 Now let's make a list of the things that happen in pro-phase. I do have a visual here for you. Every visual that you look at is going to represent things a little bit differently and their models of a process so they're imperfect. In fact an awesome challenge is to look at pictures and try to figure out where where the image doesn't match accurate science because none of it does. Like you do the best you can with your art but you're always missing some stuff. So we're going to use these imperfect images. The other thing that I think is really challenging about this is to remember that the whole thing is a cycle. We're still in the cycle. We're still in the cell cycle process. We just zoomed in and we're going to check out what's happening in this stage. Because it's a cycle where does it stop and where does it end? And it can get really irritating because you have to make a call. You have to decide like okay what are the hints that this is in the certain stage because the whole thing it's not like the cell goes, okay, hey everybody, I'm in pro-phase now. It's like the cell was in interface and starts to go into pro-phase but a whole bunch of stuff has to happen and that's a process and you can be in early pro-phase and you can be in late pro-phase and then they made up this new one, pro-metaphase which is just late pro-phase in my brain, but I didn't want to not include it because you will see pro-metaphase out there and I didn't want you to be like, oh my god, I don't know what pro-metaphase is. It's just late pro-phase or I don't think of it as early metaphase. I think metaphase is super clear, but whatever, it's late pro-phase. All right. You could just look at this and you could go, okay, what are some things that are happening? First and most important, what did I tell you the state of the DNA was in during interface? I'm just gonna draw it up here. Here's Pictionary. We're playing Pictionary, folks. Loose chromatin, all of the DNA was in the form of loose chromatin during interface. So what is it still in the form of loose chromatin? Dude, here's an example of like what what are those dots and why are they drawing it like dots instead of a tangle? That was the artist's choice or perhaps the technology's limitations, whatever. I definitely would draw tangle instead, but the chromosomes are condensing. That's probably the most significant and important thing that starts happening in pro-phase. Chromosomes condense. Oh man, I just said chromosomes. I think that it's better to say the DNA condenses. But because chromosome is just a strand. Ah, it's either loose or tight. It starts getting tight and they start winding up and they're distinguishable. You can tell them apart. And why do we have, look, what do you notice? Each chromosome has sister chromatids. There's my centromere in the middle. And each one has sister chromatids, which means the identical copy produced during synthesis of interface that identical copy is still attached to it. Okay, what do you notice? Again, this is probably most valuable if we had, um, you know, a cell and interface to compare in the first place. But what do you notice about the nuclear envelope? Dude, it's disappearing. Dude, how do I spell disappear? I put two S's but I don't think there are two S's in disappearing. But it's disappearing. And I think this is really weird when you think about structures that form boundaries when they disappear the edges are gone so it's almost like in a weird way when the nuclear envelope disintegrates the nucleus is gone. The contents of the nucleus aren't gone. So the DNA is still there. Those chromosomes are still there, but the nucleus isn't there anymore. So the chromosomes are out and they're floating around in the cytoplasm. I need to show you somebody else. This little giddy up. We get structures called centrioles. That's the orange thing. They literally look like two little logs that are in like right angles to each other. They're cytoskeletal parts. The centrioles and there's two sets. So there's two centrioles and they migrate to the poles of the cell. So they're moving to the edge or whatever across from each other like the north pole and the south pole of the cell. They're moving so that they're as far apart from each other as possible in the cell. They have associated with them these little the little what do you call these? They look like little spider legs. They have spider legs associated with them called spindle fibers. These are also just pieces of cytoskeleton and these are important ultimately the centriole and the spindle fibers. So they're all associated together. The spindle fibers are actually going to attach to the centromere of the chromosomes. Now think about that like go ahead and just predict in your brain what what could be happening here? These centrioles and their spindle fibers move to the poles and those little spindle fibers are going to grow out and they're going to attach to the central mirror of each chromosome. And so each chromosome is going to be attached to both sides. Interesting. Okay I'm gonna just let you think on that. Let's see if there really is anything. Is there anything that's happened here in pro metaphase? That's different than prophase It's just farther along in the process. Do you agree with that? It looks like the spindle fibers have grown out They're starting to maybe even attach to the chromosome Um, the nuclear envelope is more disappeared. The DNA is all condensed into these logs these dense logs I don't think there's anything else that has happened But those are really really important things if I think of more things we'll add them in Let's go look at an onion really fast and let's see if we can find some cells that are in prophase Okay, it's like going Easter egg hunting. I'm not kidding. I get really excited. Does that surprise you? So I'm gonna zoom in here so that you can see The yellowish lines this is an onion. So we're talking a plant cell, right? And you can see the boxes the boxes are the cell walls You can see I'm just gonna write that in here cell wall the purple circles like all around We see purple circles. Do you agree? But they're they look different from each other, right? Like there's weird stuff going on here. What? These are the nuclei And actually the purple is The DNA Because remember how I was like dude the nuclear envelope disappears. Do you even have a nucleus anymore? I don't know, but I kind of still see circles all over in here Do you agree that we got like what there's so many different things going on here? I'm gonna show you two things I'm gonna show you what the cells in interface look like that's gonna be important to us, isn't it? So um, I'm going to I'm gonna highlight. I guess we'll do a highlight of a nucleus in interface Here's another one Here's another one This one looks like it's probably an interface I'm definitely going that one's an interface Interphase interface interface. I mean What are most of these cells in? Most of them are in interface. I'm just gonna go ahead and make myself a little note right here That these are interface When you're looking at a slide There are a couple things you can look for kind of a smear like you can't see Like it looks almost smooth purple You can't see any kind of log. It doesn't look like there's any logs anywhere and often You can see the nucleolus. I'm going to circle the nucleolus If you can see the nucleolus sometimes there's more than one nucleolus If you can see the nucleolus That's a really good sign that you're still in interface Attach nucleolus to like kind of You know not real Defined these are definitely in interface This one right here looks like something might be starting to happen the do you see how it looks a little different like the The dna looks different. The nucleus looks different Interphase is where most things are And I can't help it. It really is like all of these are in interface now I was just about to Click on this one. I'm going to draw a box around it. This is the one I want to look at I was just about to be like, oh look at them all in interface This one's in interface This one's in interface You get a car You get a car But the one that I put a box around in the middle what what is what's What about that one? Why did I put a box around it? I'll tell you it's in prophase In fact, let's put a p on there What's your clue? I can't I don't know I wouldn't use the nucleolus as my clue as my You know it should be gone But depending on what stage of prophase you're in it might not be all the way gone yet, but what is definitely happening The dna is condensing into chromosome logs and you can see that because these purple Blobs are starting to look like logs now chromosomes Oops, you can't see that chromosomes Not in prophase But you will see what phase that is in To organized for prophase prophase Here's another prophase Starting to condense. There's not much organization to the chromosomes yet But they're definitely starting to condense Okay, prophase. Here's another prophase There's actually Many of them but many more in interface. Okay, how do you feel like you can totally identify some of these and it takes practice You can do it After we condense and get rid of our nucleus We're heading and we went through pro metaphase because whatever Now we're going to go to metaphase. Let's see what happens Predict guess what's going to happen in mememem metaphase