 As part of the private and public sector education, we look at the concept of public-private partnership. So, this is, let's say, innovative kind of concept which has been introduced in the country and this concept has been introduced in the sectors of our education, it has been introduced by international organizations, it has been introduced by donor organizations. So, if we look broadly at what this means, this means generally in public-private partnership, a sort of arrangement between public and private actors for the delivery of goods, services and our facilities. So, this is a broad concept. We can see what the meaning of public-private partnership is. Specifically, if we look at the education, their focus is on the funding of private schools. Now, private schools will not fund the public, only the public will fund the private. So, there are many ways of funding, grants are being given, student subsidies are being given, there is also a voucher system, there are various types. This is a direct way. With this, the indirect way is the provision of vouchers for students, parents for the payment of school fees. It is direct that the school is provided directly by the French, it can be any way, but it can be a student, it can be a grant. It is indirect that the institution is not being given, parents are being given vouchers, if their child goes to school, then they can avail that kind of thing. So, Pakistan has adopted, let's say, public-private partnership as a primary strategy to address issues of access, quality and equity of education. Now, if these three things are visible, we may consider that we are on the right track. If these things are not visible, then that is a problem. It is about accessibility, quality of education, and then equity is that do all the different sectors avail this kind of opportunity. So, as I said, the most important thing is the international institutions. There is the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the USAID. So, we see that the public-private partnership in education, these were covered under the National Education Policy 2009. So, while these initiatives appear to have supported the provision of education at lower cost, they also give rise to concerns about equity. This is what I talked about. There can be gender equity in equity, equity of one area, rural, urban, one province, another province, and within the province, variation, whether it is based on ethnicity, gender, or for some other reason, is there an equity? Are we moving in that direction? Now, that might have a big question mark. So, across the country, there are great discrepancies in who is able to access the private schooling. Who is able to access private schooling? Definitely, what we have, who can pay the fee. Now, because the schools of the private sector are different in quality, there are low-fee-charging schools, but above all, do all people have access? Can they avail them? So, we see there are structural disparities linked to wealth, gender, ethnicity, language, disabilities, and other markers of disadvantage. So, they might displace superior learning outcomes to private sector, but private tuition is the key factor in the differences in performance, as well as, let us say, affordability on the part of the parents who would like to send their children to educational institutions. So, this emphasis on private provision of education via public-private partnership is unlikely to improve the problem of access to very low-quality schooling among poor people. So, that is an effect, and World Bank has emphasized a lot on this, and their advice is to follow it, and they have provided funds as well. So, World Bank-funded programs include a direct support for the private provision of education, and they conduct research for its support, and these researches have provided us, let us say, positive outcomes in the low-private schools in Punjab. This is an example of Punjab. How acceptable is it? People might look into the methodologies of these assessments. So, their view of World Bank is that they are positively delivering, therefore, we must patronize that. So, the bank has played an instrumental role in promoting the private sector in education since the 1990s. So, in that, they have run programs just like Punjab Education Sector Program, as well as SIN education sector programs, and all these projects have been approved in 2009, and these have become part and parcel of that education policy. So, in Punjab, the World Bank has engaged with the private sector by providing funding via the provincial government to the Semi-Autonomous Punjab Education Foundation, and it administers the public-private programs. So, we see that the support to low-fee private schools is supported by the Punjab Education Foundation, and we also see that the idea is to expand the access of the people as well as improve the quality of education, particularly those areas which are under-served so that these facilities can be run there. So, through Punjab Education Sector Program or Project 3, the bank is also supporting the Punjab Education Foundation Program to outsource the existing public schools. This is an additional thing. One is about vouchers, the other is about direct funding. Now, this is another approach that the entire school is given to the private sector that the school is being managed and run by the private sector. That's more like outsourcing the whole thing. This can be done by NGOs or by other entrepreneurs. So, if I specifically talk about this, the Punjab Education Foundation has four ways to fund these schools. So, one way is that the voucher program for students to be spent in low-fee private schools, if these vouchers are given to parents, then that could be availed. Then there is a program that provides per-student stipends to existing low-fee private schools. This will be directed to the school. Another that funds the establishment of new schools in rural or urban under-served areas. All together, a new school, the private sector does that. The fourth thing that I said earlier is that the entire school, the public sector's school that is not running so well can be given to the entire private sector. Its funding is also done by the Education Foundation. And this Education Foundation sees that the students, their performance, their grades, that may be one of the indicators for continuing the support of the private sector education. So, that is how we see the education foundations play a key role in this public-private partnership.