 அதனால் உள்ளேsten நித்த என்று நீங்கள் மிக்க நடங்கள் கிரிப்பட்டு உறு, هذهகிக்கப் பெரிமாத குறையில் பரிசிப்படுத்த வேற்று வின்பு அந்த ஹெய்ச் சக்திற்கு அவர் சார்க்கமன் அயிற்று meeம் நான் க sujetை மூடையிற்கு ஏன் எடுத்த noisyந்தில் நிறைத் தெரியுவாது, நால் அதில் வருாக வேண்டும் குத்திப்புயில் என்று என்று தட்டுச்சைகள் குறவம் புரத்துகிற நேரமா software குறனையைம arrogantத cuộcந்த electasy ofagination is one of the most important things which are important for the before we go into the design. Why? That is what we will be seeing in the lectures. அடித்து கண்டி வேண்டுமி ந விட்ட பரரமான் பேடந்தது ஐரொலியை உங்களை நுகல் மடங்கும் சென்ற முன்னிக்கு அப்படியென்று கண்டி வார், போகிற rêோம்நிக்கு மிக்கத்து ஒரு தண்டைாட்ட சென்று மட்டும் இரண்டும் இருக்கிறது, சிறிதாக, சித்து, சித்தன் சகுமியில் குதியநிகைப் அழைப்பை ஏன் நிறுகிறத våள், ம voltages எல்லோக, சיர்நைக்க capacity-adm tonnes ஆர்நேசம ஏதாவதுில் அழக்கம் நீங்கள் அனைத்திற்கு க nights கிரப்புலி சகுனி அழ வெளியில்brand but one thing I can tell you for that matter whether you construct a coal fired power plant or hydro power plant or anything. There will be a displacement of people some site. You will require some sites. But one thing is it should not displace a large number of people. So this is like any other facility all the different loads for example you have a width பெற்று வீண்ட் பாதிப்படாடு ஆகாட்டதர் அந்த நினைப்பி நிறைக்கலாம, அது நீங்கள் ஏனாலும் அனைத்துக் கோடலுங்களை Fashion பிறகுத்தார கொண்டு ஏன் நிறைக்கigerம் ஆனாலும் உங்களை சற்றி நゆiguத்தியாக நேரருத்தாய் பார்த்துcial-loving விலைகளிலிலிங்களுக்கு அனை் சிறந்துச் சிற சவற்சதை, மிக ஆசையில்��고ுங்கள் நோசப்பட்டு வைத்துக்கொள்ளலும் இல்லோலும் செய்கிறோம், அதைப் படித்துங்கள், இறக்கிறேன். இனிடமும் செய்புரச்சினர்கள் என்னையுடன் முறைய அழுதி, ஒரு நிறைவில்ocation அல்லவேன். தன்னி, கீழ்க்கு எந்தடனர்களை,லாவா, என்ன வகுதந்து உங்களுக்கு திறந்திலிருந்து ஆக்கிற зачем? உங்குவீடகவும் உங்களுக்குக்கு உங்கு நாட்கான விருந்தால் நீவாருகின்விடம் நாண்சலமான பைஎ ports சேர்ந்து வாம், வீட்டு ஆளை சீகப் பண்ணிலீல்.vat your flute and trying to crash on your plant.போதுdriven நாண்சலமான பாத்திலிருந்தால் எர்த்குக்குத் தோன்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்றப்பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற பிரின்ற நாட்களாகப் பாதார்கள் தொடர்பும் வ கணிபர் முடிந்தட் அந்ததுகிறாள். நாம் சிங்தமுடிய நிகர், சரியாக இங்கே தொட那個 ஆற்ற். கடுத்த உறுப்பாடு அரவையாட்டுழக்கூட இப்படி அழுப Gesetzentwurf위an கடுத்த airport ஒளி நிகழ்வ சொல்லுங்க இடத்த வித்தக்கைகள் காட்டும் அ சாய்த்த வழி சுக்கிரை கருத்த முதல்த பிறகு முப்புச் சிகிரைக்காது ஆனாலுமாதால், புரிந்தைத் திறகைப் பரியவு என்றுக் கனிகியள noche செய்துகொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்கொள்ளுக்க எல்லா touchscreen அடிந்தை செய்து விளையுடைய உரிவி என்பு செய்துகொண்டு விருஂந்து எல்லாப் பின்கள். உண்மைக் அனைத்துக் கிடைந்திருந்தேன். அனைத்திருந்தேன். நடியாக całyதியாக இருக்கிறத்தை. மகத்தில் மகத்தில் கட்டும் உயிற்று, இவை கிடையாது வெள்ளisெறு வருவில்ல, அதோயில் அன்று நடத்ததுவிடு காத்தி. ம ம கைபாட்டுகளைம்பில் இருக்கிறோம். ஒரு ஆணimbapத்தில் ஏமை கூ árந்து அறைந்திருக்கிறோம். நன்றுதானதே, நான் உண்மையில் ஆ தொடர்புச் சந்திப்பாக, பகabordக்கும் உத்திறக்குச் சத்திடத்துத் தட்டுக்க வந்தத初க Room 6, பருவாலை செய்தாளர் வணக்கம். இது because exactly because, பதுதில் அதை நினைந்த செய்தூள் சக்காண வேண்டாள நிகழ்ச்சர் tinha நான் பெரிகப்பு குபட்டனைங்களையும் கூறும். அது ஒரு பிரிக்கான கொலைவில் நினையன் நிகழ்சரனிக்கட்டியும் நம்முடிம்படியாளர் இந்த வாட்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டும் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல்லுங்க வேண்டிருக்குச் செல் இயநேசா கேள்கி பரிசினையில் உன்னுடைய அதிகனம்ை. இது வார்க்குப்பெடிமானது, யசின்ச் சென்றுGA Finally பார்வார் அறை நிகழிப்பார் தனிப்பக்பம் mooiத் தனிப்புகின்று த孩子 கோழ்நிப்பயார்xideைப்புகின்று பார்ப்பண் பார் வையில், நடலதில் இறுநிலிரட rumors நாக்காம் உள்ளுங்கல வேண்டியிருக்க முகவும் சநரத்த விளைக்க இருக்கும் investing And respecting before, while evaluating the site. அதிலைப் பெறேர்ந்து கூறும் Hoy not only that, in the last few years, it has become mandatory அதிலைக்கும் நல்லம성이 உன்னைக்குப் போடியணை, that you get a sort of public consultation, we call it as a public hearing wherein all these stakeholders, the people around செய்துப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள் என்று செய்துப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள் என்று செய்துப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள் என்று செய்துப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள் என்று செய்துப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள் என்று செய்துப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள் என்று செய்துப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள் என்ற வைத்தைப் பணம் பாடி, இறுதி வாய் அறைச்சியிருக்கும் தட்டுக்கொள்ளுங்கள் அல்லவாய் மருத்திகள். அது பெர்துக் கடவுள் ஒரு மருத்திகள்.ப்புதேயுள்aw �ரவு அசிகரத்ரத்ாளர் அறை தய்护டியம். பாடமில் இதை ஒரு முழேவு எறே வெthank மிகு следியும் இந்த நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நிலையில் நில நாடத்திற்கு அவ்வாக இருக்கிறது, ஹீர் முகத்திய செய்கிறது, ஆனால் அருக்கணலத்திற்கும் என்னிடம் Guys and Moscos are நடந்திக்க luegoக் strainக்கும் நீ நுந்திவுள்ள работல் நலிதனை செய்து, தனிதய செல்லாமல்Abs proceeding to the Ministry of Environment and Finance and Forest andSmatt this not only takes this report it also gets that the environmental impact assessment report which is carried out by an independent agency appointed by the இந்த ஆசலிய inappropriங்கள் நொல்லிகள் கூட சிகருப்பதைவையில் நிருந்தகமனமாக வாழ்க்கம முன்னியவன் ஆத்சாப்பு நிருந்த சரி. இந்தக் சிகருகிறார் நான் பொரு கூர பல் பல நாட்கள�도ம் நீ உட்ளவு தொடர்பு அழகலிலியே ஊரிப்புவிடு. நேரக்கரக் குழந்தில் பயிரச்சி கடும்புச்சித்த கத்தியச் கடை சுழ்ச்ச்சியி நிறுமோன்றனால் அத wod்கொண்டு நான் இல்லையைத்தான் ஒப்புரிந்து glitch அத மற்றி செய்து வெளி, எலுமை நேந்தாலும் வளர்வு கொண்டுகிறாய் Software, the idea is tooth would – one is security for the nuclear power plant. Other one is to restrict the amount of radioactivity, which a person can receive, should there be any even a minor release of radioactivity and also the fact that in case there is an emergency And we want to evacuate, we may need to evacuate too a number of people who are very, very close in the 5 kilometers area. So in this exclusion zone in fact you can say, we do not have anybody from the security of the plant. Here is a figure, so this is the plant and you can say the plant boundary. So this is your exclusion zone, which is about 1.5 km. Then you have the another zone up to about 5 km wherein nobody can. There is there but a very scanned population. So 1.5 km nobody, 5 km very. This is actually called a sterilized zone. But no further activity or is allowed in this area, a subsequent to the start-up of the deciding to construct this plant. After that no further, only very scanty things are allowed. Now how do we do the siting? We look at the topography of the place, rocky, whether that place site is accessible, whether it is accessible from in all directions or accessible only in a particular direction. This is very important. Like in case of a fire, you want many escape routes. Similarly for a plant, should there be a problem with one route, we should have another route. Not only from an emergency, even in a normal way, normal fire, anything, we should be able to move out in different ways. So we see the accessibility. Then infrastructure for transportation. See we must be able to transport that component to the site. For example, you have to cross some bridges. Those bridges must have adequate strength that they can withstand the load of the component. So whether the roads are good enough, there are no very steep bends wherein a trailer of about, let us say, 24 meters long trailer should be able to turn. Mind you, when we get components from the Larsen and Thubourg factories in Bombay to Kalpakam, equipment will go to Hyderabad, then to Bangalore and then from Bangalore it will come to Chennai. They have established this route is strong, good enough and come. So this need to be established before a site is chosen. Then construction facilities, how, whether the constructability is there at that site, what sort of facilities are available, whether I have a good place for a township. For the staff, because normally in a nuclear power plant, you always have a township so that the plants crew can come in different shapes and work. Then availability of the electrical power, whether that place, because when I start constructing, I require power. I must know how much load I require and whether I can get power in that place. Then, suppose I am going to build a plant, whether there are enough transmission lines through which I can transmit the power. In fact, this is very important that this transmission line should be completed before the construction of the plant is completed. Because then only the moment the plant starts, you can export the power to the grid. And not only transmission to one direction, it must be in two-three different routes. For example, your Kalpakam atomic plant is connected to the Tamil Nadu grid at one at Sengubarumal Covil, other to the Neveli, another at R&E, three different directions. In case there is a problem in this line, I can export the power through another line. So all these considerations need to be put. Then, availability of cooling water, as I mentioned, it needs cooling water for condenser. So it needs, so we must have a good source of water. If it is away from, if a river is there, like Rajasthan, we have the Rana Prathap Sagar Dam. We have water. If it is Kalpakam, we have sea water. If it is an inland site, we have to look whether there is enough water available and then whether cooling towers, how I can place them, all these need to be looked into. Of course, we cannot forget the seismological aspects, whether the place is earthquake prone, what is the earthquakes which are expected in that, how many have occurred, then the weather conditions, as I said, should not be a place where cyclones come very frequently. So, what are the basic aspects which govern the siting? One is the impact of external events, then impact of plant on the environment and the public, and third, not, but the least, that in case of an emergency, I must be able to implement my emergency measures of evacuation and other things also. These are the three considerations, basic aspects. Now, so, in a negative sense, we say, what are the rejection criteria? Normally, we call a selection criteria. Here, we call the rejection criteria. That means, if certain criterias are not followed, we reject them, we reject that site. So, we generally give that in terms of distance values, screening distance values. For example, I have a chemical plant and any toxic release from that plant might affect my nuclear power plant. I say, if a chemical plant is retweeted at this much distance, it should be more than that only I will accept. So, like that. So, if you move away from the plant, your hazard is going to be less. So, basically, the screening distance value gives this idea. Now, let us look at some of the criterias which are being followed. Now, seismic conditions, we define them by different zones, and depending on the seismic nature or the earthquakes which have happened, we do not want to put a nuclear plant in a place where the earthquakes are very frequent. So, first is whether the site falls. If it is zone 5, then from the fault of the earthquake, if it is less than 5 kilometers where has happened, we reject that site. Then, potential for soil liquefaction which can happen, I will talk about this later. Then, formation of sand dunes is another suddenly, let us say, if it is a sea coastal thing and sand dunes are developed. So, I would not accept. Then, distance from an airfield, if it is less than 5 kilometers, I would reject that site because my aircraft taking off itself, it can crash. If it is a major airport, surely 8 kilometers must, if it is a military airfield, still more because you have fighter planes which have a very large energy level, 15 kilometers. And in addition to all this, we do keep in mind a social responsibility that any pilgrimage centers or historical monuments should not lie within 5 kilometers. We, in fact, when we sited the POBR plant, our site choice was dictated to some extent by the nearness to Mahabalipuram, which has got a old shore temple and old Palava architecture. So, that we kept in mind. These are also, then since marine environment, these things also can pose rejection to a site. So, we need to satisfy all this. Now, AERB, the Atomic Energy Regulator Board in India, looking at all this, it has drawn up a large number of guides and I am just giving you a glimpse of about 12 guides, which talk about the different aspects of siting. See, atmospheric dispersion and modeling, hydrological dispersion of radioactive materials in relation to NPP siting, extreme values of meteorological parameters, hydrogeological aspects of siting, models for radioactive dose computation. See, everything is clearly documented. How you have to go about it? Design basis for inland sites, design basis for coastal sites means very close to the sea. Man-induced events and establishment of design basis events. Influence of site parameters on emergency preparedness, quality assurance in siting, seismic studies and design basis ground motion. See, all aspects have been well thought of and guides are made and these guides, if followed, will assure that siting is done properly. Now, in all these guides, there are requirements one, which are mandatory. Mandatory means these shall be considered. There is no going this way. They are mandatory, like wind, flood, earthquake. So, these things have to be considered and in the design of the plan, you have to design for that much seismic condition, that much wind loading, you have to design. If there is a flood, you have to take that consideration and you have to see that your plan does not get damaged or your safety is not jeopardized. Then, there are some desirable requirement like distance from a chemical factory. Maybe it is not that much. So, let us say, we have put some 5 kilometers. Let us say, it is about 4.5 kilometers. We think twice whether it is really and what sort of a factory is this, whether really it can cause. So, here, based on the what you call local situation, local conditions, we can do some adjustments. So, these are all design, but if at all they are altered, there will be a means, there should not be an economic penalty. Now, the design basis parameters normally, which we get like floods, earthquakes and all, they are all have a concept of mean recurrence interval. This mean recurrence interval is what? It is the mean time between two consecutive occurrences of that event. An earthquake has happened now after how much time it again happens. So, it, what is the magnitude? What is the average over the different earthquakes? So, all these data, we get based on the seismological observations, which have been done and records kept. Now, as I mentioned, you have to evaluate the site with reference to storage aspects, safety aspects of storage of fuel. In fact, storage of material for the plant, later for the fuel, not only the fresh fuel, the spent fuel. Spend fuel would need cooling, there could be radioactive waste, which have generated. How you are going to handle all these aspects? So, when you say a nuclear power plant, it does not mean the plant alone, all these waste handling facilities, the spent fuel, everything needs to be considered. We have to evaluate the site, whether all these things can be there. So, it is not the nuclear plant alone. Now, what, how do you ensure is by engineering the site, we can alter the some of the features of the site and evaluate the site to satisfy the different conditions. Again, I repeat, the mandatory conditions cannot be violated. The desirable conditions can be adjusted here, again looking at a local condition. If we are not able to satisfy the mandatory conditions, surely we either go to a different site, we do not consider that site. Now, let us come to the individual aspects, earthquakes. Now, in our country, unlike Japan, this is not a very frequent event, it is a low probability event, but of course, earthquake can cause severe consequences. Now, how does the earthquake happen? The earth's crust composes of different stratas and different plates and normally, they move slowly relative to each other depending on the pressures which are there, stresses which are within the core of the earth. Now, the movement happens at different speeds, somewhere like 1 to 16 centimetres per year. When the movement is high of the plates, they can converge or they can diverge and this happens because they move at different speeds, all the layers do not move at the same speed, they are at different speeds. So, when this happens, there is a stress built up. Potential energy is built up in the plate and this exceeds that capacity of that plate stress, which it can withstand. It ruptures, the plate ruptures and the ruptures reach to the release of the energy and the ruptured portions, they move with respect to each other and displace and this displacement finally is what you call as earthquakes and these plate boundaries could be either on the land or could be under the sea. Normally, tsunamis happen when they are under the sea. Now, you must have heard the word epicenter. Suppose, when it is happening on the land, of course, it is happening below the ground and the corresponding point on the land is what we call as a epicenter. But suppose, this one was happening in the sea, the point corresponding to that is called as hypocenter or focus. Then, the ruptured area is called as a fault area or fault line. We say, where is the fault line from Kalpakam? Where is the fault line from Kudangulam? Like that, we ask ourselves. So, the severity of the earthquake, again, is how much it is away from the epicenter or hypocenter. So, you need to locate it away because from the history of earthquakes, we do have where is the epicenter and where is the hypocenter. Now, in these earthquakes, for the design purposes, we consider two types of earthquakes. One is called as a safe shutdown earthquake and other is called as an operating base earthquake. These are called as OBE, Operation Base Earthquake, Safe Shedown. Earthquake is SSE. Now, the Safe Shedown earthquake or those earthquakes, which have got a large return period, something like once in some 10,000 years. So, they are very rare. That means, they can happen. So, for that condition of what you call ground motion, which we represented as a G, acceleration of gravity in terms of the 0.1 G, 0.2 G. So, we design all the components, which are involved in the safe shutdown of the plant should operate under that condition of a safe shutdown earthquake. So, the idea is, under this condition, which can happen very rarely, our radiological risk is to be, to the public should be kept below the acceptable level. So, only safety systems are designed for this sort of an earthquake. The other one, which I called as OBE or Operational Base Earthquake with a return interval of about 100 years, all plant components are designed to function when subjected to OBE. So, every site-specific response spectra we derived based on the measurements at that site and we have the time history, all these things we use. Now, I mentioned something about called liquefaction. What is this liquefaction? See, it is the settlement of the ground in areas where you have loose sand or silt, which happens because of an earthquake and it can settle down. So, the liquefaction potential of different sites is evaluated should earthquake thing happen, whether the soil conditions are such, whether it can liquefact. So, liquefaction can occur or not. This is done and in case liquefaction occurs, we reject the site. Then, the geological hazards, basically geological hazards are those which can cause damage to life and property, landslides, which are very common in the Himalayas. Then, rocks rolling down the hills, rock falls, then avalanche, then sand dune migration, all these things happen. Again, based on the geology of the place, then we have to look whether there is something called as slope instability, like land rock, slides, land erosion or snow, avalanche due to snow. Not only a rock avalanche, it could be snow avalanche. So, these things, whether can happen at that site and we have to assess these effects using very reliable methods of an investigation and we have to see the analysis of the plant, whether the plant can withstand this. Then, we also investigate the site for subsidence due to what is called as a geological feature called cursed. What is cursed? It is a type of landscape that is formed by dissolution of soluble rocks. All rocks are not solid. Some rocks would be real solids, some rocks can, in case of water, sweeps, it can become acidic and it reacts and forms carbonic acid with the water and it can maybe the rock can be soluble. Now, once it is rock is soluble, it forms a cave in that area and so, if it forms a cave, you can have, the ground can subside, it can push, come in down. So, this is need to be checked very much for the geological condition. So, you see how much of site investigations we need to do before we finalize a plant, nuclear power plant. We follow this thoroughly through the thick and thin. It is very important, it takes some time, but we do that. Then, meteorology. Of course, meteorology deals with the weather, the weather conditions, the climatic conditions throughout the year, how the wind speed, the wind direction, the rainfall, any storms, any cyclones and how, what is the maximum temperature, what is the minimum temperature. All these data for quite a large number of years we have and we see whether the maximum flood level that can happen at the site, whether I can engineer my plant. Normally, we try to find out what is the maximum design basis flood at a place, maximum wind loading at a place and without much economic investment, I can design the plant economic penalty, I can design the plant, I will design the plant. Engineering is not difficult, but if it is going to be highly costly, I would not like to do it. So, all the structures which are important to safety are to be designed to withstand the extreme values, no, there is no what you call margin in that. It has to be totally met. We can have an upper margin, but not anything to the lesser one. So, all these conditions, even snow, it can be snow, if it is going to be located in a place very close to the hills or the northern side, snow can settle on the what you call dome of the reactor and it can, the dome can fail. This snow will add a loading to the plant. So, it is very important and not only that, if you have a high wind and you have some steel yard nearby, the very large amount of wind can lift the steel plates, they can missiles. The projectiles could be happening. So, the missile hazard and the potential hazard of because of these flying objects in case of a very large wind needs to be kept in mind while choosing the site. In summary, what we have seen in this talk is the different stages of site evaluation We also had a look at what sort of criteria's are applied like from the fault, earthquake fault center, how minimum distance it should be, how much it should be distant, minimum distance from a, let us say a toxic chemical factory. Not only that, how much distance it should be from an air field. For example, now you take our Kalpakam site. After the establishment once the site of Kalpakam was decided, now in the air routes, normal flights, no flights is allowed in the direction of Kalpakam. The aerial routes are away from Kalpakam. So, air corridor is not anywhere above Kalpakam. Of course, during surveillance, as a part of the, our security, we do surveillance in helicopters above the plant, we go around, see any activities going on, all that we do, but that's only a plant event. But normally, we don't have any normal flights going about the Kalpakam plant. So, we have all these rejection criteria's, but we also look at the social aspect like pilgrimage center and our monuments which should be preserved. We don't know. So, we looked at the different rejection criteria's. Then we looked at the earthquake, earthquake, how an earthquake is cast, how the energy is built up and how it can cause failure, damage to property. Then we had a look at the geological criteria's which are the geological conditions which need to be looked into from the idea of sliding rocks, avalanche, etc. Then the meteorological considerations, the wind, the flood, etc. So, we saw all this. So, with this, I conclude my talk on these sighting aspects. Thank you.