 Our paper focuses on how do firms from Senegal learn by exporting or export by learning. Evidence from Senegal and we do this work with collaboration of GE. As it was discussed previously, international trade benefits the trade partners through exposing country to the knowledge of their trading partner and the learning by exporting effect may be important at both country level but also at the individual level in the firm. And this presumption of learning by exporting effect appears to be one of the main justification of behind the government export policy mainly in Africa. And Senegal like as many African country after the access to independence abandoned his involved looking protectionist development strategy adopted during the 1980 years for more open trade program and this has a reaction to the fail of previous impulsive situation industrial policy. And but however since now there is no evidence of the testing the effect of trade openness on the firm efficiency. And when as it is discussed when we talk about the relation between productivity and trade this can go both sense. Does export experience improve firm efficiency or are the most efficient firm most likely to become exporter. And we investigate this question by look looking the cause are linked between exporting and productivity at the manufacturing Senegalese firm and we use firm level data for 1998 and 2011. And this is a unique panel data because it was not already get from since now. And we account for all this and the genetic identity and self selection by this following an approach similar to big stone and would allow us to generally estimate both the equation of productivity and the decision to export controlling for other unobserved effects. And our main funding indicates evidence of both self selection and the most of the most efficiency firm in the export market but also a learning by exporting in the market. And we find also some aspects that still skill and access to intangible asset like brevet and license have a high effect on the process of learning and also foreign owned firm learn more from exporting as well also firm small firm seem to learn a particularly from exporting. The outline of our presentation will have a briefly overview of the Senegalese economy. The main episode of the industry policy in Senegal and the methodology we use to estimate the learning by exporting effects the result and some conclusion and what we plan to do in the next step. This is quickly when you see this table you see that the tertially services activity are contribute more to the GDP and the secondary industry activity contribute around 25% of the GDP. And this is what we have here. And when we see which sector are driving the growth we see that the tertially sector are the more driven sector of the growth and the secondary sector contribute not too much to the growth GDP. And when we focus to the industry in Senegal we see that most activity are on food industry followed by the mechanical industry and textile who occupied a big place in the Senegalese economy lost plus by the years because of the independence it was most industry textile industry but after it become we have a low contribution and I will not focus too much. What we can learn about the political industry in Senegal is that it become by protectionism with higher tariff and non-tariff protection for industry and this to boost firm for exporting but after this have not good result this we see that the competitiveness was not very strong it was very weak and the government cannot finally support all this activity to support firm by exporting and after this with the adjustment structure policy we see there is more difficulty for firm to survive and there is many was closed and there is many lost of employment at the firm industry firm level manufacturing and after the 2000 years we see that there is more organization policy in Senegal and this there is you can see this there is many agency was created by the government to support the development of the firm particularly to push them to export and how we deal to analyze the relation between exporting and productivity we take account the facts of most of the common problem which when testing the effect of exporting is androgynity and sample selection basis and because of this we use this original approach dealing with this and we assess this link using a function of production a cup to glass one and we involved jointly estimation of dynamic productivity and a dynamic discrete choice for decision to export and where we allow the causability running both together and we use also the strategy to control for in-observe heterogeneity in the form of firm specific effect that are controlled across the two equation and also what we do here we calculate we use the TFP indicator as a variable to measure the firm efficiency and we derive this initially this TFP at the first step before estimating together the self-selection and learning by exporting and this is how the form of the equation and this different step first the cup to glass we derive the TFP estimation and we use this TFP estimation as a function to explain the learning by exporting and there is like a variable the TFP and it depends also on of exporting and also some characteristic of the firm and this characteristic there are standard characteristic age size but also we have the opportunity in this data to take care of about the skill of the worker we introduce this characteristic of the firm and also foreign capital capital labor but also we have information on access to innovation and access to license and brivet and how we account for under genitive already talks is we use a probit function for the decision to export with this characteristic and also we estimate this two equation using a JMM system and one step procedure using start up on common we have get from the code and we use also unbalanced panel data to account for the movement of entry and exit of the firm in the exporting market because just now we'll show the data and we'll show that this movement and exit and entry is very important in the data we have I think I already tell you in the second step what is you only do and also this data just have a look it is we have 14 here and after cleaning we have 1177 manufacturing film and we have a lot of observation including exporter and non exporter and here we can see that how this is repetition between the firm and buyer and you see that year by year the number of firm in the data set are not the same that means there is exist an entry of firm and this have a big look of we do the export study this time we never export permanent export single entry single exist and the switcher and the single entry is the firm once they enter in the export market after the first year but they did not go out from the exporting market the single exist can enter any years in the period but once they exist the export market they did not come back again and the switcher are firm who are moving in the export market and you can see that the switcher firm are important so it is important to take care of this movement in using unbalanced panel data at this moment but when doctor round present we can see that there is other methodological approach we can use to improve to take care of this aspect in the testing the learning so this is just to see in the different sector how we can appreciate the different category of firm entry single entry switcher permanent and with never export and this is the result we can get but globally we can see that many of our variable are significant and the relation we have are expected and we can see it more here at the self selection level we can see a strong persistent of the previous export firm in the export market that means there is learning by exporting and the significance is fine we can see also that the coefficient of lagged export study variable is positive and meaning that high and high significance that means that there is a strong persistent of the previous export firm in the export market and also the variable on skill worker the coefficient is positive that means that skill have a positive effect on the probability to export and also the firm who access to brevet and listens have increase the probability to export also the size have a positive impact have no effect on the decision to export that means not the big firm who was exporting and at the learning by exporting effect we see also there is an evidence of learning by exporting so the relation go both together and exporting firm also can acquire external knowledge through various channel in the exporting market for example foreign owner we see that this is a positive effect on the learning by exporting and also skill worker this very coefficient is positive and this results suggest that firm which skill worker are more we skill worker are more able to reap the benefits of x positive to export market than the other firm and also access to license have higher gain of efficiency in exporting and the size the coefficient is negative that means that small firm seem to particularly learn more by exporting and what we can see that with the size of the firm that can confirm what the government in Senegal is implementing to support the small firm with many kind of agency which help them to access to credit to also have some agglomeration which is established in Dakar and other region to help small firm to export and to improve their productivity and in term of policy implication we can see Senegal manufacturing have much more to learn by promoting its manufacturing soon towards exporting so this is a first idea we can afford policy implication we can draw from the finding and by increasing the ability of domestic firm to overcome foreign market barrier as well assimilated fury benefit ranging from exporting and what we see this positive effect of skill both on the decision to export and also by learning by exporting we can drive this policy implications that the government could help developing curriculum into college and senior secondary school or other training programs that able company to have the skills they need in the process and this can help them to more exporting and this can be in line with the discussion the government have with the leader of the firm taking that there is not a conversion that on what they are learning at the university and what the firm need in term of skill and the government have many problem at the university now because not enough russians and very big number of students and in the last debate I follow the firm leader ask government to establish program with school less heavy than university and this can bring skill they need and also in terms of access of brevet that we have in Senegal some we have some society or some department of ministry who take care of license in term of in the agro industry sector but still now there is difficulty for small firm to access to brevet and license and we think that government maybe have can have some strategy to facilitate access to brevet and license to small firm and maybe give some subsidy to access to this and finally also we have there is sport to favor to the small and medium firm to strengthen their productivity gain on the external market and the initiative already understanding favor to the small plant might be continued by the government or almost you can go further for this to help small firm to improve their to avoid barrier to access to export exporting and to improve their productivity in the next step we plan G and N me to revisit the estimation because at this moment usually estimating the we deflate the tape but we use the end of deflator at the global level but we are we know that we might do it at the sector level and maybe this can improve the estimation and we also plan to use as a approach testing the learning by exporting like propensity or matching just this is just an exercise of sensibility analysis and when we do it you can see if the result will change or it will be confirmed this is just a methodological way to do thank you very much