 Good evening aspirants welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankara Ace Academy for the date 17th September 2019 These are the list of articles chosen for today's analysis It has been given along with the page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi, Tiruvananthapuram and Hyderabad editions The link for the handwritten notes and the timestamping for the displayed articles is provided in the description box below and For the benefit of smartphone users the timestamping is also provided in the comment section Let's move on to the first article analysis. This article is about the Retention of former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference The news article states that the home department of Jammu and Kashmir has issued orders To detain former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister Farooq Khabdullah. According to the news article He will be detained for 12 days. He has been detained under the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act of 1978 Here detention or detaining someone means keeping a person in official custody and it is for questioning about a crime or due to a Politically sensitive situation in the state or in the country now in this Jammu and Kashmir scenario It is the politically sensitive situation because recently the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act was enacted which bifurcated the state into two union territories The news article also states that as per the latest order by Jammu and Kashmir home department under this public safety act His residence has been declared a Subsidery jail now know that subsidiary jail is used for the custody of persons who are ordered to be detained under any law It is any place which has been declared by the state government by any General order or special order for the detention of a person So in this case his residence has been declared as the subsidiary jail the news article further adds that it is Expected that the period of detention could be extended for a maximum of three months So now in this context, let us discuss about the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act of 1978 this is a state act which was applicable to the Jammu and Kashmir state only this act was enacted in the interest of security of the state and public order if you see under seventh schedule of Indian constitution laws with respect to preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of state and Maintenance of public order comes under the concurrent list now here preventive detention is the Imprisonment of a person with the aim of preventing them from committing any offenses or imprisoning them for maintaining the public order Now this subject comes under the concurrent list, which means the state legislature can also enact law under this subject Now this provision is provided under article 246 clause 2 of Indian constitution this article states that the legislature of any state Can also have the power to make laws with respect to any of the matters Enumerated in the list 3 in the seventh schedule, and we know that list 3 is the concurrent list So this means whatever the subjects are given under concurrent list under these subjects laws can be enacted Both by the parliament and also by the state legislatures But if you see one another subject comes under union list, which is pertaining to preventive detention It is the preventive detention for reasons connected with defense foreign affairs or the security of India and Persons who are subjected to such detention because of it now this subject comes under union list This means only parliament has the power to make legislation for the subject mentioned in this list Now this provision is provided by article 246 clause 1 it states that parliament has Exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters Enumerated in list 1 of the seventh schedule and list 1 is the union list Now coming back to the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act This act contains provision for designating protected areas and prohibited areas in the state It also has the provisions for the prevention of circulation of documents in the interest of communal harmony, etc Now today's article discussion is based on detention of persons So this provision comes under section 8 of this act It deals with the powers of authorities to detain persons under this act This act states that the government may make an order Directing that a person be detained and the government can make an order if the government is satisfied That it can detain a person with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner Which is prejudicial to the security of the state or which is prejudicial to the maintenance of public order Prejudicial means harmful So if any person is acting harmful to the security of the state or is harmful to maintain the public order Then that person can be detained by the state government So what are the actions which come under this particular provision? That is what are the actions which means prejudicial to the maintenance of public order The actions which are promoting, propagating or attempting to create The feelings of enmity or hatred or disharmony on grounds of religion, race, caste, community or region Is the act which is prejudicial to the maintenance of public order Along with this if a person is making preparations for using a force Or attempting to use a force or is instigating or inciting or abetting the use of a force Which either disturbs or is likely to disturb public order is also an action Which is prejudicial to the maintenance of public order Instigating or inciting means either starting up or encouraging someone to do the action And abetting also means encouraging someone to do action or even assisting a person to do something wrong And the actions which attempt to commit or instigate or incite or even provoke or even abet the commission of a mischief Is also an action which is prejudicial to the maintenance of public order If it either disturbs or is likely to disturb the public order Then also the actions which is attempting to commit or instigate or incite or provoke or abet the commission of an offense Which is punishable with death or which is punishable with imprisonment for life or with punishment or which is punishable with imprisonment for a term extending to 7 years or more Is deemed as an action which is prejudicial to the maintenance of public order Because the commission of such offense disturbs or is likely to disturb the public order So, these are the actions which leads to the detention of a person under this act According to this act, the detention is ordered by the divisional commissioners or even by the district magistrates But the news article says that this authority is also given to the home department of Jammu and Kashmir and it was given by a special order Now, when such detention order is made, the official has to report the fact to the government And this fact should be given along with the grounds on which the order has been made And also know that this order remains in force for only 12 days This provision is given by section 8 clause 4 of this act It states that no such order shall remain in force for more than 12 days And if it is to be extended, then it has to be approved by the government That is why the former chief minister Farooq Abdullah has been initially detained for 12 days only If it has to be extended, then it is to be approved by the state government of Jammu and Kashmir Now, after this, in every case where a detention order has been made under this act The government shall place the details about the order before a advisory board And it has to be placed within 4 weeks from the date of detention order And the details about the order includes the grounds on which the order has been made And the representation made by the person who is affected by the order And also the report by the officer who made the order under subsection 4 of section 8 All these things should be placed before the advisory board Now, this advisory board is constituted under section 14 of this act This board consists of a chairman who is or who has been a judge of the high court That is who is presently a judge of high court or who is a former judge of high court And this advisory board also consists of two other members Who are or who have been or who are qualified to be appointed as judges of high court The chairman and the other members of the board shall be appointed by the government in consultation with the chief justice of the high court Now, this advisory board has to submit its report to the government within 6 weeks from the date of detention This report of the advisory board has to specify whether there is sufficient cause for the detention of the person Or whether there is no sufficient cause for the detention of that person So, if in any case where the advisory board has reported that there is sufficient cause for the detention of a person Then the government may confirm the detention order And the government can continue the detention of the person who is concerned for a period as the government may think as fit Now, this does not mean that the government can order for detention for an unlimited time period Now, this is because the section 18 of the act provides for the maximum period of detention The maximum period for which any person may be detained If the person is acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order Is three months in the first instance and this can be extended to 12 months that is one year Then if a person is acting in any manner which is prejudicial to the security of the state Then that person shall be detained for six months in the first instance And it can be extended to two years to the maximum So, with this we have come to the end of this news article analysis The respite practice question will be discussed in the last session This news article is regarding national center for clean coal research and development The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference The department of science and technology which comes under the ministry of science and technology Has launched the national center for clean coal research and development It has been launched at the Indian Institute of Science That is at the IASC Bengaluru This institute has been launched to address the opportunities and challenges in the development of clean coal technology So, this national center will perform the research and development activities in clean coal technologies It will act as a national consortium on clean coal research and development which will be led by IASC Bengaluru Here consortium means association of different institutions So, many institutes will collaborate with this newly set up national center for clean coal research and development This consortium will work on identifying existing gaps in the clean coal technology So, before knowing about clean coal technologies, let us see about coal Coal is the major source of energy coal is used in the thermal power plants to generate power The domestically available coal is transported from the coal mines And the imported coal is transported from the seaports to the thermal power plants In the power plants the coal is ground then they are burnt When they are burnt steam will be generated and this steam will run the turbines which will generate electricity This is the conventional combustion method of generating electricity But there are two major problems that the Indian thermal power plants are facing using the conventional method One is the high level of pollutants from the coal and second is the low thermal efficiency Here thermal efficiency is nothing but the efficiency of the heat engine Here the turbine converts the heat energy to electricity So, the thermal efficiency is measured by the ratio of the work done by the turbine to the heat supplied to it This thermal efficiency depends on the purity of the coal that is supplied So, if the coal is more impure then the level of pollutants that are emitted will be high So, we saw the conventional combustion method There is one another method which is called as coal gasification This technique is said to have greater efficiency than conventional coal burning It is because it can effectively use the gases twice The coal gases are first cleansed to remove impurities And then they are fired in the turbine to generate electricity We saw that when the coal is burnt several gases and pollutants will be emitted These gases are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon dioxide, fly ash And also mercury and certain other heavy metals And the emission of these gases and pollutants will lead to air pollution So, we can see that there are operational challenges in generating power from coal And there are also challenges because it creates pollution So, that is why we are moving towards clean coal technology is any technology that will make the functioning of coal power plants more efficient Mostly the research and development is carried out in new combustion and gasification technologies So, this new center will also work on addressing these challenges Like the development of low emission combustion and gasification This will be done so that high cycle efficiencies are achieved with reduced pollutants So, that we can achieve high efficiency and low emission Hence the ultimate aim of this national center is the development of clean coal technologies in order to reduce carbon emissions From coal based power plants This center was inaugurated by union minister of science and technology He has said that this center would enable the achievement of an Affordable efficient and compact to reliable clean energy system He also added that this center would help India in achieving the international targets on climate change The international target with which he has mentioned is the nationally determined contributions We know the 2015 Paris climate agreement This Paris agreement requires each country which is parted to the agreement to outline and communicate their post 2020 climate actions This is known as the country's NDCs or the nationally determined contributions This news article mentions two NDCs of India One NDC is that by the year 2030 India plans to achieve at least 40 percentage of the total requirement of energy From clean energy sources With respect to this the union minister has noted that India has already achieved around 34 to 35 percentage and this is a significant progress The next NDC is reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases by 33 percentage to 35 percentage below the 2005 levels And this has to be done by the year 2030 With respect to this the union minister has noted that India has already achieved 20 to 21 percentage reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases So by this the union minister has intended to convey that centers like these National center for clean cold research and development will help us to achieve more NDC targets He has also emphasized on the need for coordination and cooperation between institutions and individuals Those who are working in science and technology with this we have come to the end of this article discussion The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session This discussion is based on uranium mining the syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference The news article states that the state legislative assembly of Telangana has passed an unanimous resolution In this resolution the state of Telangana has requested the central government To not to permit the mining of uranium ore which is present in Nallamala forest and the adjoining areas in the state of Telangana So, let us see a short background about this issue in December 2016 The atomic minerals direct rate for exploration and research got approval for an exploration proposal From the Telangana state board of wildlife this atomic minerals direct rate for exploration and research comes under the department of This approval was to explore the uranium deposits in the state and especially in the Nallamala forest and the adjoining areas in the state The Telangana state board of wildlife approved this proposal and gave permission for an exploratory survey in the 83 square kilometers of forest area In the tiger reserve this tiger reserve is in Amrabad and Udimilla of Nagakarnul district And is in Narayanpur of Nalgunda district. It is together called as the Amrabad tiger reserve Now know that Amrabad tiger reserve was earlier part of the Nagarjuna sagar Shreesailam tiger reserve The northern part of the Nagarjuna sagar Shreesailam tiger reserve came under the state of Telangana After the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh state. So this northern part was renamed as Amrabad tiger reserve Also know that the Nagakarnul district was initially known as Mahabub Nagar district After this permission the uranium corporation of Inja limiter did not find the minerals of desired quality In the particular area. So in February 2017 the Telangana state board of wildlife met for a meeting In this meeting it was made clear that there was no proposal to mine uranium But again the atomic minerals directed for exploration and research came up with a proposal to the ministry of environment forests and climate change The proposal was to seek permission to explore the uranium over 83 square kilometer area in Amrabad tiger reserve But the forest advisory committee observed that there are certain deficiencies in the proposal However considering the fact that the proposal is of critical importance from national perspective it recommended for in-principle approval So the forest advisory committee gave in-principle approval to explore uranium. This happened in May 2019 Here in-principle approval means the concerned authority has agreed to the proposal Generally and without getting into the details of other required statutory Compliances or legal compliances Also know that the forest advisory committee which is mentioned here is a statutory body It was formed under the section 3 of forest conservation act of 1980 Now this in-principle approval by the central government has created huge opposition in the state of Telangana Protests are being carried out by environmentalists the people who live in Amrabad Mandal and also by the political parties And now the news is that the Telangana state assembly has unanimously passed a resolution requesting the central government To not to permit the mining of uranium ore which is present in Nallamala forest and the adjoining areas in the state of Telangana this Nallamala forest is spread in both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states The Nallamala forest area has a rich biodiversity It has many endangered species of flora and fauna most of the area is hilly terrain with plateaus Ridges gorges deep valleys and they support tropical dry deciduous and moist deciduous forests Several tribes like Chenchus and other forest dwellers are dependent on this Nallamala forest for their livelihood And this Nallamala forests also serve as one of the catchment area for the Krishna river Catchment area is the area from which rainfall flows into a river So this means the Nallamala forest area is rich in biodiversity So taking up any mining operations for uranium will damage its ecological balance. Let us see how uranium is a radioactive element That occurs naturally in varying but small amounts in soil, rocks, etc It is naturally radioactive which means that the atoms of uranium are unstable and they decay by emitting particles and energy But if you see this uranium itself is barely radioactive But the ore which is mined is regarded as potentially hazardous due to uranium's decay products Especially if it is high grade ore and the mining operations will also require deforestation of the forest lands So once the land is exposed to radioactivity then the chances for the plants to survive or to grow will become less So the entire area will be a wasteland if mining is allowed and the entire biodiversity of the forest will be affected And we saw that Nallamala forest also serve as a catchment area for the Krishna river So the uranium exploration will expose and pollute the surface water Ground water and it will leach the minerals and dangerous chemicals into the river course Here leaching means a particular substance like in this case uranium will drain away from the soil to the water So the entire population which is living downstream of river Krishna would be affected in the long run And apart from this the livelihood of the forest dwellers and the tribals including the Chenchu tribes will also be severely affected Because of the uranium mining. So what does this uranium used for? Uranium is the raw material which is used to produce fuel for nuclear power plants That generate significant amounts of electricity But we saw that the ores of uranium are radioactive So mining for uranium leads to many health safety and environmental risks And these need to be managed well. Firstly if we see it causes risk to the workers health and safety So it has to be made sure that the radiation exposures of workers Should be minimum because the workers will have the long lasting impacts on health as they are directly exposed to Uranium the next if we see the public and health safety the nearby populations Where the uranium is mined is more likely to be exposed to radioactive emissions So the health of the nearby populations will be affected. So we can see that the exposure to uranium will cause health effects So what kind of health effects are they likely to cause? They are likely to cause chemical toxicity and radiological toxicity in humans The main chemical effect associated with exposure to uranium and its compounds is kidney toxicity This toxicity can be caused by breathing air that contains uranium dusts or by eating substances That contain uranium this uranium will enter the bloodstream once uranium is in the bloodstream Then the uranium compounds are filtered by the kidneys So they will cause damage to the kidney cells and the very high uranium levels can cause acute kidney failure and death Next is the radiological toxicity radiological toxicity is the effect on humans and their body because of the radiation from the uranium The radiation usually weakens or breaks up the DNA which is the genetic material of the human body So either it damages the cells in the human body or it will mutate the cell Mutation means altering the basic structure of the cell So finally radiation will lead to cancer The probability of developing a radiation induced cancer increases with increasing exposure to uranium So if there is a uranium mining definitely people will be exposed to uranium Continuously so they will be affected by radiation induced cancer This is the reason why we are telling that the livelihood of the forest dwellers and the tribals including the chenchus Will also be severely affected because of uranium mining Because it will have an impact on their health and also on the forest resources that they depend on There is one another problem with Uranium mining it is that the tailings of uranium mining must be managed properly Here tailings are nothing but the residues that are left after mining the ore So this means these tailings will also be radioactive So if they are not managed properly and if any person is exposed to such tailing Then they are likely to have the health effects that we just now discussed With this we have come to the end of this article discussion The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session Moving on to the next discussion which is based on this editorial In this editorial the author speaks about the prospects of israel- pakistan ties Then also about the india-israel relationship and why the diplomatic ties between israel and pakistan will not happen now The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference In this editorial the author says that recently there is a speculation among the israeli and pakistani scholars This speculation is about the possibility of diplomatic ties between pakistan and israel At present pakistan does not recognize the state of israel and it has no diplomatic missions or embassies in israel So the author believes that this speculation is a result of a changing political dynamics of the region It also shows israel's growing diplomatic reach and success especially among the islamic countries So first let us understand the brief history about the formation of israel The present day israel was a part of palestine in the ottoman empire till 1917 During world war one Britain sees the territory of palestine from ottoman empire in 1917 So a balfour declaration was declared in 1917 by the then foreign secretary of britain arthur balfour This declaration showed the support of british government to form national home for jewish people in palestine the independence of the state of israel was proclaimed in 1948 With the end of the mandate of british rule the formation of israel from palestine made the middle east politically volatile It means the middle east countries were not happy with the formation of israel This resulted in many wars among israel and the arab nations After these wars israel was isolated by its Arab neighbors And even today the situation is volatile in the region. So ever since its formation Israel is trying to overcome this isolation And it is trying to enhance the diplomatic ties with as many countries as possible So turkey was the first muslim majority country to recognize israel in 1949 then in the year 1979 egypt recognized israel then in the year 1994 another muslim majority country that is jordan recognized israel as a separate country But even now majority of the arab countries have not recognized israel So the organization of islamic corporation that is the oic Which is known as the collective voice of the islamic world Has criticized israel many times for its occupation of palestinian lands And if you see most recently oic even convened An emergency meeting to discuss a statement made by the israel prime minister The israel prime minister said that if he was reelected He would definitely annex the jordan valley in the west bank And the northern dead sea These areas now have mixed settlements of palestinian and jewish people So this is the background about israel in this editorial the author is discussing about the india israel relationship also India established full diplomatic ties with israel in the year 1992 It was done by opening indian embassy in tel aviv which is a city in israel The author says that there were many factors that brought the two democracies that is the india and israel together The most important factor is that both have successfully tackled state centric threats That is they have tackled the wars led by countries throughout their history For example israel have successfully dealt with confrontation with the arab opposition many times Like during the arab israel war of 1948 Or in the six-day war India 1967 or during the yom kippur war or ramadan war india 1973 Like this india has also successfully tackled several hostilities or opposition from pakistan since partition Another factor is that both israel and india are victims of asymmetric warfare such as terrorism till this date Here asymmetric warfare is war between opposing forces which differ greatly in military power and it Involves the use of unconventional weapons and tactics such as guerrilla warfare and terrorist attacks So these are the factors which brought these two democracies together Then the author also says that the dynamism in india's foreign policy Helped the india to improve its interactions with the countries of the gulf cooperation council This means we were able to cooperate with two adversaries or between two rivals that is israel and the arab nations Because we saw that arab nations have showed historical enmity with israel So india was able to cooperate with these adversaries without compromising our own interests Even though israel was isolated within the islamic world Israel was successful in expanding its diplomatic relationship beyond its neighborhood Author is saying that because israel has established diplomatic relations with 162 countries Which means israel has a diplomatic relation with the majority of the 193 uan member states and the author believes that The indo-pacific region is emerging as the prime focus of israel then if you talk about israel's china relationship china and israel established diplomatic relationship in the year 1992 But their relationship is limited to the economic sphere because they are maintaining their relationship with respect to trade Investment education exchanges and tourism between the two countries But if you see israel is a leading sophisticated arms seller in the world But israel does not sell its arms to china This is because of usa because usa is an all-weather ally of israel when we say all-weather ally It means someone who will stay with us whatever may be the situation So the author is calling usa as an all-weather ally of israel And usa has embargoed or banned arms deal with china So that is why israel is not selling arms to china and israel has limited its relationship with china to the economic sphere only But however israel was able to expand its arms sales to india and countries to in the southeast asia such as vietnam Myanmar philippines etc Then the author is saying that israel is also looking to increase its diplomatic relations in south asia and beyond This is because if israel can make closer ties with muslim populist countries in asia such as it can maintain a diplomatic relation with bangladesh indonesia and pakistan Then its legitimacy in the islamic world will increase. So now based on this let us discuss the prospects of israel pakistan As we saw in the beginning some scholars believe that there is a possibility of diplomatic ties between pakistan and israel And some even believe that pakistan's national interest would be served better if pakistan establishes ties with israel They believe that the close ties between israel and the us can be used to alleviate or reduce the repeated tensions between us and pakistan Then one another reason they are saying this because They have almost the same concern with respect to iran. So what is pakistan's concern with respect to iran? It is that pakistan virtually supports the sunni terrorist organization of taliban Which was always a threat to the shia majority in iran and pakistan is also an ally of south arabia And south arabia is the biggest adversary or rival of iran Then if you see with respect to israel israel often accuses iran of sponsoring the Hezbollah which attacks israel from the west bank It is said that iran helped to create the terrorist group hezbollah in lebanon in the early 1980s In order to expand its influence in the region and israel is against this So as we say enemy of our enemy is our friend like that israel is the enemy of iran And pakistan is also an enemy of iran So some believe that israel and pakistan can maintain diplomatic relationships Because they have common enmity with iran But if you see the author believes that a rapprochement between israel and pakistan is unlikely rapprochement means establishing harmonious relations So establishing harmonious relation between israel and pakistan is very unlikely according to the author The first reason for this which the author gives is that pakistan and the sunni arab countries have close relationships And these arab countries are against israel and pakistan has also deployed its military units in countries such as south arabia and jordan To promote internal stability and for training their military etc And the arab countries have rescued pakistan many times during its financial crisis So the author is saying pakistan would not compromise its relations with the muslim countries for israel Then another reason is oic that is organization of islamic countries This platform was used by pakistan to raise the kashmir issue and pakistan accused india as the perpetrator And the same platform that is organization of islamic countries was used to criticize israel also They criticized israel for using its forces and military on palestinian people That means israel was accused of oppressing the palestinian people in a similar way India was accused for oppressing kashmiris as claimed by pakistan So the author is saying that establishing diplomatic ties with israel might weaken the support for the pakistan within oic So this means it will especially affect the pakistan side on the kashmir issue Along with this pakistan has a large number of influential conservative islamic groups So they will also oppose the move of israel pakistan ties because they still see israel as an intruder in palestine Even recently the military spokesperson of pakistan refuted or denied the possibility of pakistan's recognition of israel as a state He even called it as a propaganda war to turn the pakistani people against the military So the author is saying that though pakistan has differing opinion with iran It might not fight iran for maintaining ties with israel because if it fights with iran Then such a move will escalate the sectarian conflict that is the sunni shia conflict in pakistan Because 20 percent of pakistan's population are shia muslims And the author also gives one another example to show that pakistan will not go against iran Author is saying that in the year 2015 pakistan turned down a request by saudi arabia to join military intervention in yemen And this intervention was to fight the rebels who were supported by iran, but pakistan did not join it So this shows that pakistan will not go against iran So finally the author is saying that india was able to maintain a successful relationship between israel and palestine So israel may hope to do so between india and pakistan But the author feels that israel might not want to have diplomatic ties with pakistan Because pakistan is considered as a state that sponsors terrorism So the author concludes by saying that maintaining diplomatic relations is a sovereign right of a state or a country But the idea of diplomatic ties between israel and pakistan remains a pie in the sky Which means it is an unlikely idea for the time being With this we have come to the end of this article discussion This news article is about these steps taken by the union government to revive the export sector The discussion can be linked with the syllabus that is given here for your reference The news article states that the commerce minister has launched a common digital platform For the issuance of certificates of origin and he has also launched a platform for the steel import monitoring system The minister also gave more details about the enhanced export credit insurance scheme for banks that lend working capital to exporters This is in continuation with the recent announcement by the finance minister to revive the export sector So first let us discuss about the steel import monitoring system or in short SIMS SIMS will provide advance information about steel import to government and other stakeholders such as It will give information to the producers and to the consumers also This will help to frame effective policy interventions in this system The importers of specified steel products will have to register in advance on the web portal of SIMS By providing necessary information the commerce minister has noted that the registration will be online And automatic and no human intervention will be required The information about the steel imports, which is provided by the importers on SIMS will be monitored by the ministry of steel With respect to SIMS the commerce minister has said that SIMS will not act as a licensing system Which means it will not stop anyone from importing steel, rather it is just a tool to capture information about steel imports This will help to gather information such as the grades of imported steel The domestic market potential of steel and from where it is imported etc So this is with respect to SIMS Now let us discuss about the launch of common digital platform for the issuance of electronic certificates of origin Certificate of origin is a document which declares the detail of in which country the commodity or good was manufactured The exporters have to show the certificates that the consignment has originated from India for the exports to countries Which are having free trade agreements or preferential trade agreements with India Only then they will be able to avail benefits such as reduced import tariffs So the certificate of origin is used to verify that the export products are produced in India At present it is issued manually by various agencies according to the rules of origin criteria Which is based on the respective free trade agreements and preferential trade agreements But now the common digital platform has been launched So from now on these certificates can be obtained online All the issuing authorities will be on the same portal And this portal is aimed to ease the regulatory burden on exports from India The article also says that India is speaking to its trading partners and the countries with which it has FTAs That is free trade agreements This is to ensure that they accept digital certificates So this is with respect to the common digital platform Now let us discuss about the new export credit insurance scheme This new export credit insurance scheme will be called NIRVIC NIRVIC scheme was introduced by the Export Credit Guarantee Corporation Which in short is known as ECGC This scheme is aimed to ease the lending process and to enhance loan availability for exporters Now also know that the ECGC was established in the year 1957 It was established to provide export credit insurance support to Indian exporters The ECGC works under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry It provides the export credit insurance to protect the banks Which provides export for exporters This insurance by ECGC will protect the banks from losses These are the losses that occur due to risks of insolvency or default by the borrower Now here insolvency is a situation in which an individual or organization cannot pay their bills and debts So this insurance will cover this risk of insolvency If you see at present the ECGC covers 60% of the loss to the banks Now this new scheme will cover 90% of the principal and also of the interests And half of these amount will be provided in 30 days The scheme also mandates inspection of bank documents and records by ECGC officials This inspection is for losses that is exceeding rupees 10 crore At present the limit for inspection is rupees 1 crore The minister also said that the existing premium rates will be lowered Also the loans given by the banks would be categorized into two broad categories One is for the loans below 80 crore rupees and the other is for above 80 crore rupees And these loans above 80 crore rupees will be further divided into two One is the loans which are for gold jewelry and diamonds And the second is for the loans which are not for gold jewelry and diamonds So the banks will benefit from this enhanced credit coverage The article also says that the rating for bank loans to exporters will become AA rating It is because of the enhanced insurance cover See normally rating organizations evaluate the credit worthiness of an issuer with respect to the debt instruments Or its general ability to pay back debt over a specified period of time And the instruments with AA rating are considered to have high degree of safety regarding timely servicing of financial obligations This means the debt will be paid back at the appropriate time So we can say that the instruments with AA rating carry very low credit risk So this means the credit given will not be lost and the banks will be on the safer side With this we have come to the end of this article discussion The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session We have come to the final session for the day which is the practice questions discussion session In this question two statements have been given and we have to choose the correct statement First statement states Regulations with respect to preventive detention for reasons connected with The security of a state and the maintenance of public order comes under the union list of the constitution During discussion we saw that preventive detention is mentioned in union list and also in concurrent lists But in two different categories the one which deals with the union list states that Preventive detention for reasons connected with defense foreign affairs or the security of India And the persons who are subjected to detention because of these reasons So only these conditions comes under union list So this means this statement is wrong because it talks about the security of a state and the maintenance of public order This comes under the concurrent list and not the union list So this statement is wrong If you see the second statement you can divide this statement into two parts in this list one We know that it means the union list and it comes under the seventh schedule So this part is correct And we know that union list consists of the subjects in which the parliament has exclusive power to make laws So this part is correct But now we have to know whether this comes under article 246 clause one or not If you see the seventh schedule is totally based on article 246 only it provides for three lists One is list one that is union list and the second is list two which is state list and the third is list three Which is concurrent list And among this clause one talks about the union list So this means this statement is correct and also remember that article 246 clause two talks about the concurrent list It states that along with parliament the legislature of any state Also has the power to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in list three In the seventh schedule so list three is the concurrent list We know that so don't confuse clause one is about union list clause Two is about concurrent list and clause three is about state list The question asks for the correct statements here statement two is the correct statement So the final correct answer to this question is option b two only if you look at this next question It asks which of the following pollutants are emitted on combustion of coal four pollutants have been given sulphur dioxide carbon dioxide fly ash mercury during discussion We saw that the combustion of coal releases many pollutants and among them were sulphur dioxide nitrogen oxides particulate matter carbon dioxide fly ash Mercury and certain other heavy metals So this means all the pollutants which are given here are emitted by the combustion of coal So here the correct answer to this question is Option c all the above in this next question pairs have been given one is with respect to tiger reserves and the other is state So we have to choose the incorrect pairs today's discussion was based on amrabad and nagarjunasagar Srisailam tiger reserves and we saw the discussion based on a resolution made by the telangana state government So from the discussion you can say that amrabad isn't telangana not in chattisgarh. So this means this is a incorrect pair Now the second pair says nagarjunasagar Srisailam isn't telangana state now before bifurcation of the andhra pradesh state Amrabad was one of the nagarjunasagar srisailam tiger reserve But after the bifurcation it was carved out of nagarjunasagar srisailam So you can say by this lines that amrabad is in telangana and it has been carved out That means nagarjunasagar srisailam is still in andhra pradesh So remember this tactic as telangana was carved out of andhra pradesh amrabad was also carved out So in this these two are incorrect and the third pair is given as bandipur karnataka Now this pair is correct bandipur tiger reserve is located in the state of karnataka Now while answering this question you have to be very careful Because in a hurry you should not mark option c3 only because here the third pair is the correct pair But the question asks for the incorrect pairs here 1 and 2 are the incorrect pair So the correct answer to this question is option b1 and 2 only Now in this question two statements are given we have to choose the correct statement First statement is with respect to nirvik scheme It states the scheme is aimed to ease the lending process and enhance loan availability for exporters Now this statement is correct This scheme was introduced by the export credit guarantee corporation Now the second statement states the export credit guarantee corporation works under ministry of commerce and industry Now this statement is also correct This corporation works under ministry of commerce and industry And it provides the export credit insurance to protect the banks which provides export credit for exporters So in this both the statements are correct and the question also asks for the correct statement So the final correct answer to this question is option c both 1 and 2