 Section 17 of THE HANDY PSYCHOLOPEDIA OF THINGS WORTH KNOWING THE STEPPS IN THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LIBERTY Magna Carta. About seven hundred years ago there was organized a movement which resulted in the great charter of English liberty, a movement which foreshadowed the battle of our American forefathers for political independence. On the twenty-fifth of August, twelve-thirteen, the Prelates and Barons, tiring of the tyranny and vacillation of King John, formed a council and passed measures to secure their rights. After two years of contest, with many vicissitudes, the Barons entered London and the King fled into Hampshire. By agreement both parties met at Runnymede on the ninth of June, twelve-fifteen, and after several days' debate, on June fifteenth, Magna Carta, the great charter, the glory of England, was signed and sealed by the sovereign. The Magna Carta is a comprehensive Bill of Rights, and, though crude in form and with many clauses of merely local value, its spirit still lives and will live. Clear and prominent we find the motto, No Tax Without Representation. The original document is in Latin and contains sixty-one articles, of which the thirty-ninth and fortieth, embodying the very marrow of our own state constitutions, are here given as translated in the English Statutes. 39. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, or be dizziest of his freehold, or liberties or free customs, or be otherwise distroped, damaged, nor will be press upon him nor seize upon him, condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. 40. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man, either right or justice. The great charter recognizes a popular tribunal as a check on the official judges, and may be looked upon as the foundation of the writ of habeas corpus. It provides that no one is to be condemned on rumour or suspicion, but only on the evidence of witnesses. It affords protection against excessive emersements, illegal distresses, and various processes for debts and service due to the crown. Fines are in all cases to be proportionate to the magnitude of the offence, and even the villain or rustic is not to be deprived of his necessary chattels. There are provisions regarding the forfeiture of land for felony. The testamentary power of the subject is recognized over part of his personal estate, and the rest to be divided between his widow and children. The independence of the church is also provided for. These are the most important features of the great charter, which, exacted by men with arms in their hands from a resisting king, occupies so conspicuous a place in history, which establishes the supremacy of the law of England over the will of the monarch, and which still forms the basis of English liberties. The Mecklenburg Declaration. More than a year before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, a document was drawn up that was almost a model in phraseology and sentiment of the great charter of American freedom. There are various accounts of this matter, but the most trustworthy is this. At a public meeting of the residents of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, held at Charlotte on the 20th of May, 1775, it was, quote, resolved that whenever directly or indirectly abetted or in any way, form or manner, countenanced, the uncharted and undangerous invasion of our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to our country, to America, and to the inherent and inalienable rights of man. Resolved that we, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby dissolve the political bonds which have connected us to the mother country, and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, and abjure all political connection, contract, or association with that nation, which has wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties, and inhumanely shed the blood of American patriots at Lexington. That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent people, our and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-governing association under the control of no power other than that of our God, and the general government of the Congress, to the maintenance of which independence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual cooperation, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." There are two other resolutions concerning the militia and the administration of the law, but these, having no present value, are here omitted. The Declaration of Independence, in Congress, July 4th, 1776. When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. Prudence indeed will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes, and accordingly all experience has shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to write themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, events as a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them, formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such disillusions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise, the state remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states, for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising conditions of new appropriation of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and to eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has effected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. For protecting them by mock trial from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world. For imposing taxes on us without our consent. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury. For transporting us beyond the seas to be tried for pretended offenses. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbouring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments. For suspending our own legislatures and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting an attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our immigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connection and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, calling to the supreme judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of the Congress, and grossed, and signed by the following members. John Hancock, New Hampshire, Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, Massachusetts Bay, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treet Payne, Elbridge Jerry, Rhode Island, Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery, Connecticut, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott, New York, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris, New Jersey, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark, Pennsylvania, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross, Delaware, Caesar Rodney, George Reed, Thomas McKean, Maryland, Samuel Chase, William Peco, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Virginia, George Wyve, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton, North Carolina, William Hooper, Joseph Hughes, John Penn, South Carolina, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hayward Jr., Thomas Lynch Jr., Arthur Middleton, Georgia, Button Gwynett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. The following clause formed part of the original Declaration of Independence as signed, but was finally left out of the printed copies out of respect to South Carolina. He, King George III, has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere or to incur miserable death in their transportation fither. End of Section 17 Section 18 of The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing by Joseph Treanance. Section 18 The United States Constitution Articles 1 and 2 The Constitution of the United States We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article 1 Section 1 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representative and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative, and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three. Massachusetts, eight. Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one. Connecticut, five. New York, six. New Jersey, four. Pennsylvania, eight. Delaware, one. Maryland, six. Virginia, ten. North Carolina, five. South Carolina, five. And Georgia, three. Four. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue rits of election to fill such vacancies. Five. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section three. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years, and each senator shall have one vote. Two. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year, and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. Three. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. Four. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. Five. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro-tempoor, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the President of the United States. Six. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Seven. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States, but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Four. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations except as to the places of choosing senators. Two. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meetings shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint the different day. Section 5. One. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Two. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Three. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, accepting such parts as in their judgment require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Four. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section 6. One. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services to be ascertained by law and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same, and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. Two. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time, and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Section 7. One. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Two. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States. If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by Ye's and Ne's, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill be entered on the journal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days, Sundays accepted, after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Three. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and the House of Representatives may be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repast by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The Congress shall have power, one, to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States, but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. Two. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. Three. To regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states and with the Indian tribes. Four. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. Five. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and a foreign coin and fix the standard of weights and measures. Six. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. Seven. To establish post offices and post roads. Eight. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. Nine. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. Ten. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations. Eleven. To declare war, grant letters of mark and reprisal and make rules concerning captures on land and water. Twelve. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. Thirteen. To provide and maintain a navy. Fourteen. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. Fifteen. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. Sixteen. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia and foregoverning such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. Seventeen. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district, not exceeding ten miles of square, as may, by session of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States. And to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings. And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sechon Nine. One. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but attacks or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. Two. The privilege of the writ of happiest corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Three. No bill of attainder or expost facto law shall be passed. Four. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census or enumeration here and before directed to be taken. Five. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. Six. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another. Nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. Seven. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law, and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public monies shall be published from time to time. Eight. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall without the consent of the Congress except of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince, or foreign State. Seven. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation, grant letters of mark and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a tender and payment of debts, pass any bill of attainder, expost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. Two. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of any duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Section I. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows. Two. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress. But no Senator or Representative or person holding an Office of Trust or Prophet under the United States shall be appointed an Elector. Three. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if there be more than one who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President, and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of all the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice President. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President. Neither shall any person be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. Six. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and the Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. Seven. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emoluments from the United States, or any of them. Eight. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath, or affirmation. I do solemnly swear, or affirm, that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. Section Two. One. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States. He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. Two. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur, and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other Public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. Three. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Three. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all officers of the United States. Four. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. End of Section 18. Section 19 of The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing by Joseph Treenins. Published in 1911. Section 19. The U.S. Constitution Articles 3-7. Article 3. Section 1. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance of office. Section 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties or which shall be made under their authority, to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, to controversies to which the United States shall be a party, to controversies between two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state, under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in a state where the said crime shall have been committed, but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in leviying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainer of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained. Article 4. Section 1. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state, and the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved and the effect thereof. Section 2. 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the state from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any laws or regulations therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom he fled. Section 3. 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union, but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of Congress. Section 4. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a Republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion. Section 4. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a Republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature or of the executive when the legislature cannot be convened against domestic violence. Article 5. 1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of the states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress, provided that no amendment and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the fifth article, and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article 6. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States and Federation. 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges of every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution, or laws of any state, to the contrary, not senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article 7. The convention of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the 17th day of December in the year of our lord 1787, and of independence of the United States of America the 12th. In witness whereof we have hereon too subscribed our names. George Washington, President, and Deputy from Virginia. Amendments. Article 1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievance. Article 2. The well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article 4. The rights of the people to bear in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article 5. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger, nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article 6. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and District wherein the crime shall have been committed, which District shall have been previously ascertained by the law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article 7. In suits at common law where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States then according to the rules of the common law. Article 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. Article 9. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article 10. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. The preceding ten amendatory articles were proposed to the legislatures of the States by the First Congress September 25th, 1789 and notification of ratification received from all the States except Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts. Article 11. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Proposed by the Third Congress and Congress notified of its adoption January 8th, 1798. Article 12. 1. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice President and of the number of votes for each which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have such majority then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by states the representation from each state having one vote. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states and a majority of all states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice President. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the number of Senators and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States proposed by the Eighth Congress and declared adopted September 23, 1804 by proclamation of the Secretary of State. Article 13 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation proposed by the 38th Congress and declared adopted December 18, 1865 by proclamation of the Secretary of State. Article 14 Section 1 All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States or shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2 Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers counting the whole number of persons in each state excluding Indians not taxed for the choice of electors for president and vice president of the United States representatives in Congress the executive and judicial officers of a state or the members of the legislature thereof is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States or in any way abridge except for participation and rebellion or other crime the basis of representation therein is reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Section 3 No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress or a lector of president and vice president or hold any office civil or military under the United States or under any state who having previously taken an oath of the United States or as a member of any state legislature or as an executive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof but Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house remove such disability. Section 4 the validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection and rebellion shall not be questioned but neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave but all such debts obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5 the Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article proposed by the 39th Congress and declared adopted by concurrent resolution of Congress July 21, 1868 Article 15 Section 1 the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race color or previous condition of servitude. Section 2 the Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation proposed by the 40th Congress and declared adopted by proclamation of the Secretary of State March 30, 1870 and of Section 19 Section 20 of the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org recorded by Julian Jameson the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing by Joseph Trianon's first in 1911 working men easily gulled who fought for King George in 1776 working people what interest did they have in being ruled by him none why then did they risk their lives for him because he hired them where did the king get the money to pay them by taxing them then they really paid themselves for fighting certainly in every war ever fought the working people paid the expenses quote what constitutes a state men who their duties know but know their rights and knowing dare maintain unquote Jones Jefferson's political policy one of all human beings two the people the only source of power three no hereditary offices nor order of nobility nor title four no unnecessary taxation five no national banks or bonds six no costly splendor of administration seven freedom of thought and discussion eight civil authority superior to the military nine no favoured classes no special privileges no monopolies ten free and fair elections universal suffrage eleven no public money spent without warrant of law twelve no mysteries in government hidden from the public eye thirteen representatives bound by the instructions of their constituents fourteen the constitution of the united states a special grant of powers limited and definite fifteen freedom sovereignty and independence of the respective states sixteen absolute severance of church and state seventeen the union a compact not a consolidation nor a centralization eighteen moderate salaries economy and strict accountability nineteen gold and silver currency supplemented by treasury notes bearing no interest and bottomed on taxes twenty banks of issue twenty one no expensive navy or diplomatic establishment twenty two a progressive or graduated tax laid upon wealth twenty three no internal revenue system a complete separation of public monies from bank funds presidents of the united states declaration of independence july fourth seventeen seventy six general washington first president seventeen eighty nine seventeen ninety three john adams seventeen ninety seven thomas jefferson eighteen oh one and eighteen oh five james madison eighteen oh nine and eighteen thirteen james munrow eighteen seventeen twenty one john quincey adams eighteen twenty five general andrew jackson eighteen twenty nine and eighteen thirty three martin van buren eighteen thirty seven general william henry harrison died fourth april eighteen forty one john tyler elected as vice president eighteen forty one james nox polk eighteen forty five general zachary taylor died ninth july eighteen fifty eighteen forty nine millard philmore elected as vice president eighteen fifty general franklin pierce eighteen fifty three james bucanon eighteen fifty seven abraham lincoln assassinated fourteenth april eighteen sixty five eighteen sixty one and eighteen sixty five andrew johnson elected as vice president eighteen sixty five general ulysses s grant eighteen sixty nine and eighteen seventy three rutherford b haze eighteen seventy seven general j abram garfield died nineteenth september eighteen eighty one eighteen eighty one general chester a arthur elected as v prez eighteen eighty one grover cleveland eighteen eighty five benjamin h harrison eighteen eighty nine grover cleveland eighteen ninety three william mckinley elected eighteen ninety seven reelected nineteen oh one assassinated september fourteenth nineteen oh one theodore roosevelt elected vice president nineteen oh one became president september fourteenth nineteen oh one theodore roosevelt elected nineteen oh five william h taft nineteen oh nine facts about the liberty bell cast by thomas lester whitechapel london arrived in philadelphia in august seventeen fifty two first used in state house philadelphia august twenty seventh seventeen fifty two twice recast by pass and snow philadelphia to repair crack september seventeen fifty two muffled and told october fifth seventeen sixty five on arrival of ship royal charlotte with stamps muffled and told october thirty first seventeen sixty five when stamp act was put in operation summoned meeting to prevent landing of cargo of tea from the ship poly december twenty seventh seventeen seventy four summoned meeting of patriots april twenty fifth seventeen seventy five after battle of lexington proclaimed declaration of independence and the birth of a new nation at great ratification meeting july eighth seventeen seventy six first journey from philadelphia made in september seventeen seventy seven to allentown pennsylvania to escape captured by the british returned june twenty seventh seventeen seventy eight proclaimed treaty of peace april sixteenth seventeen eighty three told for the death of washington december twenty sixth seventeen ninety nine rung on the fiftieth anniversary of the declaration of independence july fourth eighteen twenty six last used in tolling for the death of john marshal july eighth eighteen thirty five principal tours to norleans in eighteen eighty five chicago eighteen ninety three atlanta eighteen ninety five boston nineteen oh two st lewis nineteen oh four how the presidents died george washington's death was the result of a severe cold contracted while riding around his farm in a rain and sleet storm on december tenth seventeen ninety nine the cold increased and was followed by a chill which brought on acute laryngitis he died at the age of sixty eight on december fourteenth seventeen ninety nine john adams died from old age having reached his ninety first milestone though active mentally he was nearly blind and unable to hold a pen steadily enough to write he passed away without pain on july fourth eighteen twenty six thomas jefferson died at the age of eighty three a few hours before adams on july fourth eighteen twenty six his disease was chronic diarrhea super induced by old age and his physician said the two free use of the waters of the white sulfur springs james madison also died of old age and peacefully on june twenty eighth eighteen thirty six his faculties were undimmed to the last he was eighty five james munn rose demise which occurred in the seventy third year of his age on july fourth eighteen thirty one was assigned to enfeebled health john quincy adams was stricken with paralysis on february twenty first eighteen forty eight while addressing the speaker of the house of representatives being at the time a member of congress he died in the rotunda of the capital he was eighty one years of age andrew jackson died on june eight eighteen forty five seventy eight years old he suffered from consumption and finally dropped the which made its appearance about six months martin van buren died on july twenty fourth eighteen sixty two from a violent attack of asthma followed by cataral affections of the throat and lungs he was eighty years of age william henry harrison's death was caused by pleurisy the result of a cold which he caught on the day of his inauguration this was accompanied with severe diarrhea which would not yield to medical treatment he died on april fourth eighteen forty one a month after his inauguration he was sixty eight years of age john tyler died on january seventeenth eighteen sixty two at the age of seventy two cause of death bilious colic james k. polk was stricken with a slight attack of cholera in the spring of eighteen forty nine while on a boat going up the mississippi river though temporarily relieved he had a relapse on his return home and died on june fifteenth eighteen forty nine aged fifty four years zachery taylor was the second president to die in office he is said to have partaken immoderately of ice water and iced milk and then later of a large quantity of cherries the result was an attack of cholera morbis he was sixty six years old millard philmore died from a stroke of paralysis on march eighth eighteen seventy four in his seventy fourth year franklin pierce's death was due to abdominal dropsy and occurred on october eight eighteen sixty nine in the sixty fifth year of his age james bucanon's death occurred on june first eighteen sixty eight and was caused by rheumatic gout he was seventy seven years of age abraham lincoln was shot by jay wilkes booth at ford's theater washington dc on april fourteenth eighteen sixty five and died the following day aged fifty six anju johnson died from a stroke of paralysis july thirty first eighteen seventy five aged sixty seven u.s. grant died of cancer of the tongue at mount mcgregor new york july third eighteen eighty five james a garfield was shot by charles jay gito on july second eighteen eighty one died september nineteen eighteen eighty one chester a arthur who succeeded garfield died suddenly of apoplexy in new york city november eighteenth eighteen eighty six rutherford b. haze died january seventeenth eighteen oh three the result of a severe cold contracted in cleveland ohio benjamin harrison died march 13th nineteen oh one cause of death pneumonia william mckinley was assassinated september fourteenth nineteen oh one grover cleveland died on june twenty fourth nineteen oh eight of debility aged seventy one end of section twenty section twenty one of the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing this is a libra vox recording all libra vox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit libra vox dot org the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing by joseph trenan's published in nineteen eleven who is the author the following literary curiosity found its way recently into the query column of a boston newspaper nobody seems to know who wrote it oh i wish i wasn't eaten where all the beasts is feeding the pigs and cows and asses and the long tail bull what tosses the bulldog and the rabbit where lions tigers monkeys and them long-eared things called donkeys meet all together daily with crocodiles all scaly where sparrows on the bushes sing to their mates the thrushes and hawks and little wrens walks about like hawks and ends when looking at the other for all the world like a brother where no quarrel is or fighting it's true what i'm a writin oh for a walk at even somewhere about six or seven when the sun be gone to bed with his face all fiery red oh for the grapes and raisins what ripens at all seasons the apples and the plums as big as my two thumbs the hay precocks and peaches what all within our reaches and we mop pick and eat paying nothing for the treat oh for the pooty flowers a blooming at all hours so that a large bouquet you may gather any day of every flower that blows from cauliflower to rose the art of not forgetting a brief but comprehensive treatise based on loist's famous system of memory culture so much has been said about loist's memory system the art has been so widely advertised and so carefully guarded from all the profane who do not send five or many dollars to the professor that a few pages showing how man may be his own loisette may be both interesting and valuable in the first place the system is a good one and well worth the labor of mastering and if the directions are implicitly followed there can be no doubt that the memory will be greatly strengthened and improved and that the mnemonic feeds otherwise impossible may be easily performed loisette however is not an inventor but an introducer he stands in the same relation to Dr. Pick that the retail dealer holds to the manufacturer the one produced the article the other brings it to the public even the statement is not quite fair to loisette for he has brought much practical common sense to bear upon Pick's system and in preparing the new art of mnemonics for the market in many ways he has made it his own if each man would reflect upon the method by which he himself remembers things he would find his hand upon the key of the whole mystery for instance I was once trying to remember the word blithe there occurred to my mind the words bellman bell and the verse the peasant upward climbing here's the bells of bullish chiming bear carol, bearic and so on until finally the word blithe presented itself with a strange insistence long after I had ceased trying to recall it on another occasion when trying to recall the name Richardson I got the words Heyrick, Robertson, Randallstown and finally wealthy from which naturally I got rich and Richardson almost in a breath still another example trying to recall the name of an old schoolmate Grady I got Brady, Grave, Gaseous, Gastronome, Gracious and I finally abandoned the attempt simply saying to myself that it began with a G and there was an A sound after it the next morning when thinking of something entirely different this name Grady came up in my mind with as much distinctiveness as though someone had whispered it in my ear this remembering was done without any conscious effort on my part and was evidently the result of the exertion made the day before when the mnemonic processes were put to work every reader must have had a similar experience which he can recall and which will fall in line with the examples given it follows then that when we endeavor without the aid of any system to recall a forgotten factor name our memory presents to us words of similar sound or meaning in its journey toward the goal to which we have started it this goes to show that our ideas are arranged in groups in whatever secret cavity or recess of the brain they occupy and that the arrangement is not an alphabetical one exactly and not entirely by meaning but after some fashion partaking of both if you are looking for the word meadow you may reach middle before you come to it or Mexico or many words beginning with the M sound or containing the Dow as window or dough or you may get field or farm and if you do not interfere with your intellectual processes you will finally come to the idea which you were seeking how often if you heard people say I forgot his name it is something like beagle or beagle at any rate it begins with a B each and all of these were unconscious and they were practicing blindly and without proper method or direction the excellent system which he teaches the thing then to do and it is the final and simple truth is to travel over this ground in the other direction to cement the fact which you wish to remember to some other factor word which you know will be brought out by the implied conditions and thus you will always be able to travel from your given starting point to the thing which you wish to call to mind it seems as though a channel were cut in our mind stuff along which the memory flows how to construct an easy channel for any event or series of events or facts which one wishes to remember along which the mind will ever after travel is the secret of mnemonics though I sat in common with all the mnemonic teachers uses the old device of representing numbers by letters and as this is the first and easiest step in the art this seems to be the most logical place to introduce the accepted equivalence of the Arabic numerals 0 is always represented by s, z or a c soft 1 is always represented by t, th or d 2 is always represented by n 3 is always represented by m 4 is always represented by r 5 is always represented by l 6 is always represented by s, h, j h soft or g soft 7 is always represented by g hard, k, c hard q or final in g 8 is always represented by f or v 9 is always represented by p or b all the other letters are used simply to fill up double letters in a word count only as 1 in fact the system goes by sound not by spelling for instance this or dizzy would stand for 10 catch or gush would stand for 76 and the only difficulty is to make some word or phrase which will contain only the significant letters in the proper order filled out with the non-significance into some guise of meaning or intelligibility you can remember the equivalence given above by noting that z is the first letter of 0 and c of cipher t has but one stroke n has 2, m, 3 the script f is very like 8 the script p like 9 r is the last letter of 4 l is the roman numeral for 50 which suggests 5 the others may be retained by memorizing these non-sense lines 6 shy juices chase George 7 great kings came quarreling suppose you wish to get some phrase or word that would express the number 3685 you arrange the letters this way 3, 6 8, 5 m, a, s, h a, f a, 1 e, e, j e, v, e i, i c, h, i i o, o, g o, o u, u, u h, h, h, h w, w, w w, w x, x, x, x y, y, y, y y you can make out image of law my shuffle match fill, etc, etc as far as you like to work it out now suppose you wish to memorize the fact that 1 million dollars in gold weighs 3685 pounds you could go about it in this way and here is the kernel and crux of Leuset's system the process is simplicity itself the thing you wish to recall and that you fear to forget is the weight consequently you submit your chain of suggestion to the idea which is most prominent in your mental question what do you weigh with? scales what does the mental picture of scales suggest? the statue of justice blindfolded and weighing out award and punishment to man finally what is the statute of justice the statute of justice finally what is the statute of justice but the image of law and the words image of law translated back from the significant letters of m, g, soft, f, and 1 give you 3685 the number of pounds in 1 billion dollars in gold you bind together in your mind each separate step in the journey the one suggests the other and you will find a year from now that the fact will be as fresh in your memory as it is today mark that it is not claimed that weight will of itself suggest scales and scale statue of justice etc but that having once passed your attention up and down the ladder of ideas your mental tendency will be to take the same route and get to the same goal again and again indeed beginning with the weight of 1 million dollars image of law will turn up in your mind without your consciousness of any intermediate station on the way after some iteration and reiteration of the original chain again so as to fasten the process even more firmly suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the battle of Hastings AD 1066 in the memory 1066 may be represented by the words the wise judge th1s0 j6dg6 the others are non-significance a chain might be made thus battle of Hastings arbitration of war arbitration judgment judgment the wise judge make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, go about it any way you please, so that you will form a mental habit of connecting the battle of Hastings with the idea of arbitration of war and so on for the other links in the chain and the work is done Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily difficult to say nothing of his illogical arrangement in the grammar of the art of memory which he makes the first of his lessons he analyzes suggestion into 1 inclusion all of which looks very scientific and orderly but is really misleading and badly named the truth is that one idea will suggest another 1 by likeness or opposition of meaning as how suggests room or door etc or white suggests black cruel, kind, etc 2 by likeness of sound as Harrow and Barrow, Henry and Hennepin 3 by mental juxtaposition a peculiarity different in each person and depending upon each one's own experiences St. Charles suggests railway bridge to me because I was vividly impressed by the breaking of the Wabash Bridge at that point stable and broken leg come near each other in my experience as do cow and shotgun and licking out of these three sorts of suggestions it is possible to get from any one fact to another in a chain certain and safe along which the mind may be dependent upon afterwards always to follow the chain is of course by no means all it's making and it's binding must be accompanied by a vivid methodically attracted attention which turns all the mental light gettable and a focus upon the subject passing across the mind's screen before Lysette was thought of this was known in the old times in England in order to impress upon the mind of the rising generation the parish boundaries in the rural districts the boys were taken to each of the landmarks in succession the position and bearing of each pointed out carefully and in order to deepen the impression the young people were then in there vigorously thrashed a mechanical method of attracting the attention which was said never to have failed the system has had its supporters in many of the old fashioned schools and there are men who will read these lines who can recall with an itching sense of vivid impression the one hundred and forty four licking which were said to go with the multiplication table in default of a thrashing however the student must cultivate as best he can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact or word or date that he wishes to make permanently his own it is easy it is a matter of habit if you will you can photograph an idea upon your cerebral gelatin so that neither years nor events will blot it out or overlay it you must be clearly and distinctly aware of the thing you are putting into your mental treasure house and drastically certain of the cord by which you have tied it to some other thing of which you are sure unless it is worth your while to do this you might as well abandon any hope of mnemonic improvement which will not come without the hardest kind of work although it is work that will grow constantly easier with practice and reiteration you need then one question two methodic attention three methodic reiteration and this is all there is to Loisette and a great deal it is two of them will not do without the third you do not know how many steps there are from your hall door to your bedroom that you have attended to and often reiterated the journey but if there are twenty of them and you have once bound the word nice or nose or news or hyenas to the fact of the stairway you can never forget it the professor makes a point and very wisely of the importance of working through some established chain so that the whole may be carried away in the mind not alone for the value of the facts so bound together but for the mental discipline so afforded here then is the president series which contains the name and date of inauguration of each president from Washington to Cleveland the manner in which it is to be mastered is this beginning at the top try to find in your mind some connection between each word and the one following it see how you can at some future time make one suggest the next to be found or sense or by mental juxtaposition when you have found this dwell on it attentively for a moment or two pass it backward and forward before you and then go on to the next step the chain runs thus the name of the president being in capitals the date words or date phrases being enclosed in parentheses president chosen for the first word is the one most apt to occur to the mind of anyone wishing to repeat the names of presidents dentist president and dentist draw what does a dentist do when something is drawn from one it is given up this is a date phrase meaning 1789 Washington associate the quality of self sacrifice with Washington character morning wash Washington and wash do early wetness and do flower beds do and flowers took a bouquet flowers and bouquet date phrase 1797 garden bouquet and garden Eden the first garden Adam juxtaposition of thought suggestion by sound fall juxtaposition in thought failure fallen failure deficit upon failure there is usually a deficit date word 1801 debt the consequence of a deficit confederate bond suggestion by meaning Jefferson Davis juxtaposition of thought Jefferson now follow out the rest for yourself taking about 10 at a time and binding those you do last to those you've done before each time before attacking the next bunch Jefferson judge Jeffries bloody assize bereavement too heavy a sob parental grief mad sun Madison Madeira frustrating first rate wine defeating feet toe the line row Monroe row boat steamer side splitting divert annoy harassing Harrison old Harry the tempter the fraud painted clay baked clay tiles Tyler what Tyler poll tax compulsory free will free offering burnt offering poker poke end of dance termination L. Y. adverb part of speech part of a man Taylor measure the delight theophilus bill us fill more more fuel the flame flambo bow arrow pierce hurt feeling wound soldier canon Buchanan rebuke official censor to officiate wedding linked Lincoln civil service ward politician stop them stop procession tough boy little Ben Harry Harrison tip of canoe tariff to knapsack warfield the funnel windpipe throat Quincy Quincy Adams quince fine fruit the fine boy sailor boy sailor Jack tar Jackson Stonewall indomitable tough make Oaken furniture bureau Van Buren rent link stroll seashore take give grant award school premium examination cramming fagging laborer hayfield haze hazy clear vivid brightly lighted campfire warfield Garfield good chow murderer prisoner prison fair half fed well fed well read author Arthur round table teacup half full divide cleave cleveland city of cleveland two twice the heavy shell mollusk unfamiliar word dictionary johnson's johnson son bad son divish bay dishonest boy back mack mckinley kill salgas z's seas ruffian ruffrider rose Roosevelt size heavy fat taft it will be noted that some of the date words as free will only give three figures of the date eight four five but is to be supposed that if the student knows that many figures in a date of pokes inauguration he can guess the other one the curious thing about this system will now become apparent if the reader has learned the series so that he can say it down for him without any further preparation say it backwards from taft up to the commencement there could be no better proof that this is the natural mnemonic system it proves itself by its works the series should be repeated backward and forward every day for a month and should be supplemented by a series of the reader's own making and by this one which gives the number zero to one hundred and which must be chained together before they can be learned zero hose one wheat two hen three home four hair five oil six shoe seven hook eight off nine bee ten daisy eleven tooth twelve dine thirteen time fourteen tower fifteen dell sixteen ditch seventeen duck eighteen dove twenty one hand nineteen tabby twenty hyenas twenty two none twenty three name twenty four owner twenty five nail twenty six hinge twenty seven ink twenty eight knife twenty nine knob thirty muse thirty one mayday thirty two hymen thirty three mama thirty four mare thirty five mill thirty six image thirty seven mug thirty eight muff thirty nine mob forty race forty one heart forty two horn forty three army forty four warrior forty five royal forty six arch forty seven rock forty eight warf forty nine rope fifty wheels fifty one lad fifty two lion fifty three lamb fifty four lair fifty five lily fifty six lodge fifty seven lake fifty eight leaf fifty nine elbow sixty chess sixty one cheat sixty two chains sixty three sham sixty four chair sixty five jail sixty six judge sixty seven jockey sixty eight shave sixty nine ship seventy eggs seventy one gate seventy two gun seventy three comb seventy four hawker seventy five coal seventy six cage seventy seven cake seventy eight coffee seventy nine cube eighty vase eighty one feet eighty two vein eighty three fame eighty four fire eighty five vile eighty six fish eighty seven fig eighty eight fife eighty nine fib ninety piles ninety one putty ninety two pain ninety three bomb ninety four beer ninety five bell ninety six peach ninety eight beef ninety seven book ninety nine pope one hundred diocese by the use of this table which should be committed as thoroughly as the president's series so that it can be repeated backward and forward any date figure or number can be at once constructed and bound by the usual chain to the fact which you wish it to accompany. When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger problems than the simple binding of two facts together there is little in Lloyd's system that is new although there is much that is good. If it is a book that is to be learned as one would prepare for an examination each chapter is to be considered separately. Of each an epitome is to be written in which the writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to reduce the matter in hand to its final skeleton of fact. This he is to commit to memory both by the use of the chain in the old system of interrogation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space of language when boils a chapter or an event down to the final irreducible sediment. Magna Carta was exacted by the Barons from King John at Runnymede. You must now turn this statement this way and that way asking yourself about it every possible and impossible question gravely considering the answers and if you find any part of it especially difficult to remember chaining it to the question which will bring it about. Thus what was expected by the Barons from King John at Runnymede? Magna Carta. By whom was Magna Carta extracted from King John at Runnymede? By the Barons. From whom was et cetera et cetera King John? From what King et cetera et cetera King John? Where was Magna Carta et cetera et cetera at Runnymede? And so on and so on as long as your ingenuity can suggest questions to ask or points of view from which to consider the statement your mind will finally saturate with the information and prepare to spill it out at the first squeeze of the examiner. This however is not new. It was taught in schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born. Old newspaper men will recall in connection with the Horace Greeley Statement that the test of a news item was the clear and satisfactory manner in which a report answers the interrogatories what, when, where, who and why. In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry for example the Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold. Who came down? How did the Assyrian come down? What animal did? Et cetera. And so on and so on until the verses are exhausted of every scrap of information to be had out of them by the most assiduous cross-examination. Whatever the reader may think of the availability or value of this part of the system, there are so many easily applicable tests of the worth of much that Loisette has done that it may be taken with the rest. For example, to give an easy example can remember the value of the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of the circle beyond four places of decimals or at most six, 3.141592. Here is the value to 108 decimal places. By very simple application of the numerical letter of values, these 108 decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled about as fast as you can write them down. All that is to be done is to memorize these nonsense lines. Now translate each significant into its proper value and you have the task accomplished. Mother Day M3. THL. R4. D1. And so on. Mother Day M3. THL. R4. D1. And so on. Mother Day M3. THL. D1. And so on. Learn the lines one at a time by the method of interrogatories. Who will buy any shawl? Which Mrs. Day will buy a shawl? Is Mother Day particular about the sort of shawl she will buy? Then submit the end of each line to the beginning of the next one. Thus shawl, warm garment, warmth, love, my love, and go on as before. Stupid as the work may seem to you, you can memorize the figures in 15 minutes this way so that you will not forget them for 13 years. Similarly you can take Haydn's dictionary of dates and turn fact after fact into nonsense lines like these which you cannot lose. And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. If you look back across the sands of time and find out that it is that ridiculous old 30 days past September, which comes to you when you are trying to think of the length of October, if you can quote your old prosody, odator, ambiguous, etc. with much more certainty than you can serve and the shingles and alliterations wise and otherwise have stayed with you while solid and serviceable information has faded away, you may be certain that here is the key to the enigma of memory. You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish to clinch in your mind the fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dearborn Street, what is more easy than to turn 485 into the word rifle and chain the ideas together? Say thus, love, happiness, good time, picnic, forest, wood, rangers, range, rifle range, rifle fine, weapon, costly weapon, dearly bought, Dearborn. Or if you wish to remember Mr. Bowman's name and you notice he has a mole on his face, which is apt to attract your attention when you next see him cement the ideas thus mole, mark, target, archer, Bowman. End of section 21. Section 22. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Lisa Cho. The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing by Joseph Trinans published in 1911. Section 22. Memory Rhymes. The Months. 30 days half September, April, June and November. All the rest have 31 but February, which has 28 alone, except in leap year, then's the time when February's days are 29. Birthdays. Monday for health, Tuesday for wealth, Wednesday best of all, Thursday for crosses, Friday for losses, Saturday no luck at all. The lines refer to the days of the week as birthdays. They are, in idea, the same as the more familiar lines. Monday's child is fair of face, Tuesday's child is full of grace. Wednesday's child is merry and glad, Thursday's child is sorry and sad. Friday's child is loving and giving. Saturday's child must work for its living. While a child that is born on the Sabbath day is blithe and bonny and good and gay. Short Grammar. Three little words you often see are articles A, An and The. Announce the name of anything as school or garden, hoop or swing. Adjectives tell the kind of noun as great, small, pretty, white or brown. Instead of nouns the pronouns stand his head, her face, your arm, my hand. Verbs tell something to be done to read, count, laugh, sing, jump, or run. How things are done the adverbs tell as slowly, quickly, ill or well. Conjunctions join the words together as men and women, wind or weather. The preposition stands before the noun as in or through the door. The interjection shows surprise as oh, how pretty, ah, how wise. The whole are called nine parts of speech which reading, writing, speaking, teach. To tell the age of horses. To tell the age of any horse inspect the lower jaw of course. The six front teeth the tail will tell and every doubt and fear dispel. Two middle nippers you behold before the colt is two weeks old. Before eight weeks will two more come. Eight months the corners cut the gum. The outside grooves will disappear from middle two in just one year. In two years from the second pair in three the corners two are bare. At two the middle nippers drop. At three the second pair can't stop. When four years old the third pair goes at five a full new set he shows. The deep black spots will pass from view at six years from the middle two. The second pair at seven years at eight the spot each corner clears. From middle nippers upper jaw at nine the black spots will withdraw. The second pair at ten are white. Eleven finds the corners light. As time goes on the horsemen know the oval teeth three-sided grow. They longer get project before till twenty when we know no more. Bees. A swarm of bees in May is worth a load of hay. A swarm of bees in June is worth a silver spoon. A swarm of bees in July is not worth a fly. The cuckoo May sings all the day. June changes his tune. July prepares to fly. August go he must. Rules for writing Keep up your head and your heart. Your hands and your heels keep down. Press your knees close to your horse's side and your elbows close to your own. Happiness defined. Wanting nothing and knowing it. The mental sunshine of content. A will of the wisp which eludes us even where we grasp it. Excelsior the ever-retreating summit on the hill of our ambition. The prize at the top of a greasy pole which is continually slipping from one's grasp. The only thing a man continues to search for after he has found it. The bull's eye on the target at which all the human race are shooting. The goal erected for the human race which few reach being too heavily handicapped. A wayside flower growing only by the path of duty. A bright and beautiful butterfly which many chase but few can take. The interest we receive from capital invested in good works. The birthright of contentment. A treasure which we search for far and wide though often times it is lying at our feet. The summer weather of the mind. Appalling depths of space. Distances that stun the mind and baffle comprehension. The stars though appearing small to us because of their immense distance are in reality great and shining suns. If we were to escape from the earth into space the moon, Jupiter, Saturn and eventually the sun would become invisible. Mizar the middle star in the tale of the great bear is 40 times as heavy as the sun. To the naked eye there are five or six thousand of these heavenly bodies visible. Cygni is the nearest star to us in this part of the sky. Alpha Centauri in the constellation of Centaur in the southern hemisphere is the nearest of all the stars. The sun is off 93 million miles multiply this by 200,000 and the result is roughly speaking 20 trillion and this is the distance we are from Alpha Centauri. At the speed of an electric current 180,000 miles per second a message to be sent from a point on the earth's surface would go seven times around the earth in one second. Let it be supposed that messages were sent off to the different heavenly bodies. To reach the moon at this rate it would take about one second. In eight minutes a message would get to the sun and allowing for a couple of minutes delay one could send a message to the sun and get an answer all within 20 minutes. But to reach Alpha Centauri it would take three years and as this is the nearest of the stars what time must it take to get to the others? If when Wellington won the battle of Waterloo in 1815 the news had been telegraphed off immediately there are some stars so remote that it would not yet reach them. To go a step further if in 1066 the result of the Norman Conquest had been wired to some of these stars the message would still be on its way. Senator Vest's eulogy on the dog. Gentlemen of the jury the best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son and daughter that he has reared with loving care may become ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him when he may need it most. Man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees and do us honour when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our head. The one absolutely unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world the one that never deserts him the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous is the dog. Gentlemen of the jury a man's dog stands by him in prosperity and poverty in health and in sickness he will sleep on the cold ground when the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely if only he may be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince. When all other friends desert he remains. When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth and outcast into the world friendless and homeless the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him to guard him against danger to fight against his enemies and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground no matter if all other friends pursue their way there by his grave side will the noble dog be found his head between his paws and his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness faithful and true even to death.