 Hello, so we continue with our reading of Deleuze & Gattari. What is philosophy? And we were on page five. This is a slow reading. And we are with the idea that the philosopher is the friend of the concept. And they add, he is the potentiality of the concept. Okay, so potentiality is a concept, actually a philosophical concept that was created by Aristotle's in conjunction with the idea of actuality, right? So the concrete deployment of a potential is manifested in the world, which means that if the philosopher is the potentiality of the concept, the concept is the deployment of a philosophy in the world. And here they come with the formula, philosophy is the discipline. Think about it, it's a discipline. They do insist in Milpato about craft. There is a sort of a different position towards discipline as perhaps some Foucaultians would have. A discipline is an act of high role for years, a creation of the sacred, in some cases, when there is this creative attitude. So of course we'll have to understand better what do they mean by creating. And they do mention other practices like art. And they will explain that those practices are also created, which we know, but they create with other entities like percepts, for example, or in the case of science, prospects. We will come back to this idea. So here they quote Nietzsche, which is of course an important character in this book. Nietzsche, they say, said that philosophers must no longer accept concepts as a gift, right? So for example, from previous philosophers, the concept of being in high degree. We shouldn't take for granted a particular moment or embodiment of a concept. We should not merely purify and polish them, right? So, for example, read Heidegger and consider that while some aspects of his concept of being, we should keep some other aspects. We should abandon, etc. We can do that, but not merely that. The philosopher makes and creates the concept, presents them and makes them convincing. Convincing for who? For the philosophers. Because as we will see, philosophers don't like to engage according to the last debate discussions with non-philosophers. Precisely because in those conversations it is often a matter of opinion rather than elucidation of problems. And this is something that we will see is that the creation of a concept comes from a problem. It's not something that you do on Sundays, like, oh, let's create a concept. Sounds fun. It comes from the conjunction of personal and historical problems, conceptual problems. But again, whenever we say conceptual problem, we're talking about also worldly manifestations of the concept, negotiations with the concept. Right? So, this is done not for the sake of consensus. And here they play a little bit with words. But they also, without quoting him, he often mentioned Habermas and this idea of democratic conversation. It's always an agreement on universal. They don't believe much in that. A communicational idea of philosophy. And this is where they oppose the concept and the universal philosophy doesn't deal with universal. Especially since the French Revolution, because since the French Revolution, universal means, in fact, often national. Behind a universal discourse, there is often a national strategy. Now, the idea of a universal dates back also philosophically to the medieval times and the debate about ideas, realism, like, are there ideas that actually date the manifestation in the world as pure entities out there that never get to be manifested themselves. So why do they insist on a concept being not only universal, not only a universal, is because they insist on the singularity of the concept. And by singularity, they mean, again, embodiment, style in a way, the style of thinking, but also a specific encounter with a specific problem at a given time. And they will give the example we'll see later, Descartes Cogito, he analyzed that concept. Okay, so a concept is an embodied philosophical idea. Now, why do they write a book about philosophy? Why is it important to do this course right now, or more reading, improvisation, a practice of philosophy? Well, Deleuze and Gatorier are very sad that the term concept became this sort of label in marketing and advertising, right? What's your concept? What's the concept of your product? And they're very sad that some people call even them themselves conceptors, at least in French, in French, it is the concept that comes from advertising also and design. So this is important today because clearly, philosophy is becoming popular. When I started studying philosophy, when I was 20, it was considered almost a disease, something that would certainly not lead to a decent profession. Now, things have changed and philosophy is more and more seen as a matter of status, right? So it was really considered as embarrassing. And now, a lot of people on the country call themselves philosophers with concepts, ideas, they are something slash philosophy. So this comeback of philosophy has to be taken seriously. It's not necessarily a bad thing. But philosophers have to engage with it also to make sure that it is not a light version of philosophy that is served to them. And here, we'll finish today because we were reading 11 minutes, they oppose the philosophical concept as we've seen yesterday, that they consider as meteors. And we'll see what that means. It's flying, robusticity of robustness of the concept and the sort of a mellow commercial version of it, the jingle, the slogan. Okay, that's it for today. See you tomorrow.