 Good evening aspirants, welcome to the hindi news analysis by Shankara's academy for the date 23rd November 2020. These are the list of news articles chosen for today's analysis. It has been provided along with the page numbers of different editions of hindi newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is given in the description box and also in the comment section. Let's move on to the first discussion. Now this news article talks about the possibility of formation of a new cyclone in Bay of Bengal. This is due to the presence of a low pressure area in the Bay of Bengal which progresses into a cyclonic storm in the next two days according to the Indian Meteorological Department. Extremely heavy rainfall is likely possible over most places in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry during Tuesday and Wednesday. So in this context let us have a brief discussion on the formation of cyclones in the exam perspective. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See first know that when we say cyclonic storm or cyclone it refers to an intense vortex or whirl in the atmosphere that is moving rapidly round and round in the atmosphere. Around this intense vortex or the whirl very strong winds will be circulating in anti-clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and in the clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere and this difference is because of the Coriolis force. Now you can understand the nature of cyclone based on the word from where it is derived. The word cyclone is derived from the Greek word cyclos. Cyclos refers to the coils of a snake. In simple terms we can say that cyclones are intense low pressure areas where wind moves inward like coils of a snake and the wind circulation around the low pressure condition is called as a cyclonic circulation. From the center of such intense low pressure areas the pressure increases outwards and the intensity of cyclones and the strength of winds is determined by the magnitude of the drop in pressure in the center and at the rate at which the pressure increases outwards and basically there are two types of cyclones tropical cyclones and extra tropical or temperate cyclones. Tropical cyclones mostly occur between 5 degrees to 20 degrees north and south latitudes and today's discussion will be centered around tropical cyclones as cyclones that occur in Bay of Bengal are tropical cyclones. Now one of the important points about tropical cyclone is that it originates only over the seas. They originate and intensify over warm tropical oceans. Some of the conditions that favor the formation of tropical cyclones are the presence of a large sea surface with temperature higher than 27 degrees then presence of the Coriolis force and then a pre-existing weak low pressure area or a low level cyclonic circulation and the presence of upper divergence above the sea level system. So these conditions favor the formation of tropical cyclones. So actually what happens? Initially the ocean water takes up heat from the atmosphere and changes into water vapor. In this stage by the process of evaporation that is abundant and turbulent transfer of water vapor to the overlying atmosphere. When water vapor changes back to liquid form as rain drops at this stage heat is released to the atmosphere and the heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around. When air around is heated it expands and as a result of it the air becomes lighter and it moves upward. This upward movement causes drop in pressure. This drop in pressure is called as depression and this depression slowly develops into a cyclonic storm and according to today's news a low pressure area has developed over the southwest bay of Bengal and it is very likely to concentrate into a depression during the next 24 hours and it will further intensify into a cyclonic storm during the subsequent 24 hours. Now as a result of this depression atmospheric instability is observed and this encourages the formation of massive vertical cumulus clouds due to the convection of air along with condensation of rising air above sea surface. Now as more air tends to rise more air rushes to the center of the storm. So this cycle of convection formation of clouds and then condensation is repeated and this chain of events ends with the formation of a very low pressure system with very high speed winds revolving around it and it is this weather condition which we call as cyclone and here remember that the center of a cyclone is a calm area. It is called as the eye of the storm and remember that in 2020 prelims examination there was a question based on this. See from the above discussion you can say that a large cyclone is a violently rotating mass of air in the atmosphere which can be seen up to the height of 10 kilometers to 15 kilometers from the ocean surface and in this the diameter of the eye varies from 10 to 30 kilometer. So what is this eye? The eye is a region free of clouds and it has light winds. Around this calm and clear eye there is a cloud region to the extent of around 50 kilometers and this region is called as wall cloud region of the storm. In this cloud region there are high speed winds with speeds from 150 to 250 kilometer per hour and there are also thick clouds with heavy rain and there is also thunder and lightning and away from this cloud region the wind speed gradually decreases. See even though the wind speed decreases they are severe because in a severe cyclonic storms wind speeds of 50 kilometer per hour to 60 kilometer per hour can occur even at 60 kilometers from the storm center or the eye. So once the cyclone is formed the cyclone moves and progresses 300 kilometer to 500 kilometer in a day to hit the coast or to move along a coast. And once it reaches the coast or land cyclone dissipates or disappears because the water supply is cut off. So this is how a cyclone forms. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Let's move on to the next discussion. This news article is about the major migratory bird sites in the Kaveri Delta districts of Tamil Nadu. The news article mentions that migratory birds in good numbers are visiting the different sanctuaries of Tamil Nadu which are Vadovore Sanctuary, Udayam Arthandam Sanctuary and Point Calamire Sanctuaries. And in this the Point Calamire Sanctuary is important as it is a Ramsar site. So in this context we'll discuss about the Point Calamire Sanctuaries and also about the other two sanctuaries. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First know that the Point Calamire Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary is located in Tamil Nadu. As you can see in this picture it is at this tip. This Point Calamire is a coastal area consisting of shallow waters, shores and long sand bars, intertidal flats and intertidal forests. It has a unique forest and it consists of tidal swamps, dry evergreen forests and also mangroves. And this bird sanctuary has recorded some 257 species of birds and among them around 120 species of birds are water birds. And this includes the Spoonville sandpiper, then the Gray Pelican and some 30,000 greater and lesser flamingos. And because of this only Point Calamire is one of the important bird areas in India. See important bird areas program is a program of bird life international. It aims to identify, monitor and protect the global network of important bird areas for conservation of the world's birds and its associated biodiversity. So remember that Point Calamire is famous for its flamingos and also for the black buck. There are also other mammals which can be found there. It includes cheetah, wild boar etc. Apart from this the sanctuary also serves as a breeding ground or nursery for many commercially important species of fish as well as breeding ground for prawns and crabs. Some 35,000 fishermen and agriculturalists support their families around the borders of this sanctuary. So just like any other protected area Point Calamire is also threatened by human activities. Like illegal collection of firewood and fire produce such as fruits is a major threat to this area. There are also other concerns such as the spread of an invasive alien plant known as prosopis chillensis is a concern to this protected area. Then increasing brackish groundwater which is caused by expansion of saltworks and then decreasing of inflow of freshwater etc. are also other concerns to this protected area. And because of its importance Point Calamire was declared as a wildlife sanctuary in the year 1967. Here just note other wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu. They are Pulikad wildlife sanctuary, Sakara Kottai wildlife sanctuary, Satyamangalam wildlife sanctuary, Shivili Puthur wildlife sanctuary, Vedantangal wildlife sanctuary etc. These wildlife sanctuaries are most often in use. So you should know that they are situated in Tamil Nadu. And from the prawns perspective remember that the Point Calamire wildlife and bird sanctuary was declared as a Ramsar wetland site in the year 2002. As you know Ramsar convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. It recognizes the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific and recreational value. Now while we are at the topic of discussing Ramsar convention you should remember that recently in India two more sites were declared as Ramsar wetlands of international importance. The first one added to the list was Sur Sarovar it is commonly known as Keetham lake. It is a human made reservoir in Uttar Pradesh and this site is important for bird species which migrate on the Central Asian flyway. So the Sur Sarovar is known for the visit of over 30,000 water birds annually. So here what is the Central Asian flyway? See when we talk about migratory birds the important thing to know about is the flyways. Flyways are the roots followed by the migratory birds on their journeys between their breeding and wintering places and there are three migratory flyways across Asia. They are the West Pacific flyway then East Asian Australasian flyway and the third one is the Central Asian flyway and India remains in the core Central region of the Central Asian flyway. The Central Asian flyway covers areas between the Arctic ocean and Indian ocean as you can see in this representation. Just remember that according to convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals that is CMS there are eight flyways around the world and this is one of the reasons why we often see news about migratory birds visiting different sanctuaries in our country. So this Sur Sarovar is on the Central Asian flyway. Now the second site which was named as Ramsar wetland of international importance is the Lonar Lake. It is on the Deccan Plateau in Maharashtra and this Lonar Lake is an endorheic basin. See an endorheic basin is a closed drainage basin that retains water and it allows no outflow of water to other external bodies of water such as rivers or oceans and this Lonar Lake is almost circular in shape. It is formed by a meteorite impact on the basalt bedrock and this site includes the lake as well as escapements which form the greater walls and forested zone and this lake was recently in news because the color of the lake had turned pink. So if you want to know more about this incident you can view our June 13th and 17th Hindi news analysis where we have discussed in detail about the Lonar Lake. So with the adding of these two news sites to the list of Ramsar wetlands of international importance now the total number of sites from India which are declared as Ramsar sites is increased to 41. So this was about the Ramsar site and the Point Calimere wildlife and bird sanctuary. Now let us see some facts about Vaduvur bird sanctuary and Udaya Marathandapuram or Udaya Marathandam bird sanctuary this Vaduvur bird sanctuary was created in the year 1999. It attracts more than 40 species of water birds like white ibis, painted stork, gray pelican etc. and this Udaya Marathandapuram or Udaya Marathandam bird sanctuary was also declared as a protected area in the same year that is in 1999. It also attracts birds like purple moheen, open-bill stork, white ibis, Indian reef heron etc. So from Prillam's perspective it is important to know about these bird sanctuaries. Now let us move on to the next discussion. This discussion is based on this news article which talks about a recently held virtual global conference on the criminal finances and cryptocurrencies. It was organized together by the Interpol, Europol and the Basel Institute on Governance and it was organized with the initiative taken by the working group on money laundering with digital currencies and this was the fourth such conference and it saw the participation of over 2000 representatives from more than 130 countries. It had representations from law enforcement, financial intelligence units, international organizations and also from the private sector. And the conference's agenda included trends and investigations on cryptocurrency related offenses, exploring the criminal flows and operations in the dark markets etc. It also included money laundering involving virtual assets and the transfer of drug proceeds using cryptocurrencies. So in this context it is important to understand about cryptocurrency and how it is used by non-state actors for money laundering activities and then we will also see about the working group on money laundering with digital currencies. First what is cryptocurrency? See simply first break down the word. Crypto means hidden or secret. It reflects the secure technology that is used to record who owns what and it is the secure technology used for making payments between users. And the term currency tells us that it is a type of electronic cash. So cryptocurrency is nothing but digital money. That means there is no physical coin or physical bill. It is all online. You can transfer cryptocurrency to someone online without relying on a bank. We often see about bitcoins and ether in news. These are well-known cryptocurrencies. Even today new cryptocurrencies are being created. So where are these cryptocurrencies used? People might use cryptocurrencies for quick payments and to avoid transaction fees. Some might get cryptocurrencies as an investment hoping that the value goes up. Remember that a cryptocurrency's value can change by the hour. That is in an hour also the value of an cryptocurrency can change. An investment that may be worth of thousands of US dollars today might be worth only hundreds tomorrow. If the value goes down there is no guarantee that it will go up again. For example, from 2014 to the beginning of 2018 the oil prices didn't change by more than 10 percentage in one day. But the values of bitcoin changed significantly. They even raised by 65 percentage in one day and even fell by 25 percentage on the another day. This means cryptocurrencies value is dynamic. So how can we buy this cryptocurrency? One can buy cryptocurrency with a credit card or in some cases we can get it through a process called as mining. And this cryptocurrency is stored in a digital wallet either online or on a computer or on other hardware. And the important point you should remember is that cryptocurrencies are usually built using the blockchain technology. Let us have a brief understanding about this blockchain technology also. It is a decentralized database that is stored across a network of computers where all the transactions are public and no single user has permission to alter other people's accounts. So using this technology participants can confirm transactions without a need for a central clearing authority. All the transactions are secured using public key encryption and each user in the network has the record of the complete history of all transactions in the form of a log. And the blockchain security uses encryption technology through public keys and private keys. The public key acts as the user's address on blockchain and the private key acts as a pin or password. And this pin or password permits only the owner to access their bitcoin or other digital assets. And there are many potential applications of bitcoin technology. It can be used in automotives, healthcare, fund transfers, settling trades, voting and also in many other areas which are yet to be explored. So the main fact that is to be remembered is that cryptocurrencies are usually built using blockchain technology. Now to understand how cryptocurrency facilitates money laundering first you should understand what is money laundering. See when large amounts of money that have been gained through illegitimate means such as crimes is changed to give it a legitimate appearance then this process is called as money laundering. See the money which is evidently gained through crime is dirty money. And the money that has been laundered to appear as if it came from a legitimate source is clean money. So this changing of the dirty money to clean money is what is simply known as money laundering. And money can be laundered by many methods and they pass through many stages for the money to be laundered. And in the current digital and technologically advanced world criminals use cryptocurrency as a front to cover money laundering activities. They use it as a means to move money around quickly and anonymously. We saw that bitcoin technology does not have any central monitoring authority and using that only cryptocurrencies are built. So the same is applicable to cryptocurrencies also. Thus there is no information on the legitimacy of the source of the funds transferred and also the destination of the funds transferred. So this helps the criminals to run the money laundering unharmed. Additionally cryptocurrency protocols are intricate and its network is opaque that is it is not transparent. So it is appealing to the individuals with nefarious intentions such as terrorist financing or paying for illegal drugs. For example there are programs such as Satoshi dice that allow people to gamble online using bitcoins. Satoshi dice accounted for more than half of all bitcoin transactions in June 2013. There is another website called as Silk Road. It helped dealers to sell millions of dollars of illicit drugs with bitcoin. So like this often we hear news that bitcoins or cryptocurrencies are used for illegitimate purposes. And additionally cryptocurrencies does not have the same protections as when we are using rupees or US dollars. So scammers ask people to pay with cryptocurrency because they know that such payments are typically not reversible. So because of this current nature of cryptocurrency it is being helpful in money laundering and other criminal activities. And that is why the international law enforcement agencies are sharing their experiences and knowledge on these types of crimes. And this is where the working group on money laundering with digital currencies and the conference organized by it becomes important. Just know that this working group is a tripartite partnership between Europol Interpol and the Basel Institute on Governance. And these are the aims of this working group. Just have a look at it to understand what are the areas they work on. So these are some of the information that you should know with respect to cryptocurrencies and their relation to money laundering. Let's move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about the plight of children with lysosomal storage disorders or in short LSDs. In March this year Metra's High Court gave an order asking the state government to locate funds for the treatment of children with LSD. The court had further advised the state and the UN Health Ministry to discuss and arrive at a decision that would enable the children to get their life sustaining treatment for LSDs. And today's news is that Supreme Court has upheld this High Court order. So parents of the children suffering from LSD are happy about it. So what is this? Lysosomal storage disorders or LSDs. To understand LSD first we should know what is lysosome. Lysosome is a membrane bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. They function as the primary digestive units within cells. Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes such as they break down excess or worn out cell parts they may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria and if the cell is damaged beyond repair lysosomes can help it to self destruct. Now why do we call them membrane bound? Because they have membrane around them to protect them and to protect the digestive enzymes from the rest of the inside of the cell. So in simple terms lysosomes are the microscopic recycle bins in the cells that store breakdown and recycle large unwanted molecules by utilizing very specific enzymes. So now you understood about lysosomes. Now what is this? Lysosomal storage disorders. They are group of inherited or genetic metabolic diseases which results in an abnormal buildup of various toxic materials in the body's cells. So why do these toxic materials build up? It is because lysosomes are not working properly in breaking down those toxic materials and this happens due to the deficiency of enzymes that is required to break the toxic materials. So LSD means the enzymes become deficient or defective and hence they are unable to digest the large unwanted molecules or toxic materials. Now this results in an accumulation of the toxic molecules in the lysosomes which results in the dysfunction of lysosomes and there are nearly 50 of these disorders altogether and they include gotchas disease, Pompeii disease, Fabri disease etc and all these diseases ultimately will result in irreversible damage to muscles, nerves or certain organs in the body. But there are treatments available for these disorders if they are caught early and now for this treatment only court has asked the government to provide economic support for poor people whose children are suffering from LSDs. So in this discussion we saw about lysosomes and LSDs. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about two important maritime exercises held by India. These two exercises are SITMEX and SIMBEX. So let us discuss these exercises in brief from problem's perspective. Now that SITMEX 20 is the second edition of trilateral maritime exercise between India, Singapore and Thailand. You can assume that S stands for Singapore, I stands for India, T stands for Thailand and M stands for maritime and EX stands for exercise. It was recently conducted in Andaman Sea. This exercise saw the participation of Indian Navy ships including the indigenously built anti-submarine warfare corvettes, Kamurtha and missile corvette, Karmukh. Here corvette is a small warship which is designed for convoy escort duty. Now this SITMEX series of exercises are conducted to enhance the mutual interoperability and for imbibing the best practices between Indian Navy, Republic of Singapore Navy and Royal Thai Navy. The first edition of this exercise happened in 2019. It was hosted by Indian Navy and now it is being hosted by Republic of Singapore Navy and due to the COVID-19 pandemic the SITMEX 20 was conducted as a non-contact at sea only exercise. So the maritime drills included naval maneuvering or tactics, surface warfare exercises and weapon firings. Now why this exercise is important? It is important because it highlights the growing synergy, coordination and cooperation in the maritime domain between the three friendly navies and maritime neighbors. So it improves interoperability. Apart from this SITMEX series also aims to strengthen mutual confidence and aims to develop common understanding and procedures towards enhancing the overall maritime security in the Indian Ocean region. Now the next exercise mentioned in the news article is the SIMPEX 20. It is the 27th edition of India-Singapore bilateral maritime exercise or Singapore India maritime bilateral exercise. It is being held at Andaman Sea. This series of exercises are being conducted annually since the year 1994. Now the 2020 edition of SIMPEX would witness participation by Indian Navy ships including the Indian Naval ship of Rana along with the Chetak helicopter and indigenously built Corvettes Kamurtha and Karmukh. In addition to this Indian Navy submarines Sindhraj and P-8I maritime reconnaissance aircraft will also participate in the exercise. So as we already saw this exercise is important because it is aimed at enhancing the mutual interoperability and for imbibing the best practices from each country. The two friendly navies will also participate in advanced surface exercises anti-air warfare exercises and anti-submarine warfare exercises including weapon firing. And this SIMPEX shows high level coordination and convergence of views between India and Singapore mainly and particularly in the maritime domain. This exercise shows their commitment to work towards the enhancing of overall maritime security in the Indian Ocean region and to establish a rules based international order. So these are some of the information that you know with respect to SITMEX and SIMPEX and here we have given you various military exercises conducted by India with other countries. You can note it down. It will be helpful in your prelims examination. With this we come to the end of this discussion. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Now let us see some of the news articles which are based on the topics that are often repeated and which we have covered already. Now this news article talks about the measures taken by Puducherry government to tackle the menace of dengue. See even though dengue cases are sporadically that is occasionally reported throughout the year the months between August and November are when the number of cases peak. So that is why Puducherry government is taking measures with utmost caution to reduce the number of cases this year. And some of the measures include de-clogging of canals, de-clogging of drainage systems and other specifically targeting localized breeding grounds of the vector. As you know here the vector is aides egypti mosquitoes. So the measures targeting the localized breeding grounds of this vector includes the indoor residual spraying which we saw yesterday during the Kala Azar discussion. And along with these measures awareness campaigns in the form of rallies, video messaging, posters and pamphlets were also carried out so as to enlighten the citizens about how to maintain their surroundings without any clogging of water. Now we have discussed in detail about dengue on our November 1st hindi news analysis. I request the viewers to view that analysis and then attempt this question which is based on dengue virus. The first statement is dengue virus is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits chicken gunia, yellow fever and zika viruses. This statement is correct. Aides egypti mosquito is the vector which transmits these diseases. Now the second statement is maternal transmission of dengue virus is possible. Now this statement is also correct. When we say maternal transmission it means the virus is transmitted from the pregnant mother to her baby. This is also called as vertical transmission. See generally the vertical transmission rates in case of dengue virus are low but still they exist and it is linked to the timing of the dengue infection during the pregnancy. According to WHO when a mother does have a dengue virus infection when she is pregnant babies may suffer from preterm birth, low birth weight and fetal distress. So here both these statements are correct but the question asks for the incorrect statements. So the correct answer is option D neither one nor two. Now this news article talks about organ donations and it mentions that due to the pandemic transplantations had come to a standstill in several hospitals but now the scenario is changing as many hospitals have restarted organ transplantations. If you remember we have discussed in detail about organ transplantation or organ donation on our august 14 Hindi news analysis and I request the viewers to view that analysis and then attend this question. This question is based on organ donation. First statement is under living donor organ donation only living near related donors are accepted as donors in India whereas living non-near relative donors are also accepted in other parts of the world. Now this statement is incorrect because both types of donors are accepted in India. See generally there are two types of organ donation. First is living donor organ donation and it has many sub types which includes living near related donors then living non-near relative donors and third one is swab donors. In living near related donors only immediate blood relations are accepted usually as donors such as parents, spouse, siblings, children, grandparents and grandchildren but in living non-near relative donors the donors are other than the near relatives of the patient and they can donate only for the reason of affection and attachment towards a recipient or for any other special reason. We discussed about swab donors on that day itself. So first statement is incorrect because both are permitted in India and both types of donations are accepted in India. Now the second statement mentions cadaver donation is not permitted in India. Now I said that there are two types of organ donations. First type we just saw. The second type is deceased donor organ donation. This is also known as cadaver donation as you know cadaver generally means dead human body but in organ transplantation it refers to a brain dead body with a beating heart but the body is on life support system. In this a person can donate multiple organs and tissues after brain stem death or cardiac death and this type of donation is allowed in India and today's news is especially about this cadaver donation only. So this statement is also incorrect and here the question asks for the correct statements and both the statements are incorrect. So the correct answer is option D neither 1 nor 2. Now let's move on to the next discussion of practice questions discussion session. This first question asks consider the following statements with reference to the working group on money laundering with digital currencies recently seen in news. First statement it is a tripartite partnership between Indian cyber crime coordination center international monetary fund and Europol. This statement is incorrect because it is a tripartite partnership between Europol Interpol and Basel Institute on governance. The second statement is it aims to gather analyze and exchange non-operational information regarding the use of digital currencies as a means of money laundering and the investigation and recovery of proceeds of crime stored in the same form. The statement is correct. This is one of the objectives of this working group and here the question asks for the correct statement. So the correct answer is option B 2 only. Now this next question is a description based question. It states it is a South Indian coastal area famous for its unique tidal swarms bright evergreen forests and mangroves. It is a wildlife sanctuary and an important bird area situated in Tamil Nadu. It was declared as a Ramsar wetlands of international importance in 2002. We are talking about option A, Ashtamudi wetland, option B, Pongdam lake, option C, Sandhi bird sanctuary, option D, Point Calamare wildlife and bird sanctuary. The correct answer is option D. This is actually very simple question because all these four are Ramsar sites. Ashtamudi is a Ramsar site from Kerala, Pongdam is a Ramsar site from Imajchal Pradesh and Sandhi bird sanctuary is a Ramsar site from Uttar Pradesh and the only Ramsar site from Tamil Nadu is the Point Calamare given in this option and that is why option D is correct. Now this next question is based on bilateral exercises of India. On one side exercise is given and on the other side partner country is given. First pair is Garuda Shakti Indonesia, second pair is Simbex Singapore, third pair is Harimau Shakti Malaysia. Now all these three bilateral exercises are correctly matched and the question also asks the correctly matched pairs only. So the correct answer is option D 1, 2 and 3. Now this next question is based on lysosomes, which of the following correctly describes lysosomes present in human cells. Option A, a membrane bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Option B, a specialized class of proteins responsible for catalyzing chemical reactions within the cell. Option C, a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. Option D, molecules that contain hydrocarbons and making up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells. And the correct answer is option A, because option B is talking about proteins and option C is talking about enzymes and option D is talking about lipids. Now let us take two main questions. This question is based on GS Paper 3 and you have to answer in 250 words and this question is a very direct question based on GS Paper 1 and you have to answer this question in 150 words. You can write the answer and post it in the comment section. With this we come to the end of today's in the news analysis. If you like the video, don't forget to like, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation.