 Justin it says we can broadcast for up to eight hours. Do you want to go ahead and do the full eight since Kiki's not here? Chatroom let us know when you can see us and hear us and we will get this party started Buffering that's not good Hot rod always buffers Hot rod in the chat room Everything in his house is very shiny. It's so well buffed. He's constantly buffering things Bye-bye, five. Woo. Okay. How do I do a show? Let's look okay. Wait, aren't we already you ready? Yeah This is twist this week in science episode number 683 recorded on Wednesday, August 15th 2018 if you can't stand the heat get out of the laboratory Hi, everybody, I'm Blair Basterich. Dr. Key is not with us today, but she's with us in spirit We will fill your head with all sorts of amazing science today including marital disputes magnetic fish and the drunchies but first Disclaimer disclaimer disclaimer. What do we have here one wonderful planet? That's what That's what we've got here folks And while there are plenty of things that we could be complaining about the planet really isn't one of them It's just great. What's so great about it. You ask why you you are what is so great about this planet? You are on the planet and it wouldn't be the same without you You with the inquisitive mind you with the taste for sciencey things you with your big brain and bottomless Appetite for knowledge. Why if it wasn't for you? We wouldn't even be here right now And if we weren't here right now, then you wouldn't be about to enjoy another episode of This week in science coming up next Good Science to you Blair Good science to you Justin welcome everyone to this week's episode of this week in science Dr. Kiki is in New York City And so she cannot make a make it to be with us today for a bunch of reasons, you know three hours ahead Crowded hotel room all sorts of things, but we are still here to bring you the science I think we have a great show ahead looking at our stories on the docket I have stories about egg swaps smelly wings And wi-fi security. What do you have Justin? I've got magnetic fish persistent mummies Why men are so darn violent and And oh wait and there's one more there's one more oh and why we walk on two legs So why we fight and why we stand on two legs? This will be a very enlightening show Well before we jump in I want to remind everyone that you can subscribe to twis all the places that you find podcasts That's itunes google play stitchers freak or tune in etc You can also find us on youtube if you like looking at our beautiful faces And facebook by searching for this week in science or just go to twist.org and you could find us some other way But now it's time for some science what you're gonna start with talking about marital disputes Marital disputes. Do you think they're good for you Justin? Well now my understanding about marriage is that Half of them end in divorce But that the other half end in death. So I'm kind of torn. I'm not really sure Which is which is the better outcome Yeah, absolutely. So, um, this study wanted to look at marital disputes and kind of The impact on the health Of those involved with the marital disputes Um, and of course I hit a button and all of my highlights and notes just disappeared So I'm weighing it a little bit in this very dense study But it's from Ohio State and they wanted to look at how Marital disputes affect specifically people's guts and people's immune health So they were looking at something called leaky gut syndrome. Doesn't that sound lovely? So with leaky gut syndrome the structures that are usually really good at keeping the gunk in or out is how they put it Particularly the partially digested food bacteria other products That it with leaky gut the the structures that keep those things in Degrade and the barrier becomes less effective Bacteria in the blood driving up inflammation contributes to poor mental health And then it kind of creates this circling loop of Unhealthiness. So what they did in this study is they took participants from 24 to 61 years old they all had to have been married at least three years And they were all these couples were also part of another study. Ohio State. I guess really likes looking at uh marital kind of Dynamics they also wanted to look at how the interactions between marital hostility lead to depression and obesity which probably you could guess but so they took these people and um, they Did some interviews with them. There's 43 married couples They surveyed them about their relationship and then encouraged them to discuss and try to resolve a conflict likely to provoke a strong disagreement The examples that they give are money or in-laws So they left these couples alone They videotaped for them for 20 minutes while they fought And they watched how they fought they categorized verbal and nonverbal fighting behaviors And they wanted to focus in particular on ones that they deemed hostile things like dramatic irels or criticizing one another in a kind of in an advanced way and They wanted to see how This what they call hallmark of bad marriages lead to other adverse physiological changes They compared blood-drawn pre-fight to blood-drawn post-fight And they found that men and women who demonstrated more hostile behaviors during the observed discussions Had higher levels of a biomarker for leaky gut Which was lps binding protein than their mellower peers Evidence of leaky gut was greater in study participants who had particularly hostile interactions with their spouse and history of depression Or another mood disorder as well So previous studies also from ohio state have drawn correlations between poor marriages and just general health woes But this is particularly looking at leaky gut Okay, so Here's the question where it comes first So their indication here because they took the pre and post blood draws Is that the the protein the biomarker that they were looking at was not present before the fight and was present after the fight So what they're saying is this is a form of stress, which is exactly what I would have guessed just by reading this headline of this story is that when your partner is your primary support in life and a troubled marriage as they put it causes What should be your primary support to become your primary stressor We know that stress basically destroys a body. We know that we've talked about a bunch on the show So you can see how this particular kind of stress could Mess up all parts of your body in particular. They were looking at the leaky gut So I I totally Believe that people there are people who can be toxic to each other in some way. Yes However, figuratively and literally it would appear Yeah But what I'm what I'm curious about though in this is because now we understand so much about how the gut controls our mood and behaviors and Uh, if if if you know and you have a great group here, which is a couple Who likely share a diet? Yeah, if this diet has caused stress to their digestive system to the point where an elevation of stress Leads to quickly to an inflammation. Yeah, which then causes their moods to change negatively quickly You know, like I don't know that it's necessarily that clear which is coming first year It could be So you're saying the biomarker spikes which causes them to start fighting, right? So so if you've got a healthy microbiome, right? I'm just pretending speculating, but this is like also within the correlative of this If you're if your microbiome isn't healthy then the stress elevation Could cause an inflammation whereas I don't know the thing I would wonder is If a couple has a very healthy microbiome and do they get these same stress Uh markers show up and do they just deal with them and because they've dealt with them Other arguments maybe aren't so stressful because they're not having this mood altering Uh affect from their from their gut that's been contributing So that's possible. It seems like a lot of their research they did on other proteins looking at Inflammation looking at the cause of inflammation kind of following it back to the source their the the Conclusion that they are drawing is that it is the hostility that spikes this biomarker. So Looking at that particular kind of basis of the results of the study they they wanted to see The Hostile behaviors affect on potentially problematic biomarker activity in the bloodstream In relation to a history of depression and they also found that a history of depression meant that the hostile behaviors Were followed by a spike easier. So again, I could see how that could potentially Go the other way. I guess we would have to do a before during and after I don't know. I don't know how you would kind of parse those things out but What I thought was really interesting about this study was that They say that this could help identify Who might need treatment for leaky gut and how to treat it and all this kind of stuff They say lifestyle changes that could contribute to decreased risk of gut related inflammation Include diets and he lean proteins healthy fats fruits vegetables and whole grains As well as divorce So that's what I think is very interesting is the entire length of this study. They kept talking about troublesome relationships and Hostile behavior and all this kind of stuff and then at the end when they're talking about what to do about it They're talking about a diet Not the source of the hostility. All right, so dr. Justin Dr But a psychiatry doctor not a real psychiatry doctor, right? If you look back at the last if you will two months six months year and a half five years of your situation with your significant and can source tremendous stress from those interactions There are other people Other people exist on the planet. That's true other people and and and this is not this is not Should should not be considered as as as advice that has not been tested This is advice that has been tested To the point where I think that most people who are in happy healthy loving relationships Who had other relationships that weren't previous? Look back at those and go. Oh good gosh. Oh, I'm so glad I moved on And it's amazing that I didn't sooner or that I even got involved with that now that I know That there's another world that can be lived in so Don't be afraid people I would I would say, you know, we talk a lot on the show about taking care of yourself Taking care of your diet taking care of your microbiome taking care of your body by not sitting too long all this kind of stuff that we talk about part of taking care of yourself is taking care of the The Social grouping that you put yourself in and so if if one is doing you harm that somebody consider for sure But yeah, so the the hostile relationship could be giving you a leaky gut Justin, do you have some magnetic fish to talk about? Yes Scientists have discovered a magnetic fish Finally a market for captain justin's not a real captain magnetic fishing lures Originally the catch steelhead trout, but it turns out steel is not magnetic Okay, so that's not really what's going on. This is michigan state university scientists have discovered a navigational gene in glass catfish Called the electromagnetic perceptive gene EPG for short that responds to certain magnetic waves So these fish in the little video that was Supplied with this research So shows fish and aquarium just sort of swimming around minding their business They turn on an electric field or a magnetic field and Suddenly the fish all move to one side of the aquarium like they can totally sense it Something's changed they move and then they turn it off and the fish go back to swimming around So they've actually already taken and developed a way to use this to control a movement in mice Implications of the study which is published in the journal scientific reports They say have this is a potential to revolutionize treatments in humans Though for those who suffer tremors related to Parkinson's. Oh, you've got the screen share. Yes It's just play this this is uh for those of you without uh video enabled currently some fish Wow, they really just all go straight there right away They had to either towards it or away from it. I can't really tell where they're emanating the field from I think they're moving away from it in this and then as soon as they turn it off Oh, it's we're free to just swim around Yeah, so so they're really I mean this is a this is an amazing thing Fish with magnetic navigational skills alone is really kind of a cool thing to learn But yeah, they they say this could be used to help treat those Who are suffering the tremors of Parkinson's? All right, she's associated with with epilepsy. So This is quotey voice of gallant pellet who is a medical bioengineer professor Michigan State University Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering We've found a non-invasive way to activate this gene Once injected in the brain cells of mice and regulate movement in their limbs It could work similarly in humans. So the idea being a person suffering Parkinson's disease tremors Could have the gene injected into a specific location or subset of cells within their brain A magnet that emits electromagnetic waves hidden subtly within an eyeglass frame Say could then activate the gene To help control if not even stop completely these tremors Technology is getting better and better every year. So this magnet could be built and do anything pellet says Uh, so currently deep brain stimulation treatments have been found to be somewhat effective for Parkinson's patients. However It's pretty invasive. This is this is this is drilling a hole Through the skull and planting electrodes into the brain There is neural damage that comes along with such a dramatic drastic Uh treatment so if you could treat cells With this gene. So he also has a co-author in the study who is asif Glad who's a professor of biomedical engineering and radiology He's working on stem cells Quoty voice stem cells are very good carriers of genes So if someone has Parkinson's we can introduce these stem cells Into the brain as a therapy this type of treatment could not only help the brain But could work in other parts of the body too says glad like the heart It helped those with heart issues. So Yeah, I mean, we are our bodies are Biomechanical things that run with a lot of electricity This is this sounds like it could could affect a lot of stuff Researchers said their next steps Figure out what makes this electromagnetic perceptive gene so sensitive to magnetic waves The mechanism is currently still unknown. That is the next step is figuring out the mechanism and refining treatments for this You know what i'm wondering is if in all of the studies we've read about pigeons and how they navigate if they've ever tried to attract or repel a pigeon with a magnet Because a big part of the conversation has been oh, it's the electromagnetic field. Oh, it's not. Oh, it is Oh, it isn't and it's I just wonder see if it's if it's showing up in fish Then that could be something that has existed in the evolutionary tree of life Since fish It's pretty interesting. So it's at least in this fish. I don't know that they found this in any other fish Right. This is this uh glass catfish, which is something I've never heard of before It's it's I guess it's an aquarium type fish too, which means well catfish or poly or a poly phyletic group So that's a catfish isn't like a real Distinction of what kind of fish it is usually that just a catfish means that it's a bottom dweller that has whiskers Right, right. And so I don't know that this is a bonger, but it definitely has the whiskers, right? So it could just you're saying it could just be morphology assignment and not it is yeah catfish is not like a real Okay, okay. So yeah So there's that aspect to it too You just mentioned the pigeon thing uh One of the things I've always wondered like tesla was massively obsessed with pigeons rumor has it he wanted to marry one possibly this could also have been Possibly though he this also he fed them in the brant park all the time But possibly it could have been that he was uh had had friends He would communicate with encoded messages with pigeons. So that might have been why he was so interested in pigeon But it doesn't kind of me too like What if he actually accidentally ran your experiment? And in one of his electromagnetic studies whole bunch of pigeons showed up and he's like This is kind of cool. I got I can command the legion of pigeons now. I Oh, I love that. Yeah, let's just say that happened because I want that to be true Oh came about uh I uh my next story. Mm-hmm. They did extensive tests on on a Historic mummy. This is a mummy that's been sitting in a museum in turin Uh, which I believe is in Egypt It's been in this museum though since 1901 Untouched No, no conservation treatments have been done Uh, no real analysis has been done and part of it too is like people weren't too curious about this mummy Because it was assumed that this mummy was mummified by just sort of The hot dry desert sands. It's very ancient mummy 3,700 to 3,500 bc Which if math is working, it's like almost, you know 5,500 to almost 6,000 years old, right really ancient mummy and You know and bombing wasn't really thought to have taken place until About 1,500 years later than the age of this mummy So so no real need to look until that somebody decided. Hey, why haven't we really looked? So they did uh scientists led by the university of york Uh and macerade uncovered evidence That the mummy had in fact undergone an embalming process. So right there They've pushed back by 1,500 years the previously accepted date of mummification in egypt but what I find insanely interesting about this is that The embalming process there was plant oil heated conifer resins an aromatic plant extract plant gum sugar mixed together and used On the mummy wrap to to make it a preserved preserved and a preservative as well The recipe that they used contained antibacterial agents that were used in similar proportions to those employed by egyptian bombers 2,500 years later. So the recipe persisted Yeah, and that's that's what to me is like Really amazing, right? I mean so much of so much of human knowledge Can disappear when When when if it's not properly handed down from one generation to the next and we have Such a an ability to maintain and preserve knowledge today that we sort of take it for granted that stuff was written down Therefore, we never lose it, right? And we've been doing this Very well for a couple hundred years, right, you know Um Even even when we're looking at medieval texts We have to find somebody who wrote something down somewhere So that we can even glean something about what might have happened at the time And hopefully enough people did it so that we have these intersecting Accounts that we can kind of grasp even history uh, but to have something passed down pretty much intact a tradition followed by a people for Thousands of years it's pretty impressive Not very cool. Yeah and that I think that might impact what are Our thoughts on why people Did the practice and and what the significance was and other kind of stuff that might impact that as well because Not necessarily we don't know if that persisted quite as Quite to the level that that this recipe did but maybe it did We don't know. Well, no, that's a thing too. Yeah, that's a great point though. That's also a tradition that persisted for 2,500 years Right. Yeah. Yeah, and and so so were they doing it for the same reasons? Right Yeah, like did and so so that the recipe And the tradition persisted. Yeah, the kind of the culture Culture largely persisted anything everything and everything else that comes along with it and we have We have you know, we have Okay, so Part of it you would you would have to some what are the things what are traditions that persist like this? Really you've got to look at religion religion persists For thousands of years because of oral tradition, right? It's Right kind of the way that they talk about it and yeah, but also but also written. I mean, this is you know without writing Uh, it's and and I get the Egyptians were not without writing. Yeah, but their books were really heavy Yeah, it brought the whole idea of a board book to a whole new level, right? But a tablet to book For an ancient society because I I picture and possibly based on this incorrectly ancient civilizations booming and busting Of gaining knowledge and losing it or that that that knowledge thing goes off and becomes part of a different culture And is no longer even connected to the original But something persisted. Yeah thousands of years. I don't think that there's anything within our current modern culture Today that will be here 2,500 years from now. Yeah, probably not. I it's very hard to well some plastics for sure Um, think of a whole lot that of culture that can have a half-life like that Yeah, you don't think we'll be finding uh, wi-fi routers in uh, 2,500 years I don't think it's more along the lines. I don't know. I have a meme a meme that persists for 20 Yeah, yeah. Oh, yes that meme we know it well. Yes. Well, um wi-fi routers Oh, wait, sorry. That brings me to my next story. I was trying to do this It's all right. This is fine the moment's over. So wi-fi It's from the from the very old tradition to the cutting edge wi-fi might bring us a brand new breakthrough in keeping us safe in big crowded public spaces So wi-fi everybody has it If you go to a sports event or a museum A lot of the time you'll see oh hop on our wi-fi Share things on social media, right? So a new study from Rutgers University and new Brunswick The researchers were looking at The capacity to use wi-fi as a security detection system So they looked at using wireless signals in public places and they could take Existing wi-fi networks add two or three antennas and a device and With that they could analyze and penetrate through Bags and analyze the objects inside So yes, so This means they're going into bags made of pretty much any material They can identify the dimensions of metal objects. They can identify them depending on the shape They can definitely identify most weapons aluminum cans laptops batteries bombs And they could also estimate the volume of liquids like water, acid, alcohol, other chemicals that are corrosive or explosives These are all things that they could identify. So they didn't experiment with 15 types of objects and six types of bags And their detection accuracy Were nine it was 99 for dangerous objects 98 for metal and 95 for liquid For typical backpacks the accuracy rate exceeded 95 percent And drops to about 90 percent when objects inside bags are wrapped, which I wonder I'm I don't think this is published. I looked around a little bit. I wonder what the accuracy rate In if you think about human error of the manpower and human power of checkpoints How accurate are those? Well, but here's the thing I would need to know And I say 99 percent accurate Does that just mean That one out of a hundred times it missed it Yes It doesn't mean that one out of a hundred times It said gun and it wasn't a gun No, I mean what's the good question? It's probably both so it's probably any false detection of or Or lack of detection of a dangerous object So the false positive in this technology is really important because Yeah, if 10,000 people Go through an airport terminal And none of them have a gun It'll say a hundred of them do That's not how statistics work That's not good That's really tough shut it down roller somebody's got a gun Oh my god, and it turns out that happens a hundred times a day Hold on even though the whole guns came through. That's not how statistics works. That is that is exactly how If it's a false positive, that's why I need to know what the false positive is. So you are assuming that they ran a study Where they could They could extrapolate that but What you're assuming is that this 15 Trial or 15 type of objects six types of bags in hundreds of runs Is something that you could extrapolate to where there's Nothing that's bad and you're extrapolating that so that's I think you're you're misinterpreting this No, I'm not I'm not I'm not correctly interpreting it either. Don't get me wrong. I'm neither correctly nor incorrectly interpreting the data my I'm questioning though Whether or not there is a false positive associated with it because if it's 99 accurate Uh, is it just missing one out of a hundred? Which is a fantastic benefit and boomed mankind if this thing can can Detect a bomb with 99 percent accuracy or a guy or whatever a weapon of some sort Then that's just fantastic and and it's great and it's huge improvement But if there's a false positive if if if the reason it's not a hundred is because it did identify A a weapon when there wasn't one Then this is a curse upon humanity. So unless you think about it this way justin that people who Aren't carrying anything and are not identified Don't go through extra security People who are identified as potentially having something go through extra security That's still going to be less humans and less time and less lines Of security detection So that's still going to speed up the process So if everybody's just walking through these doors and you know, they walk through this archway and you go in You go into this extra line you go in you go in you go in you go into this extra line I'm assuming that's what would happen here because you're Somebody's not going to get tackled and shackled because of a wi-fi scanner That's if you think about it all these places where they're talking about using these You already go through a metal detector a pat down Somebody looks through your bag whatever it is. So this is This is Line that process right, but I think they're approaching everybody With you know the trust but verify kind of a scenario like But I but my my thing is like people get shot for Reaching for their wallets to show ID in this country Like if you have something that already says, ah, they're armed or they could be armed Looks like a gun and it's and here's the thing about what happens Justin when when you go through tsa and somebody sees something on the bag scanner where they're like, uh, oh that looks weird They pull you to the side. They open up your bag. That's all this would be they're gonna pull you to the side They're gonna open up your bag except except for the fact that They're going to know That 99 times in a row They found a gun when this thing went off right Why does somebody have a gun? So it's going to escalate the response because 99 of the time we know it's a gun Chances that it's not a gun. It's only 1% Right, but that's going to happen like the 10,000 person turnstile 100 times But if they're used to assuming that it's a gun it's going to create that I don't know It's going to be interesting to see if this actually is something that they can employ So what I'm seeing is and I'm not I don't know that there's a false positive for this either. I'm just yeah I'm just speculating this out. They this the system was looking at whether the wi-fi methods could effectively identify objects made of dangerous material um When half the objects, uh, and only When half of the objects and only one bag are chosen for training the detection rate for all dangerous materials is still over 89 percent Yeah, it's I'm having trouble identifying So and it could be that it never gets triggered with a false reading. Okay possible But but if so and here's the other Playing on things with statistics the false positive could be much higher than 1% If that's if that was a thing that was left out because it could find 99% of the time when there's an actual gun there But might also trigger 10% of the time when there isn't like that's also like that can also happen So so it's not saying the system won't say I see a gun over there the system says I see a cylindrical metal object holding water or I see a cylindrical metal object Holding oil or I see um a barrel shaped object with air or whatever it is so Yeah, I don't know that raises that raises, you know that that raises the That to me raises the chance that there are probably a there's probably a large false positive in there. That's not What they're talking about because they're looking just at the fact that it can detect which is awesome and amazing. It's totally incredible um But without knowing how many times well Well, so that's the idea right that they can figure out what What what material it's made out of and what the the object contains right so so a metal What do they call the thing metal? Humidor a thing that you put a cigar in right one of those little collapse collapsible That could come across as a barrel shaped metal object So is that if that's part of the 99 percent then lots anything that's a barrel shaped thing that's coming through There's in there, you know doing yeah, which is just like, you know When in the 1990s my dad went through tsa with a lighter shaped like a gun He got pulled to one side didn't he um But it happens and so he wasn't tackled It's part of the idea is you know you when you're going into these situations you have to A human has to see it before something, you know is initiated, but anyway, this is all preliminary All of this is preliminary it's just the the The technology exists it can plug into existing wi-fi networks. So it's something that Could potentially help us be safer in 99 I went through a bunch of airports with a gerber Like knife with the scissors and pliers and one of those things on my belt I totally had thought I'd intended to put it in the back, but I just forgot And nobody cared Yeah, I bet Who cares you can do with that. Well, it helps you're you're a white male So it's no this is this is pre 9 11 people really they weren't like Yeah, yeah, all right. Well, anyway um, if you just tuned in You're listening to this week in science and do you know what time it is just in It's either time for Blair's animal corner with Blair or Blair's animal corner with Blair Both correct Small What have you got Blair, I have I'm trying to do too many things with too many hands. I what I have a story about cuckoos. We've talked about these a bunch on the show. What are they famous for Justin? Do you remember? Uh, the cuckoos the it's the parasite breeder. Yes, they're the breed parasites So they are the ones who are like Raising your own kids is for chumps And so they lay their eggs in other birds nests and those birds raise the chicks like their own Even though the eggs often are different colors Even though the babies when they come out look nothing like the other babies Whatever, I guess they pick kind of Patsy birds or something. I don't know. Anyway, so there's a bunch of stuff about cookies that we've talked about On the show in relation to how this happens how they learn to do it if it's ingrained in their genetics All this kind of stuff. Well the plot thickens This is an international collaborative study with researchers from the university of Hertfordshire in the uk and they worked with academics from russia and ukraine to study 173 Oriental cuckoo eggs. This is one of the largest studies of its kind They wanted to look at the fact that oriental cuckoos parasitize small warblers And those nests Are varied Among the different types of warblers that they parasitize So these oriental cuckoos some of them will parasitize the arctic warbler Some of them the common chifftep Some some of them the yellow brown warbler and some of them the palace leaf warbler and they wanted to see If there was a difference in how they parasitized each of these nests In addition to field data. They also studied oriental cuckoo and host eggs from collections so What's interesting is Warbler eggs are small much smaller than cuckoo eggs so Aside from the fact that we've We've kind of given up on the fact that warblers might just not know what's up There's there's something else going on here because it would be very easy for them to just look at it and go That eggs way bigger get out of here And so they wanted to see this evolutionary adaptation This study suggests that there is a match between cuckoo eggs and host egg breadth So this is uh potentially this is an adapted. This is an evolutionary response to host rejection behavior So that the host is likely to keep an egg that has a similar Let's say Diameter to the rest of the eggs in the clutch, so they look down at the eggs. They all look kind of similar So they found in this study the eggs breadth match the host's eggs well because The the cuckoo's eggs If there's if they stick out they're likely to be kicked out but their egg length Was very Variables so you kind of picture this like very skinny long egg And the egg length was determined by the demand to produce eggs larger than the host And that the the longest eggs Were produced by cuckoos parasitizing the smallest host with only female feeding the young So not just that it since it was skinnier it had to be longer Additionally because only females are feeding the young They had to have a bigger yolk sack inside the egg to kind of seed The growth of this baby because they weren't going to be fed as well These cuckoos don't want to raise their babies so bad They're going to drop them off in a warbler's nest where only one parent cares for the babies And they don't give as good of cares other warblers. They're still like nah I want to go out. So So they they have these much Thinner longer eggs to give a larger space to yolk So now the the question that I have is Which came first and I will Avoid the obvious joke here and ask which came first was it the Did the did the cuckoos kind of break off into kind of sects or groups that That parasitize different types of birds and then those particular kind of family trees and branches or geographic locations or whatever it is Mostly laid eggs that fit well with this particular warbler or other species or do they Somehow when hanging out in a particular area just lay that egg so as I as a cuckoo that was Passed down from generation generation generation by Parasitizing arctic warbler nests do I now is the default lay eggs that are similar in breadth to arctic warblers Or Is it I don't know the fact that I'm in that area and I want to lay in that nest that somehow There's something else going on internally. It sounds like it's probably genetic and it's probably based on long-term Selection yeah, it does sound that way, but it doesn't seem like they did that part of this study yet. So That would be something to see next Yeah, so so You'd have to kind of look at the genetics of each of these groups Yeah, and I mean so The the sort of evolutionary selection thing would be imagining uh cuckoos Just dropping eggs in any nest they came across Yeah, exactly eggs getting pushed out and all but some And that those that were that some went on to be the generation next generations of of cuckoos And of course their eggs are going to be like their egg that they were born in because that's the one that their parents laid And so they have the genes to produce this kind of an egg Yeah, but then how do they go to only parasitize that type of nest So that that has to be learned or or a locked in genetic behavior Right, so then at some point it becomes well no here it is here. It is Who were who's laying the eggs? It's it's cuckoos that were raised by warblers Where do they find home when they want to lay their egg a warbler nest? That's the only kind of nest I Knew when I grew up So that would be the thing to do right take a cuckoo out of the wild See if they lay eggs when left to their own devices that are consistent with warblers See if they they go to the warbler nest See if it's locale if it's the the host bird that's hanging out there What is it that's the trigger to them? I'd be very interesting interested to hear that But I don't know you can you can always take a cuckoo out of the wild Blair But you can't take the wild out of a cuckoo There you go um so from vertebrates that fly to invertebrates that fly I want to talk about fruit fly wings Fruit fly wings are pretty special Invertebrate kind of insect wings in general are pretty special. We've talked on the show about anti-microbial qualities of a lot of wings and And abilities to reduce drag and all these sorts of specialized things well The latest out of ohio state university find that wings might also help fruit flies smell Yes, so scientists have long wondered about the balance between an insect's Need for flight and odor-based navigation. How are they figuring out where they're going while they're flying? They're moving so quickly. So I love the way this study started actually started with two skeptical Researchers out of Ohio State Both of them were had heard this dual purpose hypothesis for the wings and they were like this can't be true so Kai Zhao the old olfaction and bioengineering expert said this didn't make sense He says People have thought the wings might contribute to scent detection But the antenna the bug's primary scent trackers are perched on top of its head well in front of the wings Imagine a speedboat skimming across a calm lake It's bow is always hitting the calm water ahead of the wake and the turbulence generated by the propeller Why wouldn't the antenna be on the tail catching all the scents downwind? Okay, so that's why he's like this can't be true the co-author Cheng Yu Li's mechanical engineering background Let him to think that wings were made for speed and agility and nothing else quote I previously worked on projects looking at aerodynamics that could be applied to drones for researchers doing this kind of work We assume that nature is the best designer that the wing is primarily designed for flight Well, you can see the writing on the wall here Things turned out differently than they anticipated they used a computer simulation of fruit fly in flight encountering a plume of scent And they started to tweak things They found first of all just to look at the at the computer simulation by itself The wings weren't just going up and down. They were doing kind of an oscillating scooping motion and It looked like they were actually scooping Sent up towards their antenna So the insect wings is that a thing what's it's wafting it towards yourself? Is that kind of wafting? Absolutely So this is part of a quote odor scoop And then in the computer simulation they removed part of the wing which represents about 20 percent of its structure But is only responsible for five percent of lift So why would you have this a fifth of your wing that is not about flight? And they found that by removing this 20 percent it actually improved efficiency of flight But It made the computer simulated insects wings much less successful at redirecting scents to the antenna So they found the scoop So that led researchers to speculate Yeah, go ahead You could be a better more efficient flyer, but not have any idea where Interesting to go. Yeah. Yeah, absolutely. So that means the wings most likely are about fast transport and detection of odors in the atmosphere Yes, so this is interesting also because if you remember that second researcher was all about making drones based on insect flight, which means One that they might actually be able to Use this information to design Drones that quote-unquote smell threats that that follow chemical signals But what I was thinking of too was that they may have been designing drones wrong that are just about flying well If they were following insect wings, they they might have to look back at that That's a little curious. I'm not I mean I well, I have never looked at this, but I Don't see on the surface the tremendous similarity between insect wings and how a drone flies But I'm sure there's inter-seize of lift around the wing that I don't have it Yeah, well, there you have it. There's the the animal corner So we are going to take a quick break Stay tuned for more this weekend science coming up next Did you know that this weekend science has merchandise you might enjoy if you go to twist.org I'm going to see if I can Screen share for you right now We go If you go to twist.org you can click on the zazzle store link And it's loading and you'll be able to find all sorts of amazing merchandise with twist branding So recently actually we had a A listener tell us that they worked in a school and they had to wear Polos for work And so we actually made this polo at their request Which also means by the way the way zazzle works is pretty cool If there's something that you really want a twist logo on if you really want some of the blairs Blairs animal corner calendar images on something all you have to do is ask And chances are I can put it in there. So you can tweet me at blairs menagerie Or you can email me blairbaz at twist.org and you can ask me, you know, I'd really like that octopus On a mug and I can go ahead and I can do that for you and put it in the zazzle store And all of that that you buy in zazzle Some of the proceeds do go To the show, which is great Um, so check that out go to twist.org click on the zazzle store link in the menu bar and start purchasing your gifts Twist is also supported by listeners like you your donations pay for hosting bandwidth contractors We need to hire fun things we try to do for the show when we travel for live shows It helps out with that as well. We appreciate any amount two dollars five dollars ten dollars a hundred dollars You make the show possible We certainly uh could accept donations in in a bunch of different ways So we have our paypal donation buttons on the page on twist.org You'll see it on pretty much every single show page as well as a few other pages that you go to You'll see these buttons for the paypal donations You can do that as a one-time donation or recurring donation You can also go to patreon go to patreon.com slash this weekend science And that's kind of like a kickstarter. So there's a bunch of different throwbacks that you can get for different pledging amounts. So we have our shout-out pledge. We have our Blair's art pledge Art to our our contributors at that level Actually, we've had some people who've been doing it at that level since we started our patreon I think identity four in the chat room has gotten two or three of my pieces of art And we really appreciate this before you can keep getting those But check that out and and see if any of those levels work for you if you'd like any of those kickbacks Otherwise if you just want to send us a paypal donation, that's also great If you can't afford a donation We can always use your help just getting more people to listen to twist and watch twist We can use your social networks in real life and online for science and to tell people to tune in to this weekend science If you listen to us on itunes, you can help by posting a review and you can give thumbs up on recent reviews that you think were helpful We want those reviews up front to be the more recent ones that would be great And if each of you just tell a few of your friends to listen to this weekend science Tell them when you hear an interview you think they might enjoy tag them on social media Steal their phone from them and subscribe whatever it is We thank for you for your support in every way that you do even just by being here with us We could not and would not do it without you back with more this weekend science Yes, and do you know what time it is justin? You keep asking me this I need to get a watch It's time for this week in what has science done for me That's right so Especially now it's really important that we Put a spotlight on science and and we want to hear from all of you What science has done for you lately? So this week's comes from captain damage See him on twitter all the time He says I wrote this kind of quick don't know if it's coherent enough to read on twist. We'll guess what it definitely was Captain damage says You get a lot of what has science done for me stories about modern medicine saving someone's life Well, I do have a story like that with a twist that my life was saved from complications following an earlier procedure to save my life That's not what I want to talk about I have been a science enthusiast since I was a child I remember viewing saturn through a neighbor's telescope when I was five years old Along my favorite toys were a gilbert chemistry set I used to destroy test tubes and a microscope I used to look at pond water Though I did not pursue a STEM career. I have remained a fan of science as an adult I read about particle physics for fun. I check science news websites daily watch science and nature videos I listen to podcasts like twists For work I make high-end musical instruments specifically Flutes made mostly of silver and gold Though the basic acoustic science of how a flute makes sound was worked out a couple centuries ago There's an endless variety of alloys and materials to try different construction techniques and tools Small tweaks and even major modifications. We can make to the instruments Each contributing some subtle or not so subtle quality to their sound A science inspired approach to carefully testing and evaluating all of these possible variables Helps me in understanding how to make the best instruments possible and where to look to improve them even further I simply would not see the world the same way without my love for science and respect for the scientific method What science has done for me lately as it has done for me all my life is it has made me me Oh, yeah, and it also saved me from appendicitis and Paratonitis a few years ago So that's a good add-on also Thank you captain damage actually that amazing they brought back a flood of memories for me because I did have I did have a chemistry set that my Great uncle or I think that's what it is a great uncle my grandmother's brother Granduncle sure. Okay Which my mother immediately confiscated Because of all the warning labels on the thing. Oh, that's great never got to play with it Uh, but replaced it with a microscope and we had a koi pond in the backyard And the first thing I did was it was as suggested by my mother's collect some water and look at it under the microscope and the world of moving living creatures within that pond was my first real like Aha moment As a kid with science because it was something I collected and I looked and I could I worked the microscope and I could see this And this existed nobody could else could see it and I was showing her but it's very exciting So it brought back. Thank you for that for sharing that story Yeah, that was really cool. So remember everyone We need you to write in and let us know what science has done for you lately This is actually our next to last one. We have in the docket right now So I need everyone when you've been sitting on it and like, oh, I don't know if I should write it Now is the time write in we don't want this segment to die So please write into us. What has science done for you lately? And if you've written before but something science has done something new for you Let us know leave us a message on our facebook page. That's facebook.com slash this weekend science You can also email dr. Kiki That's kirsten at this weekend science.com And you can also, you know, send us twitter messages, whatever it is. We want to fill this segment We want to see how long it can go and I don't think it's ready so Well, any other things too if if if people aren't sending stuff in We'll have to fill it And you've already heard how much I love dishwashers and Uh And oh science has allowed me to do a show where I talk about science and create a cycle where I say, how thankful I am for science for It's quite the snake eating its own tail. I like this because this is the moment where you are twist listeners Have have have a moment in the spotlight you get to hear We get to hear from you, which is I think really powerful So please write in we'd like this segment to continue and now on to the science news Justin, give me some science. Okay, so The feet of primates can also function as graspers Yep Had we kept this lost to evolution attribute We may live in a world where keyboards are placed on the floor instead of upon a desk Door handles might be much lower than they are now our spines could conceivably be less bendy If not for the frequent need to bend over while picking things up off the floor and hipster handshakes Would be twice as time consuming and four times as unnecessarily redundant as they are now Maybe some good reasons We're losing the grasping us on our feet Uh, but yeah our adaptation to bipedal walking Sort of rededicated our graspy feet to becoming just feet Uh, that were that became much more efficient at walking over time It reduced our ability to do other things with them Now, there's been some contention When did this actually happen? An international team of researchers have concluded that adaptations for bipedal walking and primates occurred as early as 4.4 million years ago And for a decent portion of that process early hominin feet might have retained some of their grasping us So so there was there was this crossover time of being fully bipedal But also being able to cut your mammoth steak with your toes. I guess I don't know what we were eating back I might enjoy that that might be pretty fun Um Yeah, so they they basically took uh, a lot of bone morphology And and ancient hominins and looked at sort of the forefront Uh portion, you know, these are like the toes and the bones around the toes and that sort of thing And looking for where and how they might be able to move This is how they came to that 4.4 million year ago Uh date, but I think it's pretty I think it's a pretty fascinating I have actually I just enjoyed this story just because I'm I keep not my favorite one is the low door handle Yeah, that would be right right like walking along and just like instead of like, you know You could be carrying something and still open the door I just wonder What point it sounds rad to be able to pick things up with your feet So at what point at what point did The pro of losing that toe and I guess gaining grip or whatever it is Outweigh the con of losing the ability to grab And and and and so it says there was a crossover period in that 4.4 million year ago But it seems as though and I I wish it said it here and it might be deeper into this study than I can get right now Um, but I doubt that it lasted very long. All right, because once once Once we can we can travel about And and the thing that I think about too really quickly is like all of the quad petal creatures on the earth who did have some sort of appendage at the end of a hoof before the hoof and And and mobility Overrode The necessity for that. So whether it's running away from prey chasing prey Uh, just covering more ground resources like all of these things the ability to travel seems that way, but nowadays When we have cars Bicycles when when our need we could use them again Yeah, we could start going back and then think if you could type with your toes Think of all the other things you could do with your hands. Oh, yeah At the same time, that'd be great. You could be typing while on the phone And sipping beverage all at the same. Yeah, we could be so productive if we just started and it's now look We're gonna have to start small Right, this is not going to happen overnight We need to get everyone involved all of humanity In doing to agility in Object manipulation with your feet activity. Well, will that make an epigenetic change? I don't know if that'll make an epigenetic change You would have to you would have to do some selective breeding for people with the most toe thumb like toes I think it would I think it would naturally with increased productivity those people Wealthier therefore they could afford to have more offspring and then the trade if only that's how things actually work Anyway, um Justin do you like to go to work when it's really hot out? Okay, yes, it's my favorite time. Isn't it because it's air-conditioned? That's where I work is fully air conditioned. Yes. So what have you worked outside? Like, I don't know if you were a Policeman, let's say Would you want to go to work if it was a hundred degrees out? Well, am I in the car am I walking out without giving somebody else's explanation? Uh the car lot which I worked at for you know in the car business for years You you work on an asphalt surface Which then when it's a just you know a hundred degrees outside It's like an extra 10 degrees walking across a black top, right? Yes, miserable. Yes so a piece of research from mit and harvard wanted to look at global warming and the impact on productivity so We know that hot weather impacts thought processing emotions behavior And they wanted to extrapolate this and look at what impact hot weather might have on In particular public servants Particularly those who have to work regardless of weather So for this study, they focused on food inspectors and police officers And the people with whom they interact The researchers looked at database information About food inspection activities and traffic statistics for food inspectors They looked at the number of food safety inspections that occurred and the number of food safety violations that were reported From 2001 to 2015 For police officers They looked at the number of police stops made and the number of accidents that occurred across the us from 2002 to 2017 They looked at the data with weather data And they looked at behavioral changes during periods of hot weather What they found was do you want to make any predictions? Uh my guess is people were less productive when it was hot outside Yeah, so more car accidents during hot weather But fewer traffic stops Fewer food inspections, but more food safety violations So more car accidents and violations are indicative of the kind of the people working in these spaces The drivers those working in restaurants They're less careful, but this also suggests that hot weather causes police officers and food inspectors to be less diligent So this is a lot of extrapolation. This is a lot of correlation. This is not like Oh as global warming happens society will break down So but it is something to consider that people in general Become less motivated to be diligent and perhaps their brain does not work as well When weather is hotter so so there's there's a uh a Study that's really old That I don't have but I I I always remember it which was which was finding a correlation between Hot summers and when wars were started Well part of that's what water availability, right? Well, maybe it could be but but the idea is you know, we're we're also talking about times when And not that ancient like actually you really don't have to go back much before like Foot fully migrated into foot out of toe foot No, no, I'm talking like you just have to go pre-air conditioner. Yeah, it's all really that you have to do and and that Really hot weather correlates with with more willingness or More literally like hotheadedness like maybe the word hot headed comes from it's a hot day and not people want to fight each other like I don't know It's something to consider because you know, we do have now with Every year that we see is now the hottest ever Is as this trend continues if we see heat waves happening in certain areas This might be something that we should be keeping an eye out for and maybe doing something about So, yeah, I don't know. It's an interesting piece of of research again Not not causative just correlative, but there we are Justin, do you have more stories? I do have another story here. Uh, let's see Okay, this is this is one. I don't know why I got sent this people were sending me this story this week Oh, I said to you You send it, but you weren't the only one somebody else like liked it somewhere I thought it was really interesting. I thought that that it was something that you might find interesting as well I didn't Then why'd you bring it? All right So this is a study that says no sex differences and attitudes or abilities are needed to explain the near absence of women from the battlefield in ancient societies and throughout history And it says it could ultimately all be down to chance According to researchers in the University of st. Andrews. So they published this study in the proceedings of the royal society b And it's kind of interesting so I guess the premise of this is That it may just be that at some point men Because we are a transferred inter our sort of homogenous group competition for mates To the others and be and transfer that aggression to like the other Other tribe or other group when competing for resources And the idea is because men were already sort of prone to being a little bit more aggressive with each other over mates Or or hierarchy within a group That it was a natural transference But that it could have just as easily been women and they point to the fact that hyenas It's really the women that get together and go fight other hyenas You know just sort of how that society sort of correlates this is uh Let's see dr. Mitchell eddy Cody voice our study shows that these differences are not needed to explain why women generally don't go to war That's the differences referring to physical size of men on average versus women We found that the more one The more one sex participates in warfare the less the other sex is incentivized to do so So over time this leads to only one sex fighting in the battlefield. So the idea is Yeah, all those dudes are going out and getting killed. Yeah all the fights Want me to go i'm not gonna go Well, no, why would you? Like if if if it becomes specialized that one sex goes and does the fighting Why would the other sex? I I kind of I don't like I don't know I don't know that I I have one big problem with this study. Can I tell you what it is big problems? Go ahead My main problem with it is that women get pregnant And I think that's really why because before contraceptives existed women spent the majority of their adult life with child So why would you send that to war? Yeah It seems pretty simple to me you don't want a bunch of pregnant women on the front lines and For thousands of years women were just pregnant always Like we have this very long gestation and you can get pregnant again like Pretty quickly after having a baby then you're nursing It's I just feel like it's you're carrying the following generation You can't be out there Yeah totally It seems pretty clear Yeah That that absolutely makes sense Um What's interesting though? They also point out that psychotic type violence disorders affect predominantly men So the study also then suggests that This may originate from aggression that was supposed to be targeted at other groups as in the participation of warfare and that We are genetically See the thing is it what it says is to me Men are genetically predisposed to go fight each other and the psychotics because of a gene mutation We'll take it out on each other instead of the other It's a lot to There's a lot in that Yeah necessary like Like I I do like there. Okay. So there is this one part of this which is like When when people are talking about and I I'm gonna get those ever so slightly political, I guess Uh when people are talking about gun control versus gun rights and everything else And and it's always I I've seen a lot of these NRA or gun rights Uh Proposals that look I am a woman who is a 105 pounds and I need to be able to defend myself with a gun if some big man threatens me And then I look at all the gun violence That happens in the news and it's vastly Okay, vastly More than vastly almost exclusively male gun violence Which brings me to the conclusion if the argument for having a gun is that single women need them And the evidence against guns is that men keep killing people with guns Well, there we have it We just allow women to have guns and that solves it, right? Women you can have whatever kind of semi-automatic Who cares men cannot have any guns? I think that would be the solution That would make me because I have the the the keys to the no cabinet. No, you're not allowed You know the law if I lend you my gun, I'll lose my gun rights. There's no way it's happening, right? so So so but you know and we've talked to like like the viking society we find women fighting alongside, right? their their views of hierarchy though Within society we're different and what we what we I think what we've been We've talked about on in a few other examples of like the narrowing of of the male chromosome Or these potential bottlenecks and it was very male-oriented was was matri- uh patriarchal male societies that would go out And brother with brother and cousin with cousin all the men we go out and fight the other men of the hill people And then they'd wipe each other out or diminish each other to some Some degree and the women's uh chromosome gene pool wasn't really as affected by this because they weren't participating But they were also male-dominated societies that they were these were taking place in and so I think I think I largely the reason Men have been so associated with war throughout the ages is That's who has That that's who whoever is running these societies Is the one that has the reason to fight for it If you don't have any rights within your society I'm not gonna go die for this. I don't even have any rights un-defending. I'm not allowed to own land What land am I supposed to be defending you're like no, it's not even my land. I don't even have land That could be like a big part of it uh, but but ultimately And maybe just men aren't as wise about Long-term thinking that could just be it. Men aren't as good long Women are also out there making babies. Anyway, um, have you forgotten the drunchies? Justin. I have no idea what you're talking about You know, it's like you have a few brusquies and you're like, let's go to in and out You know The drunk munchies. Yeah, I I actually don't I really don't Yeah, so this is a thing that I don't understand Right, but it's a thing that happens to many people especially people in college campuses Which is what this study is all about There's the the drenches, which are the drunk munchies. There's also this propensity to eat Really fattening or greasy foods the morning after you drink to Take care of a hangover so Researchers wanted to look at a college of sample a sample of college students a college of sample students There we go To better understand how drinking affects what they eat both that night and the next morning This is at university of buffalo school of public health and health professions They looked at 286 students at a large public university in the midwest And they were asked to complete an anonymous online survey. So again, this is survey based. So, you know red flag red flag General questions about their diet. What do you typically eat for your first meal of the day? How often do you eat something before you go to bed? Then later on in the survey they were asked how often they eat something before bed on nights where they drink alcohol What they ate they were also asked what they ate for their first meal the day after a night of binge drinking So this involves self-reporting which especially if you're really potentially ashamed of something that you ate while you were drinking or Something that I don't know it might affect it, but also their college students. So maybe they they don't have shame yet We'll see anyway Later in the survey, okay So they they were asked about what they ate after drinking and during drinking so drinking influence studies participants dietary behaviors before going to bed Alcohol drinkers all alcohol drinkers were more likely to eat something before they went to bed after drinking alcohol And they did not report as doing so when they didn't drink They were more likely to opt for salty snacks like pizza health foods like dirt green vegetables Not something you reach for when you're drunk and heading to bed turns out The following day after drinking participants dietary patterns Were varied but they were less likely to skip meals which I think is interesting especially since another study I was reading this week had to do with The benefit of eating breakfast. So that's like a whole nother thing but as they're Morning after meals they favored foods like pizza or tacos Because of this so-called quote-unquote hangover cure That involves soaking up alcohol Well, which is a myth okay, so But there's part of it that's not a man. They've also reported drinking less water while and after Right, but the But the propensity for the thing that really makes sense here Is they're they're ingesting foods high in sodium Right, so if you are dehydrated while it might not seem Completely intuitive, but if you're wandering through the desert with a half a canteen of water The thing you want to ingest more than anything is salt you want to take a big like a big handful of salt and and because what the salt will that soda high sodium content in your in your body will do Is it will help you retain What moisture you have within your body as opposed you're less likely to just sweat it out or whatever, right? so So it kind of makes sense if you're getting dehydrated that you would want to add salt your body would be telling you Give me some salt if you're not giving me water if you're gonna dehydrate me I need some salt so I can keep what I got But you also need water Well, there's plenty of water and beer right like Like I mean So the issue isn't there it's just about retaining it the issue is yeah having water after the beer Right because after the effects are taking place. You need the water So you need to retain it, which is what sodium will do which kind of so kind of it's it's it's not so much I mean the way to think of this is is it's not that these students Said hey, I've I've had alcohol therefore because I heard that um pizza and tacos and Nuts are Are good for a hangover. It's just they have the craving right they get the craving Yes So that's one of the things they mention the amount of blood glucose in the body can rise and fall During and after drinking which stimulates the brain to feel hungry. So when you're feeling hungry You're more likely to jump to the more kind of enticing foods But the main point of this study the reason that they did it is they wanted to demonstrate a need for Universities in particular to encourage healthy eating Including late at night just all times day including late at night Mainly by which good luck reducing the offerings of unhealthy foods Late at night and promoting nutrient dense options But I do think dispelling Myths as part of it. So this idea that you need to eat Greasy food the morning after to soak up alcohol is something we have all heard But it is not based in fact The facts because the alcohols alcohols already gone Is the same content of that greasy food Will help you to some degree Uh combat the dehydration But you should still drink water Yes, but it's also it's also that this idea that the It makes you eat more than you normally would but it also makes you reach for the less healthy option Which if you're trying to rebuild From a rough night, let's say Even though you might think soaking up the alcohol quote-unquote is the most important thing It's actually more important to reestablish your microbiota and to you know Give yourself the vitamins and nutrients that a body needs. That's really what's soaking up the alcohol is not how your physiology works That's not what's actually going on in there, but uh, yeah And speaking of binge drinking I have one more story about binge drinking this one's about the Very popular trend of mixing energy drinks with alcohol Oh, yeah, that sounds like a weird combination. Yeah, it's very popular because the alcohol makes you sleepy But if you drink it with A caffeinated beverage Then hey, you can stay up and drink longer. What could go wrong, right? Everything From the University of Portsmouth and the Federal University of Santa Maria and brazil Tested the effects of torene, which is in most of those energy drinks and alcohol On social and fear responses in zebrafish They found shock That the torene seemed to increase fear reducing properties of alcohol while also affecting social communication So there is a reduction of fear When you're intoxicated, which is what they found in these zebrafish. They divided them into shoals And they were supposed to either water torene in alcohol or torene in alcohol separately The shoaling behaviors were analyzed at time intervals from zero to five minutes 30 to 35 minutes and 55 to 60 minutes And they were tested for fear like responses to a predator And they found that fish that were exposed to both alcohol and torene Had reduced Fear response. So they showed more quote-unquote risky behavior. They spent more time near a predator But they also had fewer interactions with the fish in the shoal So the alcohol reduces the inhibitions makes them less afraid increases the risky behavior But the the torene they think Um Exacerbated risky choices and reduced social coercion So it makes you kind of Less able to read a room I would say Okay, so people here's here's my advice Dr. Justin's not a real doctor advice Follow your cravings If if I you know if you drink and you feel the very need to consume salty foods There's a reason follow the craving If you drink and you get sleepy, it's your brain's way of telling you. Yes, you're now making bad decisions Your brain can know I we are not in time to go of what's gonna happen next Let's shut it down. That's your brain. Then turn it off shut it down go lie down You know what? Yes, that person may have said something rude to you tomorrow When you wake up You'll be sober and they'll still be rude, but right now we're not in control of The next few moments. Let's go to sleep. It's yes Dr. Matt Parker senior lecturer in behavioral pharmacology and molecular neuroscience at University of Portsmouth says People should be aware that drinking energy drinks in combination with alcohol may impair their judgment and should do so with caution So it took a phd to figure that one out But it's good to know that That kind of this crazy erratic behavior that we see with a mixture of energy drinks and alcohol It's for a reason and we see it in zebrafish too pretty hilarious My very last story just a cute little feel-good story to to send you off on your week is about mr. Stubbs Mr. Stubbs is an American alligator that lost his tail He was found in the back of a semi truck loaded with other exotic animals in 2013 And he was brought to the phoenix herpetological society to live there He was fit with a prosthetic tail. So alligators use their tail for a lot of things for Moving through the water and for also defending themselves And it was made from a cast of a similarly sized dead alligators tail But the latest research in 3d scanning and printing has allowed Justin Georgie an associate professor of anatomy at midwestern university in glendale, arizona to try to replace the old now Kind of not large enough tail for mr. Stubbs They collaborated with a local company called stacks 3d. They used an art tech 3d scanner They put those little balls all over mr. Stubbs like you see movie stars do in a motion capture situation They were able to see exactly how he used it how he moved and what size and shape it would need to be And they were able to craft him a new prosthesis he was Fitted with it for about five weeks and then they hit a really high watermark It proved that it worked out well because He tail slapped a volunteer at the rescue facility Georgie remembers my initial reaction was that's wonderful Of course, I had to stop and ask if the volunteer was okay, too But hearing that he was using the tail in a natural fashion was just a terrific and exciting landmark So as mr. Stubbs continues to grow they'll be able to scan him again Make a new one But the process is easier simpler and more accurate and it weighs more like it's supposed to weigh It it serves the function much better than anything they could have given him before so this Is the the next in a in a long line of animals kind of Streamlining this process for us before humans start getting all of these 3d printed prosthesis Dr. Justin's a real doctor this time. Oh, yeah Instead of tail you too Can swap away those pesky people in line with your new Alligator tail. Yeah, so we had a there's there's a penguin I think that lives at the Santa Barbara zoo that has a 3d printed shoe or foot or something like that There's an eagle that got a 3d printed beak now We have an alligator with a 3d printed tail and they are hoping that this research and and the developments here will help to develop Some 3d printed prostheses for humans is pretty great Justin do you have any more stories? That's uh, that's all I brought That's great. It's uh, I think we had a nice full show definitely missed Kiki tonight, but I feel like we still brought some science to the masses. I hope everybody enjoyed it Uh, we wanted to give shout outs here at the end of the show to all of our patreon supporters I do not have the list because kiki has the list and the login information You can pretend that i'm rattling off badly pronounced names right now but we have a huge amount of dedicated patreon supporters and Just know that we know you're there. We care about you and this is your proxy shout out this week If you're interested in supporting us through the patreon program or just through paypal You can find information at twist.org at patreon.com slash this week in science And you can also just help us by telling your friends about twist on next week's show We will be back broadcasting live at 8 p.m. Pacific time on twist.org slash live kiki will be here back at the helm And you can watch and join us in our chat room if you can't make it live That's totally fine You'll find all of our past episodes at youtube.com slash this week in science And you will find all of the audio at twist.org and all of the other podcasty things Yes, thank you for enjoying the show Uh twist is also available as a podcast just google this week in science and the itunes directory Or if you have one of those mobile type of devices you can look for twist the number four droid app in the android marketplace Or simply this week in science and anything apple market placey For more information on anything you've heard here today For example, if you want to see a picture of mr. Stubbs show notes will be available on our website That's at www.twist.org where you can also make comments and start conversations with the hosts and other listeners Or you can contact us directly email kirsten at kirsten at this week in science.com Just in a twist minion at gmail.com or blair blair baz at twist.org. Just be sure to put twisty wis somewhere in the subject line Or your email will be spam filtered into oblivion You can also hit us up on the twitter where we are at twist science at dr. Kiki at jackson fly and at blairs menagerie We love your feedback If there's a topic you would like us to cover or address a suggestion for an interview a haiku that comes to do in the night Please let us know We'll be back here next week And we hope you'll join us again for more great science news And if you've learned anything from the show remember It's all in your head Is a couple of great science is coming your way So everybody listen to what I say. I use the scientific method and I'll broadcast my opinion all over the earth Because it's this week in science This week in science This week in science Science science science This week in science This week in science This week in science Science science science I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news That's what I say may not represent your views, but I've done the calculations and I've got a plan If you listen to the science, you may just get understand it But we're not trying to threaten your philosophy. We're just trying to save the world from jeopardy And this week in science is coming away So everybody listen to everything we say and if you use our methods that are rolling to die We may rid the world of toxoplasma Got the eye Because it's this week in science This week in science This week in science Science science science This week in science This week in science Science science science Science science science science science Science science science So I've got a long, real list of items I want to address From stopping global hunger to dredging loch Ness I'm trying to promote more rational thought and I'll try to answer any question you've got But how can I ever see the changes I seek When I can only set up shop one hour a week? This week in science is coming in a way You better just listen to what we say And if you learn anything from the words that we've said Then please just remember it's all in your head This week in science is coming in a way You better just listen to what we say And if you learn anything from the words that we've said Then please just remember it's all in your head And if you learn anything from the words that we've said Then please just remember it's all in your head This Week in Science! This Week in Science! There we go, that's our show. Just looking in the YouTube chat room. I had so many windows open. I couldn't do this as well. Too many things. It's looking like... Oh yeah, when we were talking about Wi-Fi, I thought I was asking about what do they do for people who fear electromagnetic waves who don't want to be Wi-Fi'd. If they don't want to be Wi-Fi'd, I think they have to go live in some cave somewhere. I don't... They feel like there's Wi-Fi everywhere. Yeah, so funny. Is this the after-show? Yeah, it's the after-show. I'm looking through our YouTube comments right now. Looks like everyone had a fun time. Okay. Elijah wants to know how seahorses settle conflicts. Interesting. Interesting. I don't know. I don't know very much about seahorses. Oh, Justin should come out with a new line of saltlicks. That's great. Oh my gosh, alcoholic hard kombucha. Isn't all kombucha hard, Fada? No, kombucha is a fungus. A highly acidic fungus. But isn't that the one that you have to be 21 to buy because it's technically alcoholic? No, it's not. It's not an alcoholic at all. No, no, no, no. What am I thinking of? No, kombucha, I don't know, but kombucha is... Some people have reported... Oh yeah, kombucha is alcoholic. You have to be 21 to buy it. I was right. It's about 2% alcohol. Yeah. That's weird. Yeah, it's funny that the thing about soaking up alcohol is definitely something I heard in college, too. They were like, oh yeah, gotta get french fries, gotta get like, you know, extra side toast at breakfast, like gotta soak up the alcohol. You're like, it's gone. We're talking french fries. We're talking greasy food. We're talking... What's doing it is the salt content. This is what your body is telling you that you need to restore balance. Basically though, if you drink a thing, a pedialyte, you'd be fine. You'd be good. You'd have your electrolytes, you'd be rehydrated. This is the thing. It's about your body wanting to rehydrate. That's what it is. Yeah. Oh my goodness. Oh yes, Fada was saying that there's actually a thing called hard kombucha that has alcohol added into it. That's pretty hilarious. It's like, I'd like some, some alcoholic yogurt, please. Oh my gosh. Yeah. Anything you want to talk about in the after show, Justin? I'm good. I'm good. Okay. Well, somebody asked in the chat room if there are any animals to zoo with prostheses. And I think there's not any at my zoo currently. I know that there was a crow who was missing a foot and we tried to give him a prosthesis, but he kept ripping it off. He's doing fine. He's doing fine with one foot. He doesn't need it. Yeah. So that's all I know about at my zoo. Yeah. I think, I don't know. I don't really have any new business. Well, I don't. Yeah. I'm surprisingly, I'm rant free. Unless unless the, uh, the free node, uh, web IRC chat room has something, a subject they would wish me to rant about. Someone asked me an animal question I can actually answer in the YouTube chat. Elijah moon wants to know how much of a snake is considered the tail. Aha. Oh, the answer. Yeah. It's all pale. It's all below the cloaca. So you find the, the vent, which is where P poo and, um, reproductive organs all have access and everything below that is the tail because it's all about the vertebrae. So, um, the vertebrae are all back vertebrae until then. And then it's tail vertebrae after that. There you go. Thought you were asking a cheeky question potentially, but it's one with a real answer. So on snakes, it's actually not much of the body at all. So for example, on like a three foot king snake, I would say, um, probably like this much of it is the tail. Wow. So yeah, they don't have very long tails. Um, and they have one long skinny lung and one vestigial lung that's like all shriveled and doesn't really do anything. Yeah. So they fit it all in there. Yeah. Oh, Ed, thank you. Yes. I'm very excited about the calendar. I, I'm making strides. So I have, um, what does, what applied to fish and eels? Oh, the, what part of it's the tail? Yeah, it'd be the same. Um, yeah. The calendars, far away. I can't reach you right now. Um, so I have six drawings complete and three of them are colored. So I am moving swiftly towards it being ready. I heard, I, oh, I heard an interesting story about the, uh, an interesting story on the history of the color blindness glasses, the chromo websites. And chroma and chroma. Yeah. So it was, uh, it turned out to be, this was, this is a great example of accidental discovery. Oh yeah. I, I know, I know this story. I can't wait to hear it again though. Tell me. Okay. So, uh, the, the gentleman who, who created it was, is a glass specialist, a glass chemist, and he was working with these res, uh, these surgeons who needed this laser, but the laser that they were using to perform the surgery with terrible for the eyes. So they needed to be able to block it. And they found that the spectrum that there was really good at blocking this, this laser's ability to affect their eyes was this orange glass filters. They'd wear it like a mask. The only problem is that couldn't really see any colors. Everything turned orange and it was really annoying. But it also turned out that they, they, they worked very well as sunglasses and he's a, he's out with a friend and I think that story was there playing frisbee golf and his friend who was trying to take a, make a throw into the sun. So he borrowed his sunglasses and then for the first time saw all of the orange pylons that were out sort of marking the barriers of this frisbee golf field. I guess this friend was colorblind, but then could see all of a sudden orange because it was allowing his eye to see orange with this filter. So he thought that was really interesting and then went through and over many trial and error and time found that he could get other colors to appear, but it wasn't, it wasn't, you know, relieving color blindness. What it was doing was allowing somebody to see red or just green or just blue or just orange or just and a lot more work time and effort. I think this was, I think this was a project that was over something like 15 years came up with something that could allow all colors to have a degree of reliable presentation. Right. And nobody bought it. They had this great thing and they put it out there and people were like, yeah. And it was, it was somebody like who worked with them or somebody in the office or something who came up with the idea of shipping it off with a assortment of different colored balloons. And that's the commercial that everybody's been seeing is people getting wowed by like somebody will blow up like a yellow balloon. It's like, it's a yellow. Somebody else will blow them up. The purple balloon. It's like, oh, that's what purple is. I had no idea. So it's pretty fascinating. Sorry, but it all started with a researcher who was working on a way to protect eyes from a laser that could potentially be damaging the eyesight of surgeons. And then he frisbee golf casual request to borrow somebody's sunglasses. That led to the idea. It's pretty fantastic. The thing about it that I wonder is if I ended up with them, do I then have to go out every day being like, is this a day I want to see color? So you know what's awesome about that? That's fantastic. So if you're in like kind of a drury mood, you're like, I want it all painted shades of gray. You can actually just fill that. You go out in the world will match how you feel. But see, that's like the only thing where if you need corrective lenses, you're not like today, I'm going to wear my glasses. But this is the thing where it's not something that you can keep, especially since they're sunglasses, right? So you have to and because they're pretty expensive, I wouldn't use them every single day because they're like 400 bucks. So the question is, are those just your sunglasses now? But then also now you know, you know what you're missing when you're not wearing them, which is like this deep seated fear I have that I'll never want to go outside without them anymore because I'll know what I'm missing. Offer me $400 to lose my ability to see color. I feel like you're not going to take it. Hey, 400 bucks, I'm going to take your color vision. Go to hell. No, like most ridiculous offer anybody could ever make. It's just not ever worth it. Yeah. And it's completely taken for granted. Like you have the ability to smell or tell the temperature of something when you pick it up. These are things you take for granted. If somebody offered you $400 right now, not to be able to tell whether something was hot or cold. Would you do it? Would you do it? Of course not. That being said, just the other day, I watched something for five minutes before I turned to somebody and went, is this in black and white? They were like, yeah, it's like sepia. I was like, oh, okay, that adds some context to what I'm looking at. Cool. But that's what I'm saying, like I can't wear sunglasses while I watch TV. You might be able to. I don't know, just turn the brightness up a little bit. Yeah, enjoy everyone else I'm watching TV with. Well, yeah. So, I mean, okay, you're looking for reasons to shoot it down. And I understand why you've been on the planet, decent amount of time, and you like yourself. You want to feel like you've already experienced all that life has to offer. But what if there's more? What if you and you have, that's like a superpower. You're already in the world. You're already living your life. Everything's already great. And then there's this next thing that you get to add to it. Oh my God, you are like the luckiest person in the world. Rest of us have no idea. If somebody came to me and said, hey, Justin, would you pay $400 to be able to see into the UV spectrum? Absolutely. Absolutely. Give me additional. Justin, if for $400, if you could see through backpacks and tell if somebody had a barrel-shaped object in their backpack, would you absolutely give me the superpower? You have the ability to purchase a superpower add-on to your existence and you're like, eh, but you know, I might not be able to see through lead. So why even bother? Now, it's a necessity. It's a necessity as a superpower, as an add-on. Don't think of it as the thing that's like, I don't even know how you're thinking of this, like as a thing that's going to cause you angst. This is ridiculous. Yeah. For $400, if you could fly, would you pay the $400? If you could just have the ability to fly all of a sudden? If you had the ability to read any document in any language that it's written, would you pay $400? Oh my gosh, I would see. Yeah, I would do that for sure. Totally worth it, right? This is that. This is that. I haven't done it yet. But I don't think you should. I don't think you should. I think that the show should do it. And I think, no, no, and I mean this. I mean this seriously, like I think the show should do it. Much is the way that I propose like we also spend show funds on getting your ancestral DNA history. Right, right, right, right. Because it also is something that we can use on the show and ability to share with people somebody's experience through science on something like the first time looking over a genetic history or the first. Like the deal would have to be like you cannot put them on until we're doing a show. Right, right, right, right. There's some stick to this. But then that we would get an update once you get to go out into the daylight maybe. I don't know, right? Yeah. But I have to do a special hangout or something. Yeah. Right, but I mean I think it's worth. Because we don't, you know, like if, okay, so the story that I heard that told this backstory, somebody, one of the presenters on the show happened to be color blind. But the show was too cheap. They didn't buy them the glasses. And there was no like, but it was they were saying like, well, I don't know, $400 is worth seeing purple, like the same sort of thing, right? They didn't have like the other part of the story where they got to say like, I've been color blind and making art and making these kinds of and like and and share that with an audience live. I think it'd be incredible. I think we I think that's absolutely a good use of the funds that the Patreons have put forward is allowing Blair to see color. And if I if I were to ask, if I were to ask the chat room, which is often full of Patreons, chat room, yeah, they often are like much of our chat room is patrons to the show. Oh, does the chat room think that a a a a good use of twist funds will be getting Blair the what are they called and chroma and chroma and chroma color seeing eyeglass thingies. Yeah, well, they're silent, I guess. Yeah. Yeah. Oh, no, wait, wait, here we go. Yeah, let's do some interactive science. Okay, there's one identity for I wouldn't mind donations being used for that. Oh, hot rod does point out we wouldn't be able to see Blair's beautiful eyes. Identity for yes, absolutely with it. Oh, hot rod doesn't do Patreon but pay but that's fine. It doesn't just if you're there, it doesn't matter. You're still there buying out and sending extra money right now, just for this cause noodles also says yes. Yeah, I think the I think the the minions have spoken. Yeah, well, there's there's definitely support for this. So we'll have that. Well, because and I can talk about it next week, we will but I guarantee you Kiki if she has previewed the show, she hasn't listened this deep to the after show. So no, so so minions. I need all of you. Terrible thing I'm doing. Yikes. Hot rod will also donate extra for this cause. Edward will also vote for this minions. I need all of you and is a collective effort to reach out to our show via via Kirsten at Facebook and Twitter. No, no, no, no, no, no, do at Twi science do Twitter. Do Twitter, do the Facebook post links to in chroma and tell tell those those chat areas of social media is how much you would love to see Blair wear those glasses live on the air. We can make this happen. We're still I feel like this is like I was like, we still have zero out of one people who we need to take care of here on the board. Come on. I need everybody to pitch in. We've got one person that we need to do. Yeah. So yeah, we've got we've got all the heavy hashtag colors for Blair. You can make me cry. That is fantastic. That's very sweet. You guys are also sweet. So yes, I just I feel like I can't advocate for it because I'm like, Hey, twist, buy me things. Thanks. I think you can. I mean, I mean, and I agree with I agree with it too. Like if if if it's if it's something because this is this is part of our show is is your color blindness comes up quite a bit. It's not it's not not part of the show, right? This is part of what comes up quite a bit when we talk about these things. And the fact that there's I mean, hey, if we get nothing else but a Blair's what a science done for me lately segment. It's totally worth it. Yeah, I took the test a while back on their website and it said it was it had the highest and chroma. So they can either tell you like no, these won't work or they might work or they're likely to work. Those are the three options. And so I did get the these are likely to work option. But if they don't work, you can send them back for a full refund, which I do feel like that would be the greatest letdown of my life, which is also what's kind of terrifying is I'm terrified. They'll come I'll put them on and I'll go, everything looks the same. You're not worthy. Well, yeah, but you know, this is this is a well, that's sort of interesting. So yeah, I did I remember hearing this that there's certain types of colorblindness in which these are not effective. Yeah. And I don't know what the implications of that are. But that might be useful in the future, knowing that you are of this subset of yada, you know, yeah, so I'm definitely the type of color blend. I think it's where I think it's doodoro tone. I don't remember what it is. But it's where you're missing some red and some green color, which is the one where it's likely to work. I think it would be even funnier if it's in that you're not colorblind. Yeah, yeah, work and you're like, what is everybody going on again? Yeah, that's yellow. That's green. That's that was it. That's all just color. Oh, come on. I thought there was like a next level to cover that I was missing out on. Oh, that's just boring. That's definitely not happening. I can attest. Yeah. Now, my favorite. And I showed it with the kids who pointed out on the rare occasion that we're walking somewhere that has a crossing thing. The story about, okay, so in case anybody doesn't know, Blair assumed the little pedestrian in the crosswalk sign, the don't walk to the little pedestrian, that the pedestrian was green. Green, of course. Green means go. Right. And then, and it was some somebody saying that they had found out that they were, you were watching somebody else's attestment. Yes. Yeah. That they were colorblind is when they found out that the pedestrian was white in that green. And you went, Yeah, I was like, what the, I think I opened a new tab and I googled like, what color is the man on the, because I didn't believe it. I was like, maybe it's a regional thing. Like, I don't know. It's all the time. All the thing that, that is most commonplace for me is that I will buy a piece of clothing or I will be gifted a piece of clothing and I will wear it for, I don't know. I think recently it happened to me with something I've owned for probably five years. And one day I was like, Oh, I think I'm going to wear that blue top or whatever it is. And they were like, somebody I was talking to, they were like, what blue top? And I like, pull it out. I'm like this blue top. And they, and I always get this like pitied look. I just get somebody go, that's black or like, that's, that's green. And so it's, that's why I usually take somebody with me when I go shopping. And I have a pretty good memory for that. Like I'll remember that this shirt that's made out of this fabric that has this pattern is green because somebody told me it was green. But I've definitely, you know, the, the really particular one was when I, in college, it was my freshman year. So I was like, out on my own shopping on my own, doing everything on my own. And I walk out of my room to go to a St. Patrick's Day dance. And my roommates were like, come on, we got to go get ready, go get ready. I can't believe you're not ready yet. And I was like, your head to toe and green. You're like, they were like, you're not going to wear green to the St. Patrick's Day dance. Huh? Yeah, I was wearing, I think I was wearing turquoise or like a, like a Tiffany blue, like a, I don't know what you would call that. I don't know. Not green. So how would you know? How would I know? How would I know? How would I know? So there you go. Also, what's funny is that, like, you went from turquoise to a Tiffany blue. Like, you probably know the names of more colors. Oh, most people like, you know, because, yeah, because I, because I have to like study. I have to like, I have to try to figure out what's, what's what. Yeah. Like, oh, for a while I was doing the Aquarium of the Bay, I had a boss that had me do bi-weekly, like updates on all of my ongoing projects. And you had to highlight all of the changes, all the, all the updates in progress in a, in a color. And she wanted you to change the color every week so that, you know, you, they didn't blend together or whatever. And so I started as a, like experiment and learning about colors. I started learning all these funny obscure colors and I would go to their Wikipedia page and learn what makes them different from other colors. This is just, here we are. So flocks was a color that I learned that I, I absolutely loved, which is something I've noticed. I really like bright, like hypercolors. And it's probably because I can see them. Okay. Yeah. So flocks is this almost explosively kind of fuchsia-y color that's maybe a little more, it has a little more blue mixed into it. It's not as pink. I don't know. But it's, but it's very, very, very bright. And so I really like that color. I don't know. So I'm excited. Minions, marching orders. Let's, let's hit up our, the show's social media with links to Enchroma. Kiki's gonna be like, what happened? What is going on here? It's overdue. I think. Ooh, let's look at this version of flocks. Ooh, yeah. I love it. Oh, wait, I gotta Google. How do you spell this? But would you cook, P-H-L-O-X, but identity four, put a link in the chat room actually. But what would you call that pink or purple? I'm googling it right now. So I'm getting a flower of many different colors. Yeah. Use the link that identity four put in the chat room. Well, I'm still getting different versions, but okay, let me go to the link that's there. It's definitely in the pink-purple range. Pink-purple. That's what I would call it. Pink-purple. I thought magenta was darker. Whoever said magenta. Magenta. I don't know. Yeah. Yeah, I think magenta is much darker. It's definitely redder magenta. Yeah, I call it. If I was just to call it, I would just have called that purple. Maybe a light purple. Yeah. So before we go, does anyone want to watch me take the test since somebody linked to it? Here. I'm going to take this. This is the enchroma color blindness test. Okay. Okay. See an image composed of small dots. Nobody tell me. Okay. Look for a number that is hidden in the pattern of dots. Okay, great. Wait, wait, wait. Where's the test? Start. Oh, start testing. I'm going to take it too. Okay. Okay. Okay. All ready. Oh, boy. Yikers. Let's see. You're guessing. That one's even rougher here. Oh, I think there's a number there. No, maybe I'm a little horrible. Oh my. Some of these are ridiculously easy. To you perhaps. Oh, Yikes. Oh my gosh. That one's hard to use. There's nothing on that one. Are you sure? No. How many questions are there? My gosh. 30, I think. Okay. This one I can make a number. I can make every number out of it because I don't think there's anything there. That last one looked like it was a question mark to me. Like it was a symbol, not a letter. Probably. This one is messing with me because it looks like they put something there. Mild protan. Red, green color blindness where the red comes in the eye do not detect enough red light but instead respond more to green light. As a result, many colors such as green, yellow, orange, red, brown are confusingly similar. I can't see this one. I want to go back and say I'm sure instead of hello. Oh, nice. Yeah. It'll work, they said. I think it actually, it's more specific than it was before. Last time it was like, yeah, it should work. Okay. So it says I have normal color vision. Oh yeah, there you go. Totally annoying. But it does say when people with normal color vision wearing chroma glasses, they see a color boost effect. I can't just have this. Is that what you're telling me? I wonder if this is like the placebo effect though. They're trying to make more money to keep their company afloat. So they're like, yeah, you'll see better. And then you put them on you like, yeah, I totally see better. Oh, so it kind of gives an example here from normal color vision versus proto anomaly. And at least the version that they're handing me this red looks brown. Orange kind of looks like yellow, green and yellow blue look blue. Well, the green looks like a darker blue than the yellow, but that's interesting. Oh yeah, this does say 80% of people have improved color vision. That can be fun. Yeah, but I don't need it. And I wouldn't be very interesting to have me on this. Oh, look, blue is looking bluer than it ever did. Oh, that's great. Yeah. Meanwhile, I'll be able to see traffic lights. No, I usually can. There are some traffic lights where the greens look very white. But luckily, that's why in the United States, they're always the same order. People are now arguing about magenta. I think magenta is not just bright. Well, I'm also used to magenta as something that would show up in the video then, but I feel like it's way redder than a purple. Yeah, I thought it was like darker and redder. It passed my test with flying colors. Thanks, Howard. All right. Oh, he took it too. What do you think? Is it time to put a button on this week's Science Capades? Good night, Blair. Say good night, Justin. Good night, Justin. Good night, Kiki, wherever you are. She went the better like that. Okay, thanks, everybody, for listening today. We'll see you next week.