 What is the habit action of SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, SPT, What all overlags do we have here? This is the hydrogen atom and we have SP3 S over lab, SP3 S over lab, this is SP3 orbital which has two unpaired electrons. Okay, this is the orbital diagram. What there is polar in nature, polar and it is a good solvent for polar solute like dissolves like okay, polar solvent can dissolve polar solute. It exists as associated molecule, exists as associated molecules because of hydrogen bonding. Now we will have two different types of it, hard water and soft water, right now water which produces sufficient lather with soap is called soft water, water which produces sufficient lather with soap called soft water. It is like hard water forms, hard water forms insoluble is called SCUM, hard water forms insoluble is called before it forms lather with soap. When all the ions which cause hard hardness precipitate out then it can forms lather. Form insoluble is SCUM before it forms lather with soap. Next line write down reason of hardness, reason for hardness. You must have done all these things right, right on region of hardness it is due to the presence of in short write down presence of bicarbonates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium and sulphates of calcium and magnesium are two types of hardness. First one is temporary, temporary hardness, two types of hardness first one is temporary hardness, temporary hardness please write down this is due to the presence of this is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, removable process, removable process for temporary hardness. Removal process the first one is boiling, see on boiling what happens bicarbonates dissociate into its carbonate, same reaction we have for MgHCO3, on boiling bicarbonates dissociates into carbonates which gets precipitated ok, so PPT of CSCO3 and MgHCO3 forms. So first method is for the removal of temporary hardness is boiling. The second method is by Clark's process, by Clark's process write down in this method we use slate line what is the formula of slate line COOH whole twice we use slate line which forms insoluble carbonate again ok reaction write down CAHCO3 whole twice CAHCO3 whole twice plus slate line COOH whole twice it forms CSCO3 and water CSCO3 and water MgHCO3 whole twice plus COOH whole twice so what is the difference between slate line and lime water? lime water is CAO that's what I was coming to this point you can also add COO for this purpose when you add COO it combines with water and it forms COOH whole twice which gives you the same flow MgHCO3 has precipitates out right, CAO also we can add for this purpose either you can add slate line or you can add COO because when it combines with water it forms slate line and then we have the same but I thought lime water was COOH whole twice yes isn't it? lime water is this only when this big lime you add into water and you get COOH whole so but you just said it's slate line the same thing it's slate when it's solid and lime water when it's solid and lime water when it's liquid like it's called slate lime when it's solid see molecular formula is this one yeah lime water you're saying this is present in water that's why I've written this COO in water gives you this means this is present in any solution and liquid this is the solid clash process you remember this in clash process we use CAOH whole twice for the removal of okay next slide down permanent hardness permanent hardness this is due to the presence of this is due to the presence of sulphates sulphates and chlorides of this is due to the presence of sulphates and chlorides of both calcium and magnesium sulphates and chlorides of both calcium and magnesium next slide to remove this type of hardness to remove this type of hardness we use we use various substances and these substances are called water softness various substances and these substances are called water softness the first water softness is write down washing soda water softness washing soda write down it removes both temporary and permanent hardness it removes both temporary and permanent hardness by converting soluble calcium and magnesium compound by converting calcium and magnesium compounds into insoluble carbonates okay so what is the product here caCl2 plus washing soda Na2CO3 it forms CaCO3 plus Na2CO3 right okay MgSO4 plus Na2CO3 what is the product we get MgCO3 plus Na2SO4 you can also write down the reaction of CaSO4 similarly right so it forms insoluble carbonates that is CaCO3 and MgCO3 so one note you write down write down next one note here we can also use we can also use caustic soda NaOH we can also use caustic soda NaOH or sodium phosphate Na3PO4 caustic soda NaOH or sodium phosphate Na3PO4 for this purpose Na3PO4 for this purpose anything beautiful the next one is the next water softness is two more we have permuted write down it is a common name of it is a common name of hydrated silicates of sodium and aluminium Na2Al2 Si2O8.H2O, XH2O write down hydrated carbonates we also call it as sodium alumino silicate silicate or it is sodium zeolite also I don't see it sodium zeolite this is used for the for the for both for the removal of both temporary and permanent hardness okay this is used for the removal of both temporary and permanent hardness the next one it is that complex salt of complex salt of metaphosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid the formula is NaPCO3 NaPO36 the actual structure of this is Na2 Na4 PO3 6 this is a complex compound okay it is a complex compound co-ordination compound also it's a word company champion so before I go to the water age is when you put this into water then this will have one iron as this complete complex part plus two n plus so complete association that is one thing another thing is here we have two types of valency primary valency and secondary valency okay okay so although these will discuss in detail but right but the only thing is the definition of coordination compound or complex compound is it does not lose its identity completely in the solution NaCl put all okay so it will be and it's any plus equals and Cl minus so NaCl completely converts into its iron okay so that's the thing okay so this is the third water softness we use this only sorry this is useful for the removal of only permanent hardness permanent hardness okay to this water softness and reason for hardness removal process you must remember it's very importantly for the water