 Monotonous antibodies have revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry over the last few decades, with the number of approved drugs rapidly growing. Therapeutic antibodies are now the most popular type of drug on the market, generating billions of dollars in revenue each year. Antibody engineering techniques such as humanization, phage display, single-b-cell antibody technology, and affinity maturation have enabled the development of highly effective treatments for a wide range of diseases. Looking forward, the use of these techniques will continue to expand, leading to further advances in the field. This article was authored by Rui Minitlu, Yukai Huang, Iju Liu, and others.