's really happened in the last 150 years, 200 years. That's when the crunch times happened. We've also got, we are one of 5,400 species of mammal. The human race, just one. Now, of those other 5,400 species, none of them get these problems. None of getting crooked teeth. Maybe a few domesticated cats and dogs and some feral foxes, but then there's not really representative of wild animals or natural animals. Of course, then we've got other issues. Some indigenous populations today, you look at them, you see the documentaries, you see these individuals in the tribal groupings and they've nearly always all got perfectly straight teeth and nice wide arches. There's interest in watching the rapid lifestyle changes in populations. One of my personal interests is a lot of the Afro-Caribbean population that I treat here in London. You'll see grandparents coming with great facial development, perfectly straight teeth. They've been brought up, particularly in Africa or the Caribbean. They then come with, or rather, their children bring the grandchildren, the third generation. The children were brought up in this country generally on ethnically sourced foods and they've got pretty straight teeth, fairly nice faces. They'll have, you know, a gap between the front teeth, maybe one tooth out of the way, a little bit of crowding at the bottom, but pretty nice development. Their children, they've been brought up in McDonald's and television meals and they've got the same level of crowding as we have, the general population. So it seems as if it's entering in this population that causes this change. Of course, we've got twin research and the twin research generally points to the environment. It's not a genetic problem that we're dealing with here. And of course, just off the bottom of the page, I hope too many of our slides aren't like that, we've got population studies. People have gone out and done big population studies and again, this shows generally it's the environment. It's not the genes causing this. It interests me greatly because of course you can affect the environment. Now, when you look at where we've come from, this is an ancient skull on the side here. You can see perfectly straight teeth. And that's normal for ancient skulls. Here's someone from the Inuit population about 100 years ago now. And it was about the time when the Canadian government recognized the Inuit population as being Canadians. They were offered social housing and food stamps. And as a dillik, we might think it may be to live on the ice. They moved en masse into social housing and a westernized diet. And a guy called War took these images. He knew western price. He was doing a similar sort of thing as western price. And he was noticing within one generation these populations went from great facial development, perfectly straight teeth, to the levels of crookedness, malocclusion to form faces we see in our modern population today. Now, this is a purebred population. So it certainly didn't seem genetic. Not anything that happens in a single generation. Now, sometimes you need to stand back and look at the bigger picture and all of this because we're too hit up. We're seeing this as normal, saying, well, we've got too many teeth. We've got to take some out, straighten the rest up. Sorry, mate, you were dealt a poor hand. You've got too many teeth. We'll have to take some out, straighten the rest of them up. It makes logical sense when you actually see it. But when you stand back in the broader picture, because, of course, our recent ancestors, the ones we've got lots of skulls of, they had pretty straight teeth. Our ancient ancestors, they always had straight teeth. Our primate ancestors, perfectly straight teeth. And this have been studied well. Now, I was reading my nephew a story and he had to build your dinosaur page in the story. And it kind of destructed me, reminded me, should I say, that as vertebrates, we all have approximately the same number of bones. They all approximately link in the same places. And none of these had too many teeth for their heads or their mouths. Something decidedly strange is going on. Now, what do I think the likely causes are? So what's happening? Well, I think the likely causes is a change in muscle usage. We're using our musculature differently than we used to. I'm going to talk the mandibulolingual posture. Mandible is the lower jaw. So the mandibulolingual is lower jaw on the tongue. The position of the lower jaw on the tongue for most of the time, that's your posture. And then we'll talk about swallowing pattern. I'm not going to talk greatly about dietary deficiencies, about the work of people at Western price. And I know a lot of people are very interested in this. I think it was a little bit of a red herring for Western price because you saw all of these people with the facial degeneration and is around the same time as we were having vitamins were being discovered. And vitamins were all specific. So certain vitamins had certain effects on the body. And it was assumed by Western price that it was certain elements of the diet were causing this change or this facial degeneration. And I think he missed the point that it wasn't the elements of the diet, it was the toughness of the diet. And I think that has caused a certain amount of confusion with the science. Now, I can shorten that to say rather than mandible oligol posture, it's tongue position. And the swallowing pattern to a greater or larger extent is tongue function. Of course, the lips are important as well. Now, when we're going to talk about muscle usage, this individual on the left there has got a mild form of musculoskeletal dystrophy. The one on the right has a normal traditional type of musculoskeletal dystrophy. Now, that affects the muscles. The disease of the muscles is not a disease of the skeleton. And yet it has had a gross change in the skeleton. This person's face is, well, it looks gormless for a start. But what's amazing here, this girl as it is, she's biting together. Those teeth are touching. Now, this is a normal template of a modern human. And I'm not going to say modern humans are totally perfect now, as you'll see. But she is grossly distorted from a muscular condition. Now, we can then look at something like unilack from us or weakness, because it's a great example. These individuals grew relatively normally before they got this situation. And this situation happened on one side of their face not both sides of their face. And by being one side of the face, the other side of the face acts as a control. So we know what would have happened if they hadn't had this problem. Well, they've had a stroke. And all the stroke has done is it's killed the nervous innovation so that there isn't the nervous innovation to stimulate the musculature. That's caused less muscle usage. And that's called these gross changes, which you can see from over here has affected the skeleton as well as just the muscles. Now, here's a fellow who was perfectly fine for his first wife. And by the time he got in the second wife, he was looking worse for wear. Now, here's got another muscular disease. We don't think his muscular dystrophy would probably be dead by now, but it's some muscle plate disorder. And what's happening is his face is grossly distorted. And I would say that it's kind of like moulded into his chair. So the way his head hits on the chair, that's the way it's moulded to. I've got a jelly put down somewhere. Now, with all the muscle usage, probably what we've got, we've gone from a really hard, tough diet. Our ancestors for millions of years had a tough diet that was of low calories. It was a low calorie diet. You needed to eat a lot to get the food on board. To get your nutrition in, you ate a lot of stuff and it was tough. We've moved over to a soft food with high calories. Now, we're doing a hell of a lot less work with our oral musculature. I estimate it's in something in the region of 5% of what we used to do. If we did that with our bodies, I think we wouldn't be surprised to have growth changes. We'll probably be doing about 30% of the muscle effort in our bodies that we should be, or we were doing. Now, resting muscle tone affects posture. You see Arnie standing here? I mean, he's got a posture out like this. That's how his arms rest. That's because he's got such good muscle tone. It affects your resting muscle position. Now, when we're talking about this diet, these soft food high calories, we don't realise, because we see it as normal to have the sugar, wheat, rice, potato and all the pulses in our diet. We don't realise that we've collected these individual, freak, mainly grasses from around the world and brought them together. You know, they were quite rarely occurring in our previous diet. And we didn't have nearly such a high calorie sauce as those things, and they are very soft. Now, there's some very interesting experiments done here. This one here, a personal favourite. It was done by a guy called Harvold. And Harvold did no more than take a piece of plastic and suture it, tie it in to the roof of the mouth of monkeys. Monkeys, of course, normally have perfectly set up teeth and perfectly shaped faces. He put this bit of plastic in the roof of the mouth and he got gross skeletal changes in all of the monkeys of his experimental group and, of course, none of the control group. Then a guy called Cole, a guy called Cole here, took monkeys and he did a different thing. He basically disconnected the muscles, repositioned them so they were stretched further. I know, poor animals, we do this in science sometimes. It teaches it a lot. And what happened was it shortened the face. So you see, this was the border, lower border of the mandible previous to the experiment and this was the lower border of the mandible after the experiment. Now, the mandible itself hasn't really changed shape. What's happened is the whole of the face has been crushed. So we have one experiment here where the space has been elongated and one experiment here where the face has been crushed. So we know that we can manipulate the face a lot. Now, here's an individual who got a complete nasal blockage. They didn't know why till long time afterwards but his father had bought him a gerbil. He had the gerbil in his bedroom. He became allergic to it. He gave complete nasal blockage. Now, if he has complete nasal blockage, he has to breathe out of his mouth or die. To breathe out of your mouth, you're going to have to lower your tongue. You're going to have to lower your jaw. Now, he's gained a new postural position that very nicely exhibiting for us here. He's gone from this to this. And in doing so, he's completely affected the pattern of his facial growth. I mean, he looks like a different person. Now, if I'm trying to try and give these two examples, two examples with good facial growth, good horizontal facial growth, or we've got the vertical growth the problem I'm describing is this vertical growth. Now, this is an example here of the good horizontal facial growth. Uh-oh. You don't have the same version of PowerPoint that I do. Okay, I'll have to describe for you. The face would normally move forwards, yes? And you get the tight muscles and the closed mouth posture restricts the facial growth so the facial growth goes forwards. In the second example, the face would grow downwards and as it grows downwards, the jaw is angled and the jaw gets remodeled. The jaw principally gets remodeled so that the back edges here seem to disappear. Now, that's an important thing to happen because it doesn't matter how hard I try, but I cannot catch the angles of my mandible, angles of my jaw on my throat. It doesn't matter how hard I try that, it's not going to happen. And that's quite important because if I fell over or I had a skiing accident or I just a running accident, that could severely damage my life. My airway is my life and that's an important thing not to happen. Um, now, a graphic illustration of this is that these two mandibles are the same length. One of them's coming from a horizontal grower, this mandible here and the other one's come from a vertical grower, this mandible here. And of course, in that increase in the vertical change, there's changed that shape of that mandible. And although they're the same length, the actual space for the teeth is shorter, is longer on the square mandible than on the shallow mandible. And this explains a great deal why we're getting impacted wisdom teeth and we're getting crowding at the front of the jaw. Only a thousand years ago, all of the skulls dug up in several Danish experiments or study work had every single wisdom tooth present, working and in function in a time when you couldn't take these teeth out. So certainly, our ancestors had a very different situation than we do and fairly recent ancestors and a fairly purebred population. Now, again, we're not going to see this one running as well. Now, a guy called Markot noticed that it doesn't matter who you are, but almost all of us keep the point, nasion, just here and the point, begonian, just here, above each other. So if you have this change in facial shape that I'm describing, it doesn't matter how much your face changes, but you'll move your head, so the front of your face is perpendicular. I think this is probably because we're social animals and that's what we like to do. And that's described with this woman here. What she's done, she's moved her head. You see she's got, let's see if it's going to work properly. She's got a sloping forehead. Why's she got a sloping forehead? It's very strange because it's not neanderthalic in any way. The sloping forehead, because her face has melted down, cheekbones have disappeared, the nose looks larger because of it. And as that's melted down, she's just rotated her head upwards. Now she's rotated her head upwards, it makes her forehead look like it's sloping backwards. See people with big noses often have sloping foreheads. It's not a coincidence, it's the way they've grown. Now what I often describe this, as I describe it, it's a bit like a waxwork model. Someone's got a little bit close to the fire and it's melted away. Now that's this increase in vertical growth. And it comes from the musculature and it comes from the tongue posture. Now we're going to ask, again when you look at something, you need to look at the epidemiology of it. It's part of making sciences look at the epidemiology. We know for something like sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia started in two places, in Africa and one place in India. Because it had an advantage in the sickle cell trait against malaria, it was passed on. And you can see the spread of the populations around like contours on a map of the percentiles that have these particular feature within them. If we look at blood type here, blood type O within the population, it gives you an idea of the spread of populations, the spread of the genetics around the planet. And although you do see a pattern of types of malocclusion around the world, there's only tendencies. It's not an obvious thing. And also, you think where was the first case? Where did it come from? Well, it came in all races, in all members of those races, in all areas, roughly when we started becoming civilized. If you ask anthropologists and archaeologists, they say that happens when we become civilized. And about from the Neolithic period, 10,000 years ago when we got animals and crops, and we got the great serial killers. And it's a little bit chicken egg. There's a definite interaction between the genes and the environment, but it's a cause and a predictor. The genes predict what type of malocclusion you'll get if the environment will cause it. For example, where are those kids growing? They're growing downwards. Where are we growing? The muscles have changed. They've changed their motor tone and their function. The tongue and the jaw has dropped. And that's what's happening. Here's an ancient skull on top of a normal modern skull. We don't have a lot of those ancient skulls, unfortunately. And I think that would be part of the problem. Now, the lips and the tongue posture play an important role as well. Any of you thinking of having a child or have a child at the moment that's about weaning point now? You must read this book, Baby-Led Weaning. I think we're messing things up greatly. Giving our kids soft foods, weaning them too early. What's happening is we're giving them food that they can suckle before they're ready to stop suckling. And we never make that progress from an infantile suckle to an adult swallow. Consequently, most of us, I estimate 85% of us, have a modified infantile swallowing pattern right the way up through our lives. Everyone with big cheeks, big chubby cheeks. There's a cherubic. Babies have cherubic cheeks. Adults have hollow cheeks. And as the face is heading south, the lips are trying to hold everything in if you keep them together. And the tongue is trying to hold everything up and out. Of course, a lot of variations. A lot of people don't keep their lips together. And there's a consequence. And a lot of people have these araband swallowing patterns. Now, here I describe you forget the lips and then the cheek is supposed to walk a complete band that goes around just in front of the spine, round the back with the constrictor muscles, and it's making a circle. And within that circle, the tongue is supposed to hold everything else up and the lips hold everything in. Now, we sometimes think lips are the same, don't change, but lips are muscles. And as Arnie Schwartz-Niger will tell you, lips are changeable. And because they're changeable, a girl at 13 to 33 does not grow, but lips can change. Now, here's an interesting experiment that Hillary's kindly demonstrating for us. There's an experiment done by Peter Vig. He got some students, he put a clothes peg on their nose. Now, you could try that yourself. The instant thing you have to do is open your mouth to breathe. Now, if you really open your mouth wide, you'll notice there's a little uncomfortable on your breathing. And since your breathing is the most important thing in your life, what you're then going to do is tip your head back a little bit. And then as Marcot said earlier on, that doesn't feel sensible, so then you tip your head forward to keep it upright. And in effect, we've gone from here to here. And this is, seem to be, the modern condition. So can we affect it? Yes, we can affect it. This is what I do. This is what I do with children. I attempt to do this. I can't say I'm always getting great success. I can't say it's easy. I can't say much of it. But what I do know is people like her have a lot of general health problems and they get crooked teeth. You see, her face has grown longer. If you've only got so much growth, if from here the jaw-boying zone to here is genetic and it's hinged down, your face has dropped down, then it's going to get narrower, it's going to get shorter, you're going to get crowded teeth because you only have so much space and it's crushed in. And if you straighten someone like her's teeth up, they're not going to stay straight. Someone like her has naturally straight teeth. Don't worry about it. Why straighten them? Because when we straighten them, they don't tend to stay straight anyway. I talk about orthotropics as my concept, which is correcting growth rather than orthodontics that straightens the teeth. What I do with treatment is I make the space for the tongue a lot bigger. I make a rather strange pattern of dental alignment. I then use a brace that has fangs that stick down and it's converting people with this vertical growth to this horizontal growth because we have that horizontal growth, you have the space for the teeth to get better. These fangs engage in the jaw and what this does means when the jaw drops down, the fangs touch. And here's fangs in the mouth and there's an example of where they touch down inside the jaw. And here's a set of identical twins. Now what's interesting about these identical twins that this one here, which was probably the worst, if you look at the jaw position, was treated by an eminent orthodontist in the area, this one was treated by my father and I think the results speak for themselves. You can change facial growth. You can change facial beauty. It is possible. I don't say it's easy, but it's possible. My concern with orthodontics is it will give you straight teeth but frequently, it doesn't help the face out much. Orthodontics always makes faces longer. I would recommend if you're thinking of orthodontics to lay it as long as possible. I mean, you're all adults. It's easier now. You're less susceptible to these change. Avoid extractions and avoid retractive. Anything that pulls it back, avoid. Now of course, we've always got people like Catherine Zeta-Jones. She had teeth taken out. She had the spaces closed. But damn it, her tongue wasn't going to let the teeth be pulled back. So she overcame the assault of orthodontics on her. And that's often the case. Because if it's the environment causing the problem, you're in charge of your environment and you can change your environment. Now, you go, so what? You've got straight teeth. What effect does it have on you? What effect does this lengthening of the face have on you? I mean, someone here, who has gone, what, seven medals he's got with a long face. He's an exception. He's not going to be affected at some point in his life. But you don't get medals if you're badly affected. It's interesting to me that all of these 100 meter runners, nearly all of them have great facial development and usually have straight teeth naturally. It's a point of interest. But of course, we've got lots of associated symptoms happen. You know, when we... Oh, during me, the wrong one again. We talked about malocclusion. We won't do that. But breathing problems, most ENT problems, jaw joint problems, upper neck and back problems, adenoid faces and less attractive faces from having long faces. I don't say this is scientifically proven, but I think you'd find it hard to disprove them and their good scientific observations. When you snore, your tongue falls back against the back of your throat. With sleep apnea, which is very related to snoring. And in fact, they're often saying snoring today is sleep apnea tomorrow. And so I think sleep apnea is going to come up just like asthma did from nowhere to become a very prevalent situation, as it already is coming up. Now, the most important sign of if you're going to get sleep apnea, the most significant measurement is from the back of the pharynx and inserts and genioglossus insertion behind the mouth of the mandible. Now, the shorter that is, the more likely you are to get sleep apnea. Longer and thinner your face, the more likely your tongue is to get pushed back into your throat. And you can see here the tongue being pushed back into the back of the throat. Because the distance from there to there is shortened, that's more likely to happen, more likely to get sleep apnea. There are lots of answers for breathing and sleep problems. One of the ones I really don't recommend is use appliances. For as much as it will pull your bottom jaw forward to help with the breathing, it's going to pull your top jaw back which is the heart of the problem in the first place. And long-term studies are showing that these aren't particularly good for you. The real answer here is grow better. Now, of course, when we talk about the problems, big problem in modern medicine today. And of course, what it's causing is as that top jaw drops back and down, eventually the nose gets dragged back as well. Initially that nose is on a plate that runs almost to the base of your skull, the septum. Eventually that will get bent as everything heads south. And it was interesting that you get these Romans with these hook noses. And that hook noses caused the vaginal section pulling back, the bony section staying. But of course, what's happening here is only in a very limited percentage of the population that could eat a refined carbohydrate diet even in that era because they had money. And of course, the roof of your mouth is the floor of your nose. The more this happens, the more sinuses will be compressed together. Your eustachian tube, well, it runs from the back and well, if all this tissue is soft, if it's all hanging, when you swallow, you're not going to clear your eustachian tube. You're going to end up gluer. And I know when I've gone into the ENT departments, I walk through the departments and the kids sitting waiting all like this. It's the same as the orthodontic patients. They often are orthodontic patients. People who have gromits usually go on to have orthodontics. The jaw joint problems I'm not going to go in there, but people who get jaw joint problems are frequently these same individuals. We talk about whether some of these problems are ascending or descending. Well, if your tongue is being pushed down into your jaw as I described with Peter Vig's work, it changes your head posture. Well, that's necessarily going to have a postural effect on the rest of your body. Whether you have ascending and descending, I know a lot of people talk about orthotics to change dental problems. I will stick on the scientific side of what I know. And, of course, the adenoid faces, this dropping of the faces. Well, this is a gross change in facial shape. We often talk about the allergic shiner, which is this patch under the eye that really shines up when you've got allergies. But it's mainly due to the maxilla, the top jaw dropping down. That's what's causing the problem. Now, when we ask and ask who's affected, we look at the development of individuals. Even from a young age, you can make predictions with these not allergic shiner, but you can see the skin dropping down underneath the top jaw. Lips apart at rest. It's causing the flopping forehead, we describe, the flat cheekbones, apparently large nose, the large angle between the lip and the nose. But she's got a firm chin. Not what I was describing, really. But, of course, she's got that curved neck. What she's done is she's tilted her neck back like this. She's walking around like that to present a normal surface, a normal image to the population as a whole. And, of course, here we've got Vincent, someone who's grossly lengthened face, lips apart most of the time. Margaret Thatcher. Look at this nose. Look so much larger, those cheekbones completely melted away. Face has grossly changed. Marty Filfman. Now, this great describing how these orbits go, okay, he's been computer enhanced a little bit. But you can see that you'll get that frog-eyed look as that maxilla drops down. This is nothing new. Again, as I was saying, it's in the wealthier populations only in the past. But, you know, it's been around. I mean, he's got no cheekbones here. You can see the bulge of the eyes shining through. You could have some nice looking faces. You've got a good strong muscle tone because it now looks so normal. But he's got no cheekbone. I mean, where's that gone? It's all just heading south. There's a certain odd little bits to this. Stephen Fry. He's got reasonably good muscle tones. He's got reasonably good jaws in a relatively good position. But his tongue's nowhere. His tongue's not supporting this midsection of face. Does he have a large nose? Or is that maxilla set back? Does he suck back that whole midface because the tongue's not holding it up there? And of course, do you remember jaws? You're all too young to remember that. Richard Keele. Of course, he's got really good muscle tone but his tongue is very low. His tongue's down in this bottom jaw. That's what's helped to develop this bottom jaw is the position of his tongue in there. Arnie, he said he'd be back. He's come down fairly evenly. Tongue's not perfect. His jaw's not perfect. So he's just lengthened still with a relatively good balanced appearance. Now, here's my perfects. This is what you've got a really nice face. Look how cute and small that nose looks. What's going to happen to her face if I was to cut the nerves and watch her drop? Because it would drop and it would drop badly. Kate and some friends, notice that two of her friends there are artificial because this is rare. We're talking here about perfection. Now, one here girl is using make-up and the other girl's using her breasts to keep your eyes off the fact that her faces aren't perfectly formed. If you look closely here, you'll see the beginnings of those allergic shiners. She's sitting there with her lips slightly apart. I know it's a pout but she's got a slight increase in the length of her face. Now that asks the question is beauty in the eye of the beholder or not? This is a great old wives tale but it doesn't seem to be. You've got two different faces here a less short one and a longer one. Yes, she's still a pretty girl but as a general rule people with the longer faces aren't as attractive as the people with the shorter faces and to prove this some scientists got some one-year-old babies plumped them on the mother's lap put some up back projection and watched where the baby looked at the most and the babies consistently looked at the ones with the shorter faces considered more attractive. They were so impressed they repeated it was six month old babies got the same result. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder when you get a variation. Beauty starts with an absolute it finishes with an absolute in the middle levels, yes you can decide which one you do like which one you don't like and that is in the eye of the beholder but absolute beauty no we all agree in fact we all agree within the races and the best faces in any of the races are more similar than the rest of the people within those races. Of course Jude Law you see not really a lot of maxilla here these bags under his eyes you see his chin tips pointing out a little bit here so good muscle tone he's keeping that bottom jaw nicely in position the tongue is not holding the rest up the tongue is not doing its position in the mid face it's not keeping that section in there ok Chiara and Angelina both good jaw both good muscle tone they grit their teeth and they get on with things in life but I think Chiara has her tongue too low particularly compared to Angelina Angelina is not perfect pretty good she's trying hard with makeup but she can't really cover up these flat cheek bones here now I'll make a prediction with her but that jaw because she keeps her tongue in that bottom jaw that's going to get gently a little bit bigger a little bit bigger like Daryl Hanna if anyone old enough to remember Mermaid that she was in and her jaw's just got a little bit bigger over time because her tongue's not high enough she keeps it too low in her jaw um now both James and Michael both face a bit too long both have a mixture of slightly too weak jaw muscles and the tongue's not high enough either of course both working hard to keep a lip seal to keep everything in there, keep their teeth straight but what's interesting here is do you think Michael had a longer face there than now I think he did I think his face is less long than that it is now probably because you know self confidence, getting on with life gritting your teeth to get through things or Kate, do you think she's getting better or worse I think she's getting a little bit worse I mean it's not fair to compare two photos one with lips closed one with lips apart because then that can give you a slight bias but I definitely think her face is getting a little bit longer people don't stay the same people change you just imagine that's the way it is but look at those people who had the strokes, they change greatly watch people who have a car accident and get severed their nerves they change dramatically so what, we've grown already well obviously that's what I'm getting on to next it doesn't matter, even if you've grown already you can still be liable to change we showed earlier on we showed Stephen Hawking look how grossly he changed quite late in life it is possible to change later in life I've mentioned these ones earlier on unilateral muscle weakness I mentioned this a second ago again they were fully grown mature individuals when they went to change in the wrong direction now, surely if people can change in the wrong direction they should be able to change in the right direction I know that I look better now than I did 10 years ago because I've made a concerted effort to get my tongue on the roof of my mouth and chew more bit more chewing gum bit more this the thing but mainly my tongue on the roof of the mouth that's what is the seat of facial beauty now in the work I'm doing and I would love someone to prove me wrong but I get the best facial changes in the world and what I do is contrary to the opinion of modern orthodontics because what I do is right what they do is wrong so it's controversial that's why you've not heard about that you've got no idea of what I was saying before I mentioned although it makes logical sense now we mentioned before the tongue position the tongue function the lips are important as well and I guess you've had a lot about diet and I would thoroughly recommend the caveman diet but I'd recommend the caveman diet not just because they're nutritional but because it's tough it's a hard diet it's going to give you a facial workout that's one of the reasons our ancestors didn't have problems was because they were eating a tough diet good posture you'll get a good facial growth if one of those goes wrong you'll probably survive if both of those go wrong your face head south it melts away now what can we do about this well I teach swallowing exercises to adults I try I can't say it's easy to do something like this I've got my swallowing one exercise I teach people a rhyme I say teeth together lips together tongue on the roof of your mouth teeth together, lips together, tongue on the roof of your mouth you should remember that then you should be to balance your tongue your biting muscles a little bit who here by the way grinds their teeth don't stop the force of your jaw muscles just balance it by pushing your tongue on the roof of your mouth so keep your jaw slightly apart balancing your biting with your tongue pushing up on the roof of your mouth I think that is an antagonistic pairing that we've lost when we were standing up we learned to balance our quads with our hamstrings and we never learned in that period to do the same thing with biting and tongue muscles of course the ultimate answer with trying to train your tongue and your lips is to go to an oral biologist they exist they don't unfortunately exist in this country but you can find them around the rest of the world I'd also suggest you need to try and lift your head up from your occiput a little bit that sticks out here try and imagine that pulling you up have good posture walk tall which brings us on to, I'll miss that the old wives tale this can be summed up here stand up straight and shut your mouth there's nothing new in this it just wasn't a science probably eat your crusts as well I remember having some Danish patients well they used to do the Danish patients they had a Danish grandmother their mother was Danish and whenever they went on holiday to Denmark they'd say oh, tell you Michael when we go on holiday our jaws ate from all the tough food particularly that tough dark brown bread and there's another thing that had me thinking because I then studied in Denmark and they were a prettier race than the English is it the jeans or is it the bread I'd argue it's the bread nothing to do with the jeans nothing make Claudia Schiff nor Kate Moss more attractive than the fact they had their tongue on the roof of the mouth and that's it now we're fighting a small battle because we want to get this information out we're fighting a small battle my father's running one he's asking for people to be fully informed before they have surgery we have something in the concept of fully informed consent people are having surgery for these problems never knowing it's an environmental condition and things could be done to affect them before they start and I'm asking for debate on the cause of malocclusion when you don't understand something you start at the bottom you start with the cause and when you get the cause worked out you work your way up and it's the one area where we've got good information so I'm asking for debate within my profession malocclusion I've yet to get anywhere no one wants to debate with me and of course we need these concrete angles to fight suppression which is related to money now what am I going to ask of you because I'm not here to sell you anything I'm not here to ask you to do anything except help me a little bit how can you help me well you can join my facebook page if you have any questions you can ask me those on that facebook page you can join my other the orthotropic facebook page not as irrelevant but this is where I'm asking for debate why crooked teeth why are teeth crooked and there's so much more to it than crooked teeth as I've described to you it's actually how you look and that's probably more important to you than most other things it's incredibly important to you but unless you didn't know about this other people don't know about this unless that information gets out it's freely accessible then things don't change anyway that's all folks I don't mind I'm from Sydney so I'm travelling at the moment and just before I left I actually had my wisdom teeth out and it was an issue that I was asking my orthodontist is this something that I have to do is it dietary I've seen a bit of western priced stuff and I was very curious and didn't make any logical sense that what did the people do hundreds of thousands of years ago but now we've got this issue so it didn't feel right but I had them out because that's what everyone does and you do that are you saying that with possibly with exercises I might not have had to have that happen I'm saying that for certainty if you'd had a tough diet and you didn't have a change in your tongue and jaw posture from birth yes that wouldn't have happened at all whether you could have changed it when you were in your late teens early twenties well I don't know I've struggled to change people in those periods people have come to me and I've treated a few of them some I've got some good results in it depends on their dedication as you could imagine you know I'm not treating these individuals they're doing it themselves you can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink with the things like braces and losing teeth could you do this stuff after to still help it help problems with the the face after could I help people who have had braces and teeth extracted it's limited the best advice is keep your lips closed put your tongue in the roof of your mouth you've obviously had teeth taken out yeah I just had braces like about six months ago I just got them off yeah I'm not a big fan of braces the older you are the better with this yeah because I've got a little brother who's just about he just had a tooth out and he's just about to get him so I'm like so I'm like stop I mean I don't agree with that I mean but sometimes you've got to be realistic though my treatment window is seven to nine years old you know I'm assuming your brother's going to be considerably older than that he's eleven so just a bit you know I don't really like treating people I get lots of people who come to see me because they're facing with extractions and they say please can you do something and I go well you know I can't wind the clock back I've got to if I'm going to affect growth I need growth yes we can all change at a later age but it's not growth it's not nearly as easy growth go with the growth shall we get one over here for a second you said teeth together in general does that mean to have a clenched jaw because I was always very much not to have a clenched jaw and that's why as I was saying teeth together I came in with an extra caveat of saying warning people who have or just asking people who tend to clench and saying to them what you need to do is you set up this in fact we should all set up this balance your tongue should be pushing up on the roof of your mouth as your teeth bite together just in the same way as I'm not about to fall over because my quads and my glutes are out of balance they're an antagonistic pairing that without my thought are balancing me however when I first took my first few steps I was pretty tricky I wasn't very good with that I would have staggered around now I do it easily but when I first took my first steps my mouth was open because I had an allergy so my tongue didn't program with my jaw biting muscles to become an antagonistic pair you have to try to program that so that your teeth are just very likely to gather with your jaw and your tongue balancing each other and they will then take over but it's a very difficult thing to get it in your head you know if I could plug you in like they do in Matrix and upload a good tongue function pattern I think I could get you all to grow fantastically and when you were making reference to Michael Cain you mentioned that he looks better as he's got older and not necessarily better but I think his facial dimension has changed for the positive and you mentioned confidence being a factor how particularly can confidence affect your facial structure as you... you're going out my subject I'm not going to comment on what I don't know absolutely the guy here was waiting so if you pass that chicken window 7 to 9 if you're in your 20s 30s whatever is it possible to reverse the effects of the long face or is it rather getting those proper posture habits is more stopping it getting longer it's a very interesting question because I think the top jaw the maxilla acts as a little bit of a keystone if you look at any other joint in my body I've got quite a wide range of movement so if someone tells me to stand up straight I physically can move every bone in my body till it's in the correct position but you can't move your maxilla and your maxilla is set back and down if you can't move your maxilla it's then squashed in a limited space between your now upright head and your maxilla and that doesn't feel comfortable well we're creatures of comfort so pretty soon the emphasis in your brain is to go back into a bad posture because your breathing is more important and a comfortable breathing is more important than a comfortable body yes? so you force it out of the way now I will be looking to treat adults and trying to affect adults it's the limiting of how much because when I do this treatment on kids it's not I can't do part treatment I have to go the whole hog now for adults I can't go the whole hog because I couldn't do that strange position that I put the kids into and recover it I'd mess them up so I have to look at a more limited version of what I can do so I will be looking at adults but in the meantime the most simple thing is lips together, teeth together tongue and the roof of your mouth the problem often is there's not enough space in your top jaw to fit your tongue your question what could you do now well if there's a restricted space not only is a restricted space but your face is longer so the top jaw is further down towards where the tongue is then well it's very hard to maintain a posture that's really uncomfortable and it's like pushing this proverbial stone up a hill if you get it over the top you're away if you stuck half way up at some point it's going to slip south but like I say work on it you can work on it probably no one tells you to stand up straight shut your mouth it seems to be one of the old things that were forgotten it's almost like you're not allowed to say it because it's telling people what to do anyway guys you've been a great audience thank you very much indeed one final question you may have covered it I may have missed it if I did I apologize chewing gum? fantastic yeah I think you should spend hours a day chewing gum in fact my problem with gum is it's too soft we've been asking gum manufacturers to come up with gum literally we have spent thousands of hours on this trying to get gum manufacturers to come up with tough gum they say you want we'll make you a batch you'll have to pay for it and I think batches are a minimum of 5 tonnes which is over lorry load and it's just it's not something we can look to do but and they tell us everyone wants softer chewing gum why would we make harder chewing gum well everyone's heading south what do you think is going on everyone's going to a poor diet everyone's getting crooked at teeth and it's happening year by year just look your parents didn't need so much too straightening your grandparents hardly needed any too straightening it's happening fast and all the associated things that are happening with them the sleep apnea has come out of nowhere it's going to be a big thing you'll hear it a lot within the next 10 years so chew gum yeah chew gum and smile sorry I don't know what's the investment I couldn't remember exactly but it was way too much it was something like 100,000 pounds they wanted out of us to commence an experiment and do this sort of thing and we were just no way ok guys you've been a fantastic audience thank you very much indeed I hope that was educational